01 - Lecture 1 Flashcards
What are the three goals to scientific endeavors?
Description
Prediction
Explanation
The scientific method establishes rules for __________, __________ to __________, and __________ to the existing body of knowledge
Formulating questions
Making observations
Answer these questions
Relating the knowledge
What is description?
Describing events
What is prediciton?
Predicting the likelihood of future occurances
Explanation
Trying to establish causality
What is Applied (Clinical) Research?
Tries to solve a specific problem with practical consequences
What is Basic Research?
Works to develop knowledge
Has no immediate practical goal
What is the first rule of research?
Do something
What are the two presuppositions of research?
Every event has a cause
Only a small number of factors are causally related to a given effect
What is the Principle of Finitude of Relevant Factors?
That only a small number of circumstances are causally related to a given effect
What are the five steps to science?
Collect data (the more the better)
Look for relationships between the data
Generate a theory or hypothesis
Test your hypothesis
Generate a new hypothesis and repeat
Criteria for evaluating a theory:
Terms must be _______.
Theories must be ______, ______, and ______,
Operationally defined (avoid circular terms)
Parsimonious (Stingy - theories have the fewest number of terms possible)
Inclusive (Account for all the bits and pieces - don’t leave out the inconvient)
Verifiable (Able to be tested)
At the end of WWII, there were many ________.
Blind veterans
What did Haskins Laboratories decide to work on after WWII?
Sonar Cane
Reading Machine for the Blind
What two audio tools created data (after WWII)?
Spectrograph
Pattern Playback
