Final Exam Flashcards
A mixture in which one substance is completely dissolved in another is a
solution
The neutralization of an acid by a base yields
water and a salt
Monomers join to make polymers by ____ reactions
condensation (dehydration synthesis)
Substances that help to maintain the pH of body fluids are
buffers
hemoglobin, main protein inside red blood cells, regulates pH.
The atomic number of chlorine is 17 and its atomic weight is 35. How many electrons does Cl-
have?
atomic number: 17
Protons: 17
neutrons: 18
electrons: 17
Describe the pH of an alkaline substance
below 7.0 is acidic
above 7.0 is basic (alkaline)
Describe a hydrophobic substance
molecules that do not have a charge, meaning they’re nonpolar
-do not dissolve in water or solution
-oil, waxes and steroids are examples
Describe a fatty acid carbon
a straight chain of an even number of carbon atoms, with hydrogen atoms along the length of the chain and at one end of the chain and a carboxyl group (―COOH) at the other end. It is that carboxyl group that makes it an acid (carboxylic acid).
In a DNA double helix, a triplet with the bases CGA would be paired with
GCT
What does the hydrolysis of proteins yield?
amino acids
The _____ region is the cheek.
buccal
The heart is contained in the _______ cavity
thoracic cavity
What will happen to a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution?
- it shrinks as water is drawn out of the cell and into the surrounding solution.
-If the same blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the blood cell grows in size.
-Blood cells in isotonic solutions do not shrink or swell.
Compare and contrast osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and simple diffusion.
osmosis:
Definition: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Direction: From low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
Energy Requirement: No energy required.
Transport Proteins: Involves aquaporins (water channels).
Facilitated diffusion:
Definition: Passive transport of molecules across a membrane via transport proteins.
Direction: From high to low concentration.
Energy Requirement: No energy required.
Transport Proteins: Involves specific carrier or channel proteins.
Active transport:
Definition: Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient.
Direction: From low to high concentration.
Energy Requirement: Requires energy (usually ATP).
Transport Proteins: Involves specific transport proteins (pumps).
Simple diffusion
Definition: Passive movement of molecules directly through the lipid bilayer.
Direction: From high to low concentration.
Energy Requirement: No energy required.
Transport Proteins: No proteins involved.
Describe isotonic and hypnotic solutions.
isotonic:
Definition: Solutions with the same solute concentration as the cell interior.
Effect on Cells: No net movement of water; cells retain their normal shape.
Example: Saline solution at 0.9% NaCl is isotonic to human cells.
Hypotonic;
Definition: Solutions with a lower solute concentration than the cell interior.
Effect on Cells: Water moves into the cell, potentially causing it to swell or burst.
Example: Distilled water is hypotonic to human cells.
Which cellular structure contains chromatin
the nucleus
What do centrioles do?
Cell division
- organization of microtubules
- formation of cilia and flagella
-ensure proper cell division and for organization of structures involved in cell movement and signaling
______ is/are proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.
enzymes
Describe mitosis and its stages
interphase: lined up
prophase: chromosomes pair up
metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle
anaphase: sister chromatids pull apart
telophase and cytokinesis: cell pinches in the middle
Result: two identical daughter cells
Describe the organelles.
a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body.
- the nuclei, which store genetic information;
-mitochondria, which produce chemical energy; - ribosomes, which assemble proteins.