Final Exam Flashcards
What are the two decision making components?
individual and group
what is individual decision making?
focus on the criteria that affect individual decision makers
what is group decision making?
focus on the processes by which majority support is gained
Sunken Costs
resource costs involved in the organizational decision process that is irrecoverable
satisfice
to reach a decision that is satisfactory, yielding benefits that suffice to meet situational needs of the decision maker
Bound Rationality
the notion that there are prescribed boundaries, controls, or upper and lower limits on the decision making abilities of individuals
pluralist theory
a theory of gov’t that asserts that multiple, open, competing groups possess power and rule society
elite theory
a theory of gov’t that assets that a small group possesses power and rules society
laissez faire pluralism
responsive to variety of divergent policy interests
corporate pluralism
certain groups acquire controlling power within individual policy areas
public pluralism
reform oriented model of decision making, regulating of interests
Decision analysis
the use of formal mathematical statistical tools and techniques, especially computers and sophisticated computer models and simulations, to improve decision making
organizational leadership functions
planning, organizing, direction, coordinating, controlling, implementing
what was the leadership prior to Magna Carta, classical liberal philosophy, and democracy?
monarchies
what are the 3 types of skills in skills theory
technical, human, and conceptual
task oriented leaders
thought to be more authoritative
relationship oriented leaders
make a nice place to work, company goals may not be so stringent
what are the 4 types of leadership behaviors?
directive, supportive, achievement, participative
what is directive leadership?
clearly informed subordinates
what is supportive leadership?
being friendly and approachable
what is achievement oriented leadership?
challenging people to do their best
what is a participative leadership?
subordinates included in decision making
what are outlays
agency expenditures during a given fiscal period, fulfilling outstanding budget obligations incurred
what are budget deficit?
the difference between the amount of revenue raised the amount of federal gov’t spending in a fiscal year
what is national debt
the cumulative sum of borrowing necessary over time to pay the difference between gov’t revenues and expenditures
what did the budget and accounting act of 1921 do?
established the modern federal budget, and the bureau of the budget (BOB)
what is the performance management?
results driven decision making that attempts to link goal achievement with budgetary allocations
what is benchmarking?
quality and productivity approach that examines (other) organizations that are best at certain processes, then adopts those processes and often standardizing them
what are inputs?
resources appropriated to a gov’t organization, service, or program
what are outputs?
typically report quantitative data (shorter term results)
what are the outcomes?
typically report qualitative data (longer term results)
what are efficiency indicators?
reflect the quantity of resources appropriated to a gov’t organization, service, or program
what are pilot programs?
common ways to evaluate before full adoption
what did the Clinton era?
reinventing government
1. customer driven
2. competition
3. market based solutions
4. improved efficiency
what happened in the bush 43 era
presidents management agenda
what happened in the Obama era
strategy for American innovation
what happened in the trump era
the public service
what is the new public service
style of government service based on democratic theory and the idea that how to serve the public interest is a value based, debatable notion
citizen centric
decision making designed around meeting citizens needs
customer service standards
standards of service emphasizing that the quality of gov’t services should meet or exceed the best services in the private market
customer service standards
standards of service emphasizing the the quality of gov’t services should meet or exceed the best services in the private market
policy analysis
as assessment of a potential governmental decision or decisions done by actors in gov’t or actors affiliated with gov’t
cost benefit analysis
formal quantitative evaluation technique translating tangible costs and benefits into monetary values in order to compare alternatives
case studies
politicians usually select stories that fit their narrative
-these are qualitative analyses
existential evaluation
to see if the program is worth sustaining
systemic evaluation
measures societal effects and degree of program success
- one of the most reliable factually to determine cause/effect
needs assessment
to determine if and to what extent, a social condition or problem exists
program efficiency assessment
centers on whether the money and resources put toward a program are well spent
assessment of program process
center on the extent to which a program’s services are reaching its targets, generally over a given time period, using benchmarks
what are the types of policy evaluation
- case studies
- existential evaluation
- systematic evaluation
- needs assessment
- program efficiency assessment
- assessment of program process
- program impact assessment
- Experimental Design (traditional method)
- Quasi experimental
before and after study
target outcomes are measured at two points in time: before and after a program’s delivery of services
questionnaire design
the physical layout and packaging of the questionnaire
big data
structured or unstructured data in very high volume
open data
data made publicly available for research, information, and transparency
geospatial information systems
visual and graphic interfaces that combine from a database and organize various forms of data that overlay information onto a map
government regulations
gov’t activity designed to monitor and guide private economic competition, often by limiting producer pries and practices as well as promoting commerce through grants and subsidies
administrative law
the legal authority, created by both legislation and judicial decisions, of public administrative entities to perform their duties, and to the limits necessary to control those agencies
substantive
apply to, or direct, law or policy
procedural
requirements for an agency’s organization, procedures, or practices
interpretive
an agency’s views of the meaning of its regulations or of the statutes it administers
what are the key features we get from the apa
- rule making
- foia
- licensing
- procedural due process
- agency hearings
- right of review
what is procedural due process
legal rules governing a specific case
what is administrative law judge
members of the executive branch who preform quasi judicial function
what section is the right of review in?
section 702
what are the 3 steps to the national budgetary process
preparation, authorization, execution
budget preparation
annual budget presented to congress by POTUS
what is the debt ceiling
the statutory limit on the federal debt
what is the continuing resolution
type of appropriation used to congress to fund agencies when a formal appropriation bill has not passed
what is appropriations
executions
apportionment
distribution of appropriations and other budgetary resources
what is the exception principle?
an administrative assumption that chief executive do not have to be involved in administrative activities unless an exception to routine activity emerges
sequestration
withholding of budget authority, according to an established formula, up to the dollar amount that must be cut in order to meet the deficit reduction target
reconciliation
congressional process of adjusting existing laws to achieve conformity with annual spending targets adopted in each year’s concurrent resolution
