Final Exam Flashcards
Specific Phobia
marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation, it is avoided because it promotes fear or anxiety, lasts for 6 months or more.
Social Anxiety Disorder
marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations (exposed to scrutiny), provokes fear, they are avoided, lasting for 6 months or more.
Panic Disorder
palpitations, pounding heart or accelerated heart rate, sweating, shaking, chest pain, nausea, one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month or more (worry about panic attacks or maladaptive change in behavior)
Agoraphobia
marked fear or anxiety with two of public transportation, being in open or enclosed spaces, standing in line or being in a crowd, being outside of the home alone, avoids situations because believe their is no escape, require a companion, always cause anxiety, lasts for 6 months or more.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
excessive worry that occurs more days than not for at least 6 months, difficult to control, 3 of these (restlessness or on edge, fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance)
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
presence of obsessions, compulsions or both, they are time consuming more than 1 hour
obsessions are defined by recurrent and persistent thoughts and the person tries to suppress these thoughts
compulsions are defined by repetitive behaviors or mental acts, and they are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
preoccupation with one or more perceived defects in physical appearance, not observable to others
Hoarding Disorder
persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value
Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)
recurrent pulling out of one’s hair, resulting in hair loss.
Excoriation (skin-picking)
recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions
Somatic Symptom Disorder
one or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption in daily life, excessive thoughts about health issues or somatic symptoms, more than 6 months.
Illness Anxiety Disorder
preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness, there is a high level of anxiety about health, present for at least 6 months
care-seeking type and care-avoidant type
Conversion Disorder
The patient has one or more symptoms that affect their senses or body movement
-psychological stressor, acute and persistent episode
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
severe recurrent temper outbursts manifested verbally and behaviorally. The temper outbursts occur 3 or more times per week. these feelings have been present for 12 or more months.
Major Depressive Disorder
depressed mood most of the day, loss of pleasure or interest, weight gain/loss, hypersomnia/insomnia, fatigue, no energy for 2 week period
specify: anxious distress, mixed features, melancholic features, atypical features, catatonia
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
depressed mood for most of the day, at least 2 years, poor appetite/overeating, insomnia/hypersomnia, low energy, hopelessness
specify: anxious distress, atypical features, partial remission, full remission, early onset, late onset, pure dysthymic syndrome, persistent major depressive episodes.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
mood swings, irritability/anger, depressed mood, decreased interest, lethargy, overwhelmed, present in the final week before the onset of menses.
Bipolar I
It includes a manic episode, which is more severe consisting of 1 week, they experience depressive episodes as well, could require hospitalization
Bipolar II
It includes hypomanic episode, irritable mood lasting for at least 4 days, no manic episodes
specifiers with bipolar I & II
with anxious distress, mixed features, rapid cycling, melancholic features, atypical features, mood-congruent psychotic features, mood-incongruent psychotic features, catatonia, peripartum onset, seasonal pattern
Differentials between bipolar 1 & 2
Bipolar 1: has GAD, Panic Disorder, PTSD & other Anxiety disorders, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation disorder
Bipolar 2: Schizophrenia and Cyclothymic
Both have major depression, Schizoaffective, substance induced, ADHD, personality disorders and other bipolar.
Defense mechanisms in Mania
Denial, rationalization, idealization, projection, splitting, displacement, suppression, sublimation, acting out
Denial
Avoiding awareness of aspects of external reality that are difficult to face by disregarding sensory data
Rationalization
Justification of unacceptable attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors to make them tolerable to oneself
Idealization
Attributing perfect or near-perfect qualities to others as a way of avoiding anxiety or negative feelings, such as contempt, envy or anger
Projection
unwanted feelings are displaced onto another person, where they then appear as a threat from the external world
Splitting
Compartmentalizing experiences of self and other such that integration is not possible
Displacement
Shifting feelings from one situation to another (angry at work and angry at home)
Suppression
a person consciously pushes away unwanted thoughts, feelings, or behaviors to avoid distress
Sublimation
redirecting unacceptable impulses or feelings into socially acceptable behaviors or actions (I’m angry I want to be a boxer)
Acting out
Enacting an unconscious wish or fantasy impulsively as a way of avoiding painful affect (smoking)
Hybrid model of Personality Disorder
Criterion A: level of personality functioning (dimensional)
Criterion B: Pathological personality traits (categorical)
Criterion A of hybrid model for personality disorders is
Dimensional
level of personality functioning
Two components: Self & Interpersonal
Self: identity (experience of oneself as unique) self direction (pursuit of meaningful short-term and life goals)
Interpersonal: empathy (comprehension & appreciation of other experiences) intimacy (desire and capacity for closeness)
Criterion B of hybrid model for personality disorders is
Categorical like DSM-5 (personality disorders are seen as distinct they either meet criteria or not) (5-factor model)
Pathological personality traits
5 domains (negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition and psychoticism)
5-factor model negative affectivity
Frequent and intense experiences of high levels of a wide range of negative emotions
5-factor model detachment
Avoidance of socioemotional experience, including both withdrawal from interpersonal interactions
5-factor model antagonism
Behaviors that put the individual at odds with other people, exaggerated sense of self importance
5-factor model disinhibition
Orientation toward immediate gratification, leading to impulsive behavior driven by current thoughts or feelings
5-factor model psychoticism
Exhibiting a wide range of culturally incongruent odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors and cognitions
Criterion A what does impairments and severity predict?
Impairments predict the presence of disorder and the severity predicts whether there is more than one disorder
-moderate level of impairment required for diagnosis
Types of personality disorders clusters
Cluster A (suspicious & odd), cluster B (dramatic), cluster c (anxious)
Cluster A: suspicious & odd
Usually unusual thinking, strange Paranoid (distrust), Schizoid (detachment from social relationships) & Schizotypal (perceptual distortions)
Cluster B: dramatic
(Difficulty maintaining stable relationships) Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
Cluster C: Anxious
(Characterized by anxiety and fear) Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
Substance induced disorders
Occur as a result of intoxication and withdrawal to a substance that lead to temporary mental health symptoms or conditions! They resolve once the substance is metabolized or withdrawn
Tolerance
The reduced response to a substance after repeated or prolonged use, meaning that over time an individual needs increasing amounts of the substance to achieve the same effect
Withdrawal
Symptoms that occur when a person stops or reduces the use of a substance they have been regularly using
Substance use disorders
Looks at tolerance and withdrawal! Involves chronic use or misuse of a substance that leads to significant impairment or distress (even though person continues using regardless of problems)
-applies to all except caffeine
Models of substance abuse
Moral, medical, spiritual, sociocultural, composite biopsychosocial-spiritual model
Moral model
Views addiction as a choice or a moral failing, it is a set of behaviors that violate religious moral or legal codes of conduct
Medical model
This model treats addiction as a chronic, relapsing medical condition. Genetic factors, physiological factors are the main focus. Treatment in a medical setting.
Spiritual model
12-step program for overcoming addiction, associated with AA, advocates for a spiritual awakening and a focus on higher powers as part of recovery
Samuel Blatt Two Primary Types of Depression
Anaclitic & Introjective
Anaclitic Depression
Characterized by feelings of helplessness and loneliness related to fears of being abandoned, wants to be nurtured and protected
Defenses: denial, disavowel, displacement, repression
Introjective depression
Primarily concerned with self-development, perfectionist, driven, depression is manifested in feelings of guilt, worthlessness and a sense of failure
Defenses: intellectualization, reaction formation & rationalization
Attribution theory
How people attribute causes to events or behaviors in their life
Includes internal/external, stable/unstable & global/specific
Internal attribution
This type of attribution assigns the cause of an event to internal factors
Ex: if someone does well on a test, they might attribute their success to their intelligence
External attribution
This assigns the cause of an event to external factors such as situation, luck
Stable attribution
These are causes that are perceived as stable or consistent over time (intelligence, personality traits and abilities)
Unstable attribution
These are causes that are seen as variable or temporary (mood, effort, luck)
Global attributions
Those that apply to broad, general characteristics or traits, ex: if someone doesn’t do good on a test they might think I’m just not a smart person
Specific attributions
Those that apply to particular situations or contexts ex: if the same person fails the test but makes a specific attribution, they might think: “I didn’t study enough for this test”
Unique disorders within substance use disorders?
Tobacco use disorder, Caffeine, Gambling
Tobacco use disorder
Tobacco use or using forms of nicotine is categorized separately because nicotine is both a stimulant and an addictive substance with withdrawal and dependence patterns
Sociocultural model
Emphasizes the importance of socialization processes and the cultural environment in developing substance abuse disorders
Composite biopsychosocial-spiritual model
All chronic diseases are best treated by collaborative and comprehensive approaches that address both biopsychosocial and spiritual components
Caffeine use disorder
Not officially classified as a diagnosis, it does not cause severe impairments such as other substances, caffeine is seen as socially accepted and widely consumed
Gambling disorder (compulsive gambling)
Classified as a behavioral addiction. It is non-substance addiction: although it has similar components, it lacks the physical component of substance withdrawal
Prochaska and DeClementes Transtheoretic Model of Change
Pre contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance
Precontemplation
Not ready to change, usually in denial
Strategies: raise awareness about the negative consequences of the behavior, be empathetic
Contemplation
Getting ready to change, individual considering change but have not committed to it
Strategies: provide information on pros and cons of changing
Preparation
Ready to change, preparing to take action
Strategies: help individual set clear goals and develop a plan
Action
Making the change, individual actively takes steps to change their behavior
Strategies: reinforce progress and providing coping strategies
Maintenance
Sustaining the change, long-term commitment to new behaviors
Strategies: monitor progress, use avoidance techniques to prevent relapse
Malingering disorder
False or exaggerated symptoms for external secondary gain, do it for external reward or benefit, you diagnose this by looking at inconsistencies in behavior
Factitious disorder
Faking physical or psychological symptoms but the motivation is internal psychological, seeks the sick role for attention and care
Thought action fusion
Likelihood: The belief that thinking about an unacceptable/disturbing event makes it more probable more likely to happen in reality
Moral: belief that having a certain unwanted thought is morally equivalent to committing the action or behaving in the way the thought suggests
The main difference between somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder
In illness anxiety disorder somatic symptoms are usually not present, the main focus is a high level of anxiety about health, whereas somatic disorder has actual physical symptoms that cause distress
