Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 137 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A mixture in which one substance is completely dissolved in another is a

A

solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The neutralization of an acid by a base yields

A

water and a salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Monomers join to make polymers by ____ reactions

A

condensation (dehydration synthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Substances that help to maintain the pH of body fluids are

A

buffers

hemoglobin, main protein inside red blood cells, regulates pH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The atomic number of chlorine is 17 and its atomic weight is 35. How many electrons does Cl-
have?

A

atomic number: 17
Protons: 17
neutrons: 18
electrons: 17

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the pH of an alkaline substance

A

below 7.0 is acidic
above 7.0 is basic (alkaline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe a hydrophobic substance

A

molecules that do not have a charge, meaning they’re nonpolar

-do not dissolve in water or solution
-oil, waxes and steroids are examples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe a fatty acid carbon

A

a straight chain of an even number of carbon atoms, with hydrogen atoms along the length of the chain and at one end of the chain and a carboxyl group (―COOH) at the other end. It is that carboxyl group that makes it an acid (carboxylic acid).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In a DNA double helix, a triplet with the bases CGA would be paired with

A

GCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the hydrolysis of proteins yield?

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The _____ region is the cheek.

A

buccal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The heart is contained in the _______ cavity

A

thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What will happen to a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution?

A
  • it shrinks as water is drawn out of the cell and into the surrounding solution.

-If the same blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the blood cell grows in size.

-Blood cells in isotonic solutions do not shrink or swell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Compare and contrast osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and simple diffusion.

A

osmosis:

Definition: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Direction: From low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

Energy Requirement: No energy required.

Transport Proteins: Involves aquaporins (water channels).

Facilitated diffusion:

Definition: Passive transport of molecules across a membrane via transport proteins.

Direction: From high to low concentration.

Energy Requirement: No energy required.

Transport Proteins: Involves specific carrier or channel proteins.

Active transport:

Definition: Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient.

Direction: From low to high concentration.

Energy Requirement: Requires energy (usually ATP).

Transport Proteins: Involves specific transport proteins (pumps).

Simple diffusion

Definition: Passive movement of molecules directly through the lipid bilayer.

Direction: From high to low concentration.

Energy Requirement: No energy required.

Transport Proteins: No proteins involved.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe isotonic and hypnotic solutions.

A

isotonic:

Definition: Solutions with the same solute concentration as the cell interior.

Effect on Cells: No net movement of water; cells retain their normal shape.

Example: Saline solution at 0.9% NaCl is isotonic to human cells.

Hypotonic;

Definition: Solutions with a lower solute concentration than the cell interior.

Effect on Cells: Water moves into the cell, potentially causing it to swell or burst.

Example: Distilled water is hypotonic to human cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which cellular structure contains chromatin

A

the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

Cell division

  • organization of microtubules
  • formation of cilia and flagella

-ensure proper cell division and for organization of structures involved in cell movement and signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

______ is/are proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.

A

enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe mitosis and its stages

A

interphase: lined up
prophase: chromosomes pair up
metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle
anaphase: sister chromatids pull apart
telophase and cytokinesis: cell pinches in the middle
Result: two identical daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the organelles.

A

a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body.

  • the nuclei, which store genetic information;
    -mitochondria, which produce chemical energy;
  • ribosomes, which assemble proteins.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In what stage of aerobic respiration is ATP generated

A

-generated during electron transport chain of aerobic respiration.
-occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane (eukaryotic) or cell membrane (prokaryotic)

oxidative phosphorylation;
-final stage of respiration
-electron transport chain
-chemiosmosis

-In these stages, energy from NADH and FADH2, which result from the previous stages of cellular respiration, is used to create ATP.

22
Q

In what stage of cellular respiration is Co2 produced?

A

Citric acid cycle (krebs or tca cycle).
-second phase of cellular respiration
-takes place in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells or in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.

23
Q

In a DNA double helix, a triplet with the bases CGA would be paired with _______

A

gct

24
Q

Describe and give example of serous secretions

A

Serous glands produce watery secretions rich in digestive enzymes and proteins.

  • sweat glands are this type
  • Sebaceous glands secrete oil, ceruminous glands secrete wax, mammary glands secrete milk, poison glands secrete various toxins, and scent glands secrete a variety of odoriferous substances.
25
Q

The layer of the epidermis which is only found in thick skin is the ____.

A

stratum lucidum

26
Q

Most bones develop in the fetus by endochondral ossification. In this process, the initial form of
the bone first develops as

A

hyaline cartilage models

27
Q

Describe and give example of the ceruminous glands

A
  • The ceruminous glands in the skin of the human external auditory canal are modified apocrine glands, which, together with sebaceous glands, produce the cerumen, the ear wax.

-Cerumen plays an important role in the protection of the ear canal against physical damage and microbial invasion.

28
Q

The membrane around the exterior surface of bone is the

A

periosteum

29
Q

Epiphyseal lines are found in

A

located at the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis (a region called the “metaphysis”) in adult bone.

-metaphysis at the ends of each long bone (long bone = diaphysis, metaphysis and epiphysis)

30
Q

Hyaline cartilage would contain

A

-collagen fibers (type 2)
- ptoeoglycans
-chondrocytes
-embedded in firm, gel-like matrix

-smooth, flexibile
- found in joints, respiratory tract, and developing skeleton

31
Q

The occipital condyles articulate with

A

The occipital condyles of the skull articulate with the superior articular facets of the atlas vertebra and form an important junction between the cranium and the vertebral column.

32
Q

Which bone contains the foramen magnum

A

The foramen magnum is the largest foramen of the skull. It is located in the most inferior portion of the cranial fossa as a part of the occipital bone.

33
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of both smooth and cardiac muscle?

A

Cardiac and smooth muscles are involuntary muscles that operate without conscience effort.

33
Q

Describe a muscle contraction

A

Muscle contraction is the tightening, shortening, or lengthening of muscles when you do some activity. It can happen when you hold or pick up something, or when you stretch or exercise with weights. Muscle contraction is often followed by muscle relaxation when contracted muscles return to their normal state

34
Q

Describe short bones, sesamoid bones, sutural bones, irregular bones, and short bones.

A

Long bones:

Structure: Long bones are characterized by a tubular shaft (diaphysis) and elongated ends (epiphyses).

Examples: The femur, humerus, and phalanges are examples of long bones.

Function: They provide support, leverage, and mobility. They also contain bone marrow, where blood cells are produced.

irreglar bones:

Structure: Irregular bones have complex shapes that do not fit into other bone classification categories.

Examples: Examples include the vertebrae and some facial bones like the sphenoid and ethmoid bones.

Function: They provide protection and support as well as serve as sites for muscle attachment.

sutural bones:

Structure: Sutural bones are small, irregularly shaped bones found within the sutures (joints) between certain cranial bones.

Examples: They vary in number and location among individuals.

Function: Their function is not well understood but they may help in absorbing mechanical stress or have a genetic basis.

sesamoid bones:

Structure: Sesamoid bones are small, rounded bones embedded within tendons or joint capsules.

Examples: The patella (kneecap) is the largest sesamoid bone in the body.

Function: They protect tendons from excessive wear and alter the angle of insertion of a muscle

short bones:

Structure: Short bones are roughly cuboidal in shape, with dimensions roughly equal in length, width, and height.

Examples: Examples include the carpals in the wrist and the tarsals in the ankle.

Function: They provide support and stability with limited movement.

35
Q

What is the contractile unit of a muscle cell?

A

sarcomere

36
Q

Describe thin filaments and what they do

A

The actin molecules contain active sites to which myosin heads will bind during contraction

  • The thin filaments also contain the regulatory proteins called tropomyosin and troponin, which regulate the interaction of actin and myosin.
37
Q

Neurotransmitters are the chemicals released by the axonal end or terminal of a neuron to transmit the impulse to the next neuron.
-Neurons use these chemicals to signal other neurons.

-An example of a neurotransmitter is acetylcholine.

A
38
Q

Describe the action of the levator scapulae muscle.

A

to elevate the scapula and tilt the glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating the scapula downward.

-elevation of scapula (moves up towards neck)
- medial rotation (moves towards vertebral column)
- assists in neck flexion (laterally or extending it)

39
Q

What is the largest portion of the diencephalon? Hint: it is a relay station for sensory impulses

A

The thalamus (gray matter)

40
Q

What does the latissimus dorsi do?

A

assists in depression of the arm with the teres major and pectoralis major

-It adducts, extends, and internally rotates the shoulder.
-When the arms are in a fixed overhead position, the latissimus dorsi pulls the trunk upward and forward.

41
Q

Characterize interneurons, sensory neurons, autonomic NS, and motor neurons.

A

interneurons:

Location: Found exclusively in the central nervous system (CNS), primarily in the brain and spinal cord.

Function: Act as connectors or relayers between sensory neurons and motor neurons.

Role: Integrate and process information received from sensory neurons and relay signals to motor neurons or other interneurons.

sensory:

Location: Found in sensory organs (such as skin, eyes, ears) and sensory receptors throughout the body.

Function: Transmit sensory information (such as touch, temperature, pain, sight, sound) from sensory receptors to the CNS.

Role: Provide the nervous system with information about the external environment and the body’s internal conditions.

autonomic:

Location: Part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Function: Regulates involuntary bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and glandular secretion.

Divisions: Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, which often have opposing effects to maintain homeostasis.

motor:

Location: Found in the CNS (upper motor neurons) and PNS (lower motor neurons).

Function: Transmit signals from the CNS to muscles and glands, controlling voluntary and involuntary movements.

Role: Execute commands from the brain or spinal cord, causing muscles to contract or glands to secrete.

42
Q

The area of the brain responsible for relaying sensory impulses to the appropriate area of the
cerebral cortex is the

A

The thalamus

43
Q

The part of the nervous system that provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle contraction
is the

A

somatic nervous system

44
Q

What is a ganglion?

A
45
Q

The area of the brain responsible for life support functions such as breathing and heart rate is the

A
  • found in the peripheral nervous system
  • cluster of nerve cell bodies (neurons) and associated support cells

Ganglia serve as relay points or processing centers for nerve impulses traveling through the PNS.

sensory ganglia: central nervous system (sensory)
autonomic ganglia: autonomic nervous system (heart rate, digestion, glandular secretion)

46
Q

The _______ of the eye regulates the size of the pupil to adjust the amount of light reaching the
photoreceptors

A

iris

47
Q

What type of glial cell produces cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cells line the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain. They are involved in creating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

48
Q

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

Part of the neuron called axon terminal.

-stored within thin-walled sacs called synaptic vesicles

49
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation cause?

A

-construction of pupils
-decreased heart rate and blood pressure
- constriction of bronchial muscles
-vasodilation

BIO 137 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions