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BIO 137 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

As a muscle fiber is stimulated with increasing frequency, individual twitches begin to summate. if no relaxation occurs between twitches, the contraction is called _____________

A. fused tetany
B. eccentric
C. isometric
D. partial tetany

A

A. fused tetany

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2
Q

The characteristic reddish brown color of skeletal muscle is due to the presence of which substance?

A. creatine phosphate
B. myosin
C. myoglobin
D. calcium

A

C. myoglobin

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3
Q

What is the function of acetylcholinesterase?

A. to bind to actin when active sites are revealed
B. to be secreted from the axon terminal
C. to breakdown acetylcholine
D. to serve as precursor for production of acetylcholine

A

C. to breakdown acetylcholine

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4
Q

Doing a “plank” is often part of a yoga or pilates workout. It is done by holding the body straight in a prone position, engaging the abdominal muscles and supporting oneself on arms and toes. it is much like the “up” position of a pushup, but is held for 30 to 60 seconds. What type of contraction would be occurring in the abdominal muscles?

A. isotonic contraction
B. eccentric contraction
C. isometric contraction
D. concentric contraction

A

C. isometric contraction

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5
Q

Suppose the pubic symphysis did not exist in the pelvic girdle and the two pubic bones were fused in the middle. which of the following best describes the way the region would be affected if this joint was removed?

A. the vertebral column would not be able to extend because of the rigidity of the pelvis
B. the femurs would grind inside the acetabulum and cause pain because of a lack of cartilage
C. the pelvic girdle would be highly unstable because the pubic symphysis adds stability and rigidity
D. childbirth would have a high mortality risk because the pelvic girdle would be rigid and unmoving

A

D. childbirth would have a high mortality risk because the pelvic girdle would be rigid and unmoving

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6
Q

A gomphosis is _______ joint

A. fibrous
B. cartilaginous
C. synovial
D. synchondrosis

A

A. fibrous

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7
Q

Name the area of the sarcolemma that is part of a neuromuscular junction.

A. motor neuron
B. m line
C. cisterna
D. motor end plate

A

D. motor end plate

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8
Q

What type of tissue comprises articular cartilage?

A. fibrocartilage
B. spongy bone
C. elastic cartilage
D. hyaline cartilage

A

D. hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

A tendon is _____, whereas an aponeurosis is _________.

A. cordlike and connects bones to bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles
B. a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles; cordlike and connects bones to bones
C. cordlike and connects muscles to bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles
D. a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects bones to bones; cordlike and connects muscle to muscles

A

C. cordlike and connects muscles to bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles

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10
Q

What would happen if the synovial membrane could not secrete synovial fluid?

A. the onset of arthritis would be slowed because synovial fluid generates friction within the joint capsule.
B. blood would not directly flow into the joint capsule to nourish cartilage
C. the cartilage contained within the capsule would not receive nutrients from synovial membrane blood vessels.
D. new cartilage wouldn’t be generated because synovial fluid is a stimulant for cartilage production

A

C. the cartilage contained within the capsule would not receive nutrients from synovial membrane blood vessels.

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11
Q

The term ____ refers to an increase in the number of motor units activated as a result of more intense stimulation.

A. latency
B. recruitment
C. threshold stimulation
D. sustained contraction

A

B. recruitment

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12
Q

What is the cause of rigor mortis that occurs in skeletal muscles a few hours after death?

A. an increase in ATP and decreased membrane permeability to calcium
B. a decrease in ATP and increased membrane permeability to calcium
C. an increase in ATP and in the cells
D. continued neural activity that produces sustained contractions

A

B. a decrease in ATP and increased membrane permeability to calcium

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13
Q

What is the source of oxygen and nutrients for articular cartilage?

A. a direct blood supply
B. blood vessels in underlying spongy bone
C. surrounding synovial fluid
D. chondrocytes

A

C. surrounding synovial fluid

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14
Q

Joints are also called _______

A. annotations
B. articulations
C. affectations
D. affiliations

A

B. articulations

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15
Q

What type of muscle cells lack transverse tubules, have a single nucleus, and are under involuntary control?

A. skeletal muscle
B. smooth muscle
C. cardiac muscle

A

B. smooth muscle

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16
Q

Which of the following is NOT associated with spongy bone?

A. trabeculae
B. osteons
C. canaliculi
D. osteocytes

A

B. osteons

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17
Q

What is a threshold stimulus?

A. minimum stimulus strength required to release acetylcholine
B. minimum stimulus strength required to produce ATP
C. minimum stimulus strength required to contract a skeletal muscle
D. minimum stimulus strength required to contract a muscle fiber

A

D. minimum stimulus strength required to contract a muscle fiber

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18
Q

Pituitary dwarfism results from a decreased secretion of __________

A. thyroid hormones; osteocytes in the periosteum
B. growth hormone; fat cells in the medullary cavity
C. thyroid hormones; osteoclasts in the compact bone
D. growth hormone; cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate

A

D. growth hormone; cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate

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19
Q

What term describes a muscle that opposes a particular action?

A. synergist
B. antagonist
C. agonist
D. prime mover

A

B. antagonist

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20
Q

What is a compound fracture?

A. an incomplete break of the bone in more than one place
B. a longitudinal break in the bone
C. a broken bone exposed to the outside
D. a complete break in the bone in more than one place

A

C. a broken bone exposed to the outside

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21
Q

How does smooth muscle compare to skeletal muscle?

A. smooth muscle contracts more slowly and relaxes more slowly
B. smooth muscle contracts more slowly and relaxes more rapidly
C. smooth muscle contracts more rapidly and relaxes more slowly
D. smooth muscle contracts more rapidly and relaxes more rapidly

A

A. smooth muscle contracts more slowly and relaxes more slowly

22
Q

A suture is an example of a ______ joint

A. fibrous
B. cartilaginous
C. synovial
D. plane

A

A. fibrous

23
Q

It is possible to determine if a child’s long bone is growing by examining a radiograph of the bone and looking for __________

A. diaphysis
B. medullary cavity
C. epiphyseal plate
D. articular cartilage

A

C. epiphyseal plate

24
Q

What is the functional unit of muscle contraction?

A. muscle
B. muscle fiber
C. myosin cross-bridge
D. sarcomere

A

D. sarcomere

25
Q

A football player suffers from a partially torn anterior cruciate ligament. Which joint has been injured?

A. shoulder
B. elbow
C. hip
D. knee

A

D. knee

26
Q

What is the location of the vesicles containing the neurotransmitter molecules?

A. along the side of the myofibrils
B. deep to the motor end plate
C. within the cisternae
D. at distal end of motor axon

A

D. at distal end of motor axon

27
Q

What are the secondary curves of the vertebral column?

A. cervical and lumbar curvatures
B. cervical and thoracic curvatures
C. thoracic and sacral curvatures
D. lumbar and sacral curvatures

A

A. cervical and lumbar curvatures

28
Q

What change occurs with aging?

A. increased muscle fiber diameter
B. decreased supply of myoglobin
C. increased supply of ATP
D. increased production of creatine phosphate

A

B. decreased supply of myoglobin

29
Q

Which of these events occurs first in the muscle fiber contraction?

A. the muscle fiber membrane is stimulated and a muscle impulse travels deep into the fiber through transverse tubules
B. acetylcholine diffuses across a gap at a neuromuscular junction
C. acetylcholine is released from the axon of the motor neuron
D. calcium ions diffuse from sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm and bind to troponin molecules

A

C. acetylcholine is released from the axon of the motor neuron

30
Q

Displacement of a joint is called _______

A. bursitis
B. sprain
C. dislocation
D. arthritis

A

C. dislocation

31
Q

The atlas is one of the ______ vertebrae

A. lumbar
B. thoracic
C. cervical
D. sacral

A

C. cervical

32
Q

What is the process by which a bone grows in thickness?

A. cell division in the medullary cavity
B. increased production of bone matrix by osteoclasts
C. increased activity within the epiphyseal plate
D. deposit of compact bone beneath the periosteum of the diaphysis

A

D. deposit of compact bone beneath the periosteum of the diaphysis

33
Q

A _________ is the functional connection between a neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber.

A. synapse
B. sarcolemma
C. neuroma
D. dendrite

A

A. synapse

34
Q

The processes of which two bones form the zygomatic arch?

A. zygomatic and temporal bones
B. zygomatic and maxillary bones
C. maxillary and temporal bones
D. temporal and parietal bones

A

A. zygomatic and temporal bones

35
Q

At what age are nearly all bones completely ossified?

A. birth
B. 5 years
C. 15 years
D. 25 years

A

D. 25 years

36
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?

A. contraction
B. attachment for muscles
C. blood cell production
D. storage of inorganic salts

A

A. contraction

37
Q

Endochondral ossification ________, whereas intramembranous ossification ______________.

A. replaces hyaline cartilage with bone; replaces undifferentiated connective tissue with bone
B. forms bone of the cranium; forms bone of the limbs
C. inhibits osteoblast activity; increases osteoclast activity
D. increases osteoclast activity; inhibits osteoblasts

A

A. replaces hyaline cartilage with bone; replaces undifferentiated connective tissue with bone

38
Q

How do skeletal muscles help maintain body temperature?

A. excess body heat is used to increase muscle function
B. muscle contraction releases heat
C. excess acetylcholine is metabolized, releasing heat
D. the movement of thin filaments over thick filaments uses up some body heat

A

B. muscle contraction releases heat

39
Q

Where on a long bone is articular cartilage found?

A. on the outer surface of the epiphyses.
B. inside the medullary cavity
C. on the outer surface of the diaphysis
D. in the spaces of the spongy bone

A

A. on the outer surface of the epiphyses.

40
Q

What is the effect of sex hormones on the skeletal system?

A. they inhibit osteoblast activity
B. they stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plates
C. they stimulate osteoclasts
D. they cause a thickening of the diaphyses of long bones

A

B. they stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plates

41
Q

What two bones form the hard palate?

A. sphenoid and ethmoid bones
B. nasal conchae and vomer bones
C. zygomatic and lacrimal bones
D. maxillary and palatine bones

A

D. maxillary and palatine bones

42
Q

Bones of a synovial joint are held together by ___________

A. a synovial membrane
B. a joint capsule
C. a meniscus
D. articular cartilage

A

B. a joint capsule

43
Q

Why does oxygen debt develop?

A. the respiratory and circulatory systems are unable to supply enough oxygen for skeletal muscles to work strenuously for a minute or two
B. myoglobin molecules are unable to store the amount of oxygen needed for skeletal muscles to work strenuously for a minute or two
C. too much oxygen is used to form pyruvic acid when skeletal muscles work strenuously for a minute or two
D. the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere is too low to meet the needs of skeletal muscles working strenuously for a minute or two

A

A. the respiratory and circulatory systems are unable to supply enough oxygen for skeletal muscles to work strenuously for a minute or two

44
Q

What three bones fuse to form the hip bone?

A. the ilium, femur, and pubis
B. the ilium, sacrum, and pubis
C. the ischium, coccyx, and pubis
D. the ilium, ischium, and pubis

A

D. the ilium, ischium, and pubis

45
Q

What makes up muscle fibers?

A. muscles
B. sarcomeres
C. connective tissue fibers
D. synapses

A

B. sarcomeres

46
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A. bone cells that secrete bone matrix
B. mature bone cells that maintain the matrix
C. immature bone cells that give rise to osteocytes
D. bone cells that break down bone matrix

A

D. bone cells that break down bone matrix

47
Q

What is the action of the thyroid hormone thyroxine on the skeletal system?

A. to increase cartilage production in the epiphyseal plate
B. to stimulate osteoclasts
C. to stimulate replacement of cartilage with bone in the epiphyseal plate
D. to remove calcium from bone

A

C. to stimulate replacement of cartilage with bone in the epiphyseal plate

48
Q

If the atlas and axis were replaced with typical cervical vertebrae, _______________ would be affected

A. the ability to move the arms
B. protection of the spinal cord
C. the ability to pivot the head from side to side
D. stability of he cervical intervertebral disks

A

C. the ability to pivot the head from side to side

49
Q

If the acetabulum was malformed, which joint would be affected?

A. the elbow joint
B. the knee joint
C. the hip joint
D. the ankle joint

A

C. the hip joint

50
Q

The rectus femoris originates on the _______ and inserts on the ________

A. ischial tuberosity; anterior femur
B. pubic bone; posterior femur
C. anterior inferior iliac spine; medial tibia
D. anterior superior iliac spine; tibial tuberosity

A

C. anterior inferior iliac spine; medial tibia

BIO 137 (5 decks)

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