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Psychopathology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Specific Phobia

A

marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation, it is avoided because it promotes fear or anxiety, lasts for 6 months or more.

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2
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations (exposed to scrutiny), provokes fear, they are avoided, lasting for 6 months or more.

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3
Q

Panic Disorder

A

palpitations, pounding heart or accelerated heart rate, sweating, shaking, chest pain, nausea, one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month or more (worry about panic attacks or maladaptive change in behavior)

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4
Q

Agoraphobia

A

marked fear or anxiety with two of public transportation, being in open or enclosed spaces, standing in line or being in a crowd, being outside of the home alone, avoids situations because believe their is no escape, require a companion, always cause anxiety, lasts for 6 months or more.

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5
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

excessive worry that occurs more days than not for at least 6 months, difficult to control, 3 of these (restlessness or on edge, fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance)

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6
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

presence of obsessions, compulsions or both, they are time consuming more than 1 hour
obsessions are defined by recurrent and persistent thoughts and the person tries to suppress these thoughts
compulsions are defined by repetitive behaviors or mental acts, and they are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress

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7
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

preoccupation with one or more perceived defects in physical appearance, not observable to others

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8
Q

Hoarding Disorder

A

persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value

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9
Q

Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)

A

recurrent pulling out of one’s hair, resulting in hair loss.

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10
Q

Excoriation (skin-picking)

A

recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions

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11
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

one or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption in daily life, excessive thoughts about health issues or somatic symptoms, more than 6 months.

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12
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness, there is a high level of anxiety about health, present for at least 6 months

care-seeking type and care-avoidant type

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13
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

The patient has one or more symptoms that affect their senses or body movement

-psychological stressor, acute and persistent episode

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14
Q

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

A

severe recurrent temper outbursts manifested verbally and behaviorally. The temper outbursts occur 3 or more times per week. these feelings have been present for 12 or more months.

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15
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

depressed mood most of the day, loss of pleasure or interest, weight gain/loss, hypersomnia/insomnia, fatigue, no energy for 2 week period

specify: anxious distress, mixed features, melancholic features, atypical features, catatonia

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16
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

A

depressed mood for most of the day, at least 2 years, poor appetite/overeating, insomnia/hypersomnia, low energy, hopelessness

specify: anxious distress, atypical features, partial remission, full remission, early onset, late onset, pure dysthymic syndrome, persistent major depressive episodes.

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17
Q

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

A

mood swings, irritability/anger, depressed mood, decreased interest, lethargy, overwhelmed, present in the final week before the onset of menses.

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18
Q

Bipolar I

A

It includes a manic episode, which is more severe consisting of 1 week, they experience depressive episodes as well, could require hospitalization

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19
Q

Bipolar II

A

It includes hypomanic episode, irritable mood lasting for at least 4 days, no manic episodes

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20
Q

specifiers with bipolar I & II

A

with anxious distress, mixed features, rapid cycling, melancholic features, atypical features, mood-congruent psychotic features, mood-incongruent psychotic features, catatonia, peripartum onset, seasonal pattern

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21
Q

Differentials between bipolar 1 & 2

A

Bipolar 1: has GAD, Panic Disorder, PTSD & other Anxiety disorders, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation disorder

Bipolar 2: Schizophrenia and Cyclothymic

Both have major depression, Schizoaffective, substance induced, ADHD, personality disorders and other bipolar.

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22
Q

Defense mechanisms in Mania

A

Denial, rationalization, idealization, projection, splitting, displacement, suppression, sublimation, acting out

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23
Q

Denial

A

Avoiding awareness of aspects of external reality that are difficult to face by disregarding sensory data

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24
Q

Rationalization

A

Justification of unacceptable attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors to make them tolerable to oneself

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25
Q

Idealization

A

Attributing perfect or near-perfect qualities to others as a way of avoiding anxiety or negative feelings, such as contempt, envy or anger

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26
Q

Projection

A

unwanted feelings are displaced onto another person, where they then appear as a threat from the external world

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27
Q

Splitting

A

Compartmentalizing experiences of self and other such that integration is not possible

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28
Q

Displacement

A

Shifting feelings from one situation to another (angry at work and angry at home)

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29
Q

Suppression

A

a person consciously pushes away unwanted thoughts, feelings, or behaviors to avoid distress

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30
Q

Sublimation

A

redirecting unacceptable impulses or feelings into socially acceptable behaviors or actions (I’m angry I want to be a boxer)

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31
Q

Acting out

A

Enacting an unconscious wish or fantasy impulsively as a way of avoiding painful affect (smoking)

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32
Q

Hybrid model of Personality Disorder

A

Criterion A: level of personality functioning (dimensional)

Criterion B: Pathological personality traits (categorical)

33
Q

Criterion A of hybrid model for personality disorders is

A

Dimensional
level of personality functioning
Two components: Self & Interpersonal

Self: identity (experience of oneself as unique) self direction (pursuit of meaningful short-term and life goals)

Interpersonal: empathy (comprehension & appreciation of other experiences) intimacy (desire and capacity for closeness)

34
Q

Criterion B of hybrid model for personality disorders is

A

Categorical like DSM-5 (personality disorders are seen as distinct they either meet criteria or not) (5-factor model)
Pathological personality traits
5 domains (negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition and psychoticism)

35
Q

5-factor model negative affectivity

A

Frequent and intense experiences of high levels of a wide range of negative emotions

36
Q

5-factor model detachment

A

Avoidance of socioemotional experience, including both withdrawal from interpersonal interactions

37
Q

5-factor model antagonism

A

Behaviors that put the individual at odds with other people, exaggerated sense of self importance

38
Q

5-factor model disinhibition

A

Orientation toward immediate gratification, leading to impulsive behavior driven by current thoughts or feelings

39
Q

5-factor model psychoticism

A

Exhibiting a wide range of culturally incongruent odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors and cognitions

40
Q

Criterion A what does impairments and severity predict?

A

Impairments predict the presence of disorder and the severity predicts whether there is more than one disorder
-moderate level of impairment required for diagnosis

41
Q

Types of personality disorders clusters

A

Cluster A (suspicious & odd), cluster B (dramatic), cluster c (anxious)

42
Q

Cluster A: suspicious & odd

A

Usually unusual thinking, strange Paranoid (distrust), Schizoid (detachment from social relationships) & Schizotypal (perceptual distortions)

43
Q

Cluster B: dramatic

A

(Difficulty maintaining stable relationships) Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

44
Q

Cluster C: Anxious

A

(Characterized by anxiety and fear) Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

45
Q

Substance induced disorders

A

Occur as a result of intoxication and withdrawal to a substance that lead to temporary mental health symptoms or conditions! They resolve once the substance is metabolized or withdrawn

46
Q

Tolerance

A

The reduced response to a substance after repeated or prolonged use, meaning that over time an individual needs increasing amounts of the substance to achieve the same effect

47
Q

Withdrawal

A

Symptoms that occur when a person stops or reduces the use of a substance they have been regularly using

48
Q

Substance use disorders

A

Looks at tolerance and withdrawal! Involves chronic use or misuse of a substance that leads to significant impairment or distress (even though person continues using regardless of problems)
-applies to all except caffeine

49
Q

Models of substance abuse

A

Moral, medical, spiritual, sociocultural, composite biopsychosocial-spiritual model

50
Q

Moral model

A

Views addiction as a choice or a moral failing, it is a set of behaviors that violate religious moral or legal codes of conduct

51
Q

Medical model

A

This model treats addiction as a chronic, relapsing medical condition. Genetic factors, physiological factors are the main focus. Treatment in a medical setting.

52
Q

Spiritual model

A

12-step program for overcoming addiction, associated with AA, advocates for a spiritual awakening and a focus on higher powers as part of recovery

53
Q

Samuel Blatt Two Primary Types of Depression

A

Anaclitic & Introjective

54
Q

Anaclitic Depression

A

Characterized by feelings of helplessness and loneliness related to fears of being abandoned, wants to be nurtured and protected

Defenses: denial, disavowel, displacement, repression

55
Q

Introjective depression

A

Primarily concerned with self-development, perfectionist, driven, depression is manifested in feelings of guilt, worthlessness and a sense of failure

Defenses: intellectualization, reaction formation & rationalization

56
Q

Attribution theory

A

How people attribute causes to events or behaviors in their life
Includes internal/external, stable/unstable & global/specific

57
Q

Internal attribution

A

This type of attribution assigns the cause of an event to internal factors
Ex: if someone does well on a test, they might attribute their success to their intelligence

58
Q

External attribution

A

This assigns the cause of an event to external factors such as situation, luck

59
Q

Stable attribution

A

These are causes that are perceived as stable or consistent over time (intelligence, personality traits and abilities)

60
Q

Unstable attribution

A

These are causes that are seen as variable or temporary (mood, effort, luck)

61
Q

Global attributions

A

Those that apply to broad, general characteristics or traits, ex: if someone doesn’t do good on a test they might think I’m just not a smart person

62
Q

Specific attributions

A

Those that apply to particular situations or contexts ex: if the same person fails the test but makes a specific attribution, they might think: “I didn’t study enough for this test”

63
Q

Unique disorders within substance use disorders?

A

Tobacco use disorder, Caffeine, Gambling

64
Q

Tobacco use disorder

A

Tobacco use or using forms of nicotine is categorized separately because nicotine is both a stimulant and an addictive substance with withdrawal and dependence patterns

65
Q

Sociocultural model

A

Emphasizes the importance of socialization processes and the cultural environment in developing substance abuse disorders

66
Q

Composite biopsychosocial-spiritual model

A

All chronic diseases are best treated by collaborative and comprehensive approaches that address both biopsychosocial and spiritual components

67
Q

Caffeine use disorder

A

Not officially classified as a diagnosis, it does not cause severe impairments such as other substances, caffeine is seen as socially accepted and widely consumed

68
Q

Gambling disorder (compulsive gambling)

A

Classified as a behavioral addiction. It is non-substance addiction: although it has similar components, it lacks the physical component of substance withdrawal

69
Q

Prochaska and DeClementes Transtheoretic Model of Change

A

Pre contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance

70
Q

Precontemplation

A

Not ready to change, usually in denial
Strategies: raise awareness about the negative consequences of the behavior, be empathetic

71
Q

Contemplation

A

Getting ready to change, individual considering change but have not committed to it
Strategies: provide information on pros and cons of changing

72
Q

Preparation

A

Ready to change, preparing to take action
Strategies: help individual set clear goals and develop a plan

73
Q

Action

A

Making the change, individual actively takes steps to change their behavior
Strategies: reinforce progress and providing coping strategies

74
Q

Maintenance

A

Sustaining the change, long-term commitment to new behaviors
Strategies: monitor progress, use avoidance techniques to prevent relapse

75
Q

Malingering disorder

A

False or exaggerated symptoms for external secondary gain, do it for external reward or benefit, you diagnose this by looking at inconsistencies in behavior

76
Q

Factitious disorder

A

Faking physical or psychological symptoms but the motivation is internal psychological, seeks the sick role for attention and care

77
Q

Thought action fusion

A

Likelihood: The belief that thinking about an unacceptable/disturbing event makes it more probable more likely to happen in reality
Moral: belief that having a certain unwanted thought is morally equivalent to committing the action or behaving in the way the thought suggests

78
Q

The main difference between somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder

A

In illness anxiety disorder somatic symptoms are usually not present, the main focus is a high level of anxiety about health, whereas somatic disorder has actual physical symptoms that cause distress

Psychopathology (6 decks)

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