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Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

How are metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks made?

A

Metamorphic:
Rocks that went through immense heat and pressure by getting pulled under the earth’s surface
Igneous:
Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten material.
Sedimentary:
Rocks that are formed when sediments erode from other rocks, dead animals/plants, and are compacted together.

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2
Q

Rocks that form when magma or lava cools are called?

A

Igneous rocks

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3
Q

When sedimentary rock is put under heat and pressure, what type of rock is formed?

A

Metamorphic rocks

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4
Q

What is physical weathering?

A

The breakdown of rocks and soil through direct contact with conditions such as heat, water and ice.

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5
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Chemical reactions that alter the internal structure of the minerals through processes like oxidation and hydration.

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6
Q

What is erosion?

A

Erosion is the displacement of rocks, mud, and soil, through things like wind, water, and ice.

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7
Q

What is HAMM?

A

1) Humus - Nutrient rich soil that comes from dead animals and plants.
2) Air - Comes from above the surface and when organisms dig into the soil, allowing it to get absorbed by the roots.
3) Minerals - Created when rocks are broken down.
4) Moisture - Comes from rain or ground water.

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8
Q

What is leaching and calcification?

A

1) Leaching = The downwards movement of water in the soil.
2) Calcification = The upwards movement of water, bringing minerals up from below.

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9
Q

What is convectional precipitation?

A

Convectional precipitation occurs on hot summer afternoons and evenings. The moisture absorbs so much heat and quickly cools resulting in thunderstorm. (Ontario and Quebec)

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10
Q

What is orographic precipitation?

A

Occurs when wet air masses over a land barrier like mountains. (British Columbia and Nunavut)

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11
Q

What is cyclonic precipitation?

A

Occurs when 2 or more air masses meet. (Southern Ontario and Quebec)

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12
Q

Describe the difference between continental and maritime climate

A

1) Continental Climate - Hot summers and cold winters, large temperature range (over 25 degrees), little to no precipitation, and locating in Winnipeg and Calgary.
2) Maritime Climate - Warm summers and cool winters, small temperature range, large amount of precipitation and located in Victoria and St.John’s.

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13
Q

What are geologic, atmospheric, and hydrologic natural disaster?

A

1) Geological = Caused by the earth’s processes, commonly involving plate tectonics, (Earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions)
2) Atmospheric = Caused by weather and climate. (Hurricanes, typhoons, and tornadoes)
3) Hydrologic = Caused by a water process (Flooding, erosion, and drought)

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14
Q

What is an ecozone?

A

An ecozone is how Canada is divided based on soil, vegetation, climate, animals, and human activity.

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15
Q

How many ecozones are there in Canada, which one do we live in, and which is the largest.

A

1) 15 ecozones in Canada
2) We live in Mixedwood Plains
3) The largest is the Boreal Plains

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16
Q

What is the oldest landform region?

A

Canadian Shield

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17
Q

Identify the smallest and largest landform regions.

A

Smallest = Great Lakes St.Lawrence Lowlands.
Largest = Canadian Shield

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18
Q

Which landform region is Ajax in?

A

Great Lakes St.Lawrence Lowlands

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19
Q

Difference between Renewable vs. Non-renewable resources (Examples)

A

Renewable resources are resources that can be reused over time (solar and wind)
Non renewable resources can not be reused can be only used once (fossil fuels).

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20
Q

What is:
Primary, secondary, teritary, and quaternary industries?

A

1) Primary Industry = Extracts raw materials from the environment like farming, fishing, and mining.
2) Secondary Industry = Takes the raw materials and makes it into something better like manufacturing and constructing.
3) Tertiary Industry = Industry that provides us with services like retail and education.
4) Quaternary = Industry that provides us with research like universities and researchers.

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21
Q

What is inshore and offshore fisheries?

A

1) Inshore fisheries = Small boats, can only fish between 16-25 km from shore, limited access to gear and materials, crew size of 1-6 people and can only take day trips, can only fish 10% of fish, and is family owned.
2) Offshore fishers = Large boats, can fish 370km from shore, crew size of 12-16 people and can fish for 2 weeks or more at a time in any weather, can fish 90% of fish, and is company owned.

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22
Q

What is aquaculture and the positive and negative impacts?

A

Aquaculture is the farming of fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants. Positive impacts = Increase in food production and employment opportunities. Negative impacts = Habitat destruction and pollution from waste and chemicals.

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23
Q

What is Canada’s most valuable seafood export, with more than $2.1 billion in export sales?

A

Lobster

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24
Q

Types of fish found in Canada’s fishery:

A

1) Ground fish = Fish that live and feed near the bottom of the ocean. = Halibut and Cod.
2) Pelagic fish = Fish that live and feed primarily near the bottom of the ocean. = Tuna
3) Anadromous fish = Fish that spawn in fresh water but spend most their life at sea. = Salmon
4) Shellfish = Fish that have a shell or shell like skeleton. = Lobster and shrimp
5) Fresh water fish = Fish that live in fresh water = Trout

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25
Q

Types of fishing

A

1) Purse Seining = When a net circles around a group of fish, and is drawn together catching the fish. = Sardines.
2) Gill Netting = When a net hangs in the water, catching fish by their gills as they swim by. = Pacific Salmon.
3) Otter Trawling = When a bag shaped net is dragged across the ocean floor. = Cod

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26
Q

Identify the method of fishing that is least destructive to the environment and the method of fishing that is most destructive to the environment. Please explain your choices.

A

1) Purse Seining = The best method of fishing because the net doesn’t get in the way of the aquatic environment and only makes contact with the fish and their gills.
2) Otter Trawling = The words method of fishing because the net destroys the naturals sea floor habitat and destroys anything that comes in its path like plants and coral reefs.

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27
Q

Why is the continental shelf a good area to catch fish

A

Due to the ocean waters off of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland being less than 200 m deep, it forms the continental shelf. Because of the shallow waters, the plankton receives more sunlight which supports their growth. This forms the basis of the oceanic food cycle. Because of this, it attracts other fish.

28
Q

Define the following terms: smelting and milling.

A

1) Smelting = The process by which minerals are removed from ores by melting for industrial use.
2) Milling = Separating minerals from rocks using mechanical means.

29
Q

A mineral that can be used to produce energy is a(n) is referred to as?

A

Fossil Fuels

30
Q

What is clear cutting and provide an advantage and disadvantage.

A

Clear cutting is when all the trees are cut down.
Advantage = Less expensive because all the trees are cut down at once.
Disadvantage = Cuts down all the trees regardless of their size, age, and maturity

31
Q

What is shelterwood cutting and provide an advantage and disadvantage.

A

Shelterwood cutting is when you cut down 70% of trees.
Advantage = You only cut down parts of an old growth forest.
Disadvantage = Certain ecosystems are disrupted.

32
Q

What is selective cutting and provide an advantage and disadvantage.

A

Only cutting down the selected trees.
Advantages = Less disruptive ot the forest ecosystem.
Disadvantages = Costly because it takes more time and care to cut the trees.

33
Q

Identify two threats to forests.

A

1) Forest fires
2) Insects and disease

34
Q

Why are some forest fires fought while others are not? Provide specific examples to support your answer.

A

The decision to fight or flight a forest fire depends on its impact on people, place, and profit. If the area is very large and populated you should fight the fire because of its impact on people and place. But if its in a very small area and not populated you can let it burn.

35
Q

What is silviculture?

A

Silviculture is the scientific study of breeding, developing, and cultivating trees.

36
Q

Why are some forest fires fought while others are not? Provide specific examples to support your answer.

A
37
Q

Describe some of the positive effects of a forest fire.

A

Forest fires can be positive for the environment as they are a natural part of the forest ecosystem, and important to maintain the health and diversity of forests. For example, Jack Pine is a tree that has cones covered in a wax coating that needs heat in order to germinate. In this case, forest fires can be positve.

38
Q

Which method of harvesting trees is most destructive? Why?

A

Clear cutting is the most destructive method of harvesting trees because it remove all the trees within an area, leaving no shelter or habitat behind for wildlife.

39
Q

Which method of harvesting trees is least destructive? Why?

A

Selective cutting is the least destructive because they only cut the needed trees for a project, or trees that are not providing anything for the forest.

40
Q

Outline three characteristics of intensive farming vs. extensive farming

A

1) Intensive Farming = Small, located in dense area, requires a lot of labour and machinery, grows fruits, vegetables, and dairy, and is located across Ontario and Quebec due to their large land.
2) Extensive Farming = Large, located in less dense areas, require less labour, mostly machines, grows animals and crops, and is located across the Prairie Provinces due to their large land.

41
Q

How can one reduce the size of their ecological footprint when considering the various categories i.e. transportation?

A

1) Public transportation
2) turn off lights when not in use
3) Unplug cords when not in use
4) Have a compost bin
5) Walk or bike as much as possible.

42
Q

Understanding Canada’s population growth patterns: past, present and future.

A

In the early 1800s the population was steady. In 1820 the populated reached 1 billion. In the early 1970s the populated reached 3 billion, and in 1999 the populated doubled. The populated increases by 1 billion every 15 years.

43
Q

The purpose of the Canadian census

A

The purpose of the Canadian census is to count and gather information about the people living in Canada, to accomodate the growing population.

44
Q

Where do the majority of Canadians live and why?

A

90% of Canadians live within the American border. This could be because of the quick and easy access to resources in America, and the amount of job oppurtunites.

45
Q

What effect would Canada’s aging population have on the healthcare system?

A

If the majority of Canada’s population are elderly, the population will most likely decline, because elderly need quick actions in hospitals, so Canada’s death rate doesn’t increase.

46
Q

Why does Canada have a declining fertility rate?

A

Canada has a declining fertility rate because of inflation. Canadians may fear that they won’t be able to support children in the future due to the high expenses.

47
Q

Major settlement patterns (3)

A

1) Section System - Souther Prairies
2) Concession System - Southern Ontario
3) Long Lot - Souther Quebec

48
Q

Define: Dependency Load.

A

Dependency load are all the people aged below 15 and over 65, they depend on others for survival.

49
Q

Explain using specific examples, why new immigrants tend to settle in urban areas.

A

Due to the access to job opportunities, access to food, education and other assets.

50
Q

What three Canadian cities have the largest immigrant population?

A

Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal

51
Q

Rural Settlement Patterns: Concentrated, Linear, Dispersed

A

1) Dispersed - When people are spread out equally amongst an area of land.
2) Concentrated - When people inhabit particular areas within a region, forming small towns due to resources.
3) Linear - When people are populated in a line like pattern.

52
Q

Types of land uses – i.e. transportation, residential, commercial, etc.

A

1) Residential - Used for housing (houses and apartments)
2) Transportation - Used for transportation (roads and pathways)
3) Commercial - Used for services (malls and stores)
4) Institutional - Used for public services (hospitals and schools)
5) Industrial - Manufacturing centres (storage and factories)
6) Open green space - Grass and open land (fields and parks)

53
Q

Using an example, explain the difference between high density and low density housing.

A

1) High density = Apartments = More homes in less area.
2) Low density = Suburban homes = Less homes spread out over large land.

54
Q

Definitions: Urbanization, Urban Growth and Urban Sprawl

A

1) Urbanization = The movement of people in rural areas to urban areas..
2) Urban growth = The increase in urbanized land.
3) Urban sprawl = The development of the country side into urban areas.

55
Q

Using specific land use examples, explain how different land uses can have a positive or a negative impact on one another.

A

Commercial near residential:
Positive = Quick and easy access to resources and grocery stores.
Negative = Noise and air pollution.

56
Q

Describe the benefits of urban green spaces.

A

Urban green spaces provide us with a better quality of life, cleaner air and environment, and better community relationships.

57
Q

Issues arising from urban sprawl? How can smart growth help the problem?
Why is it important for cities to become more sustainable?

A

Urban sprawl leads to less greenery and open space within an area. Establishing things like vertical gardens, and smart growth principals to preserved green space and compact buildings can be very beneficial.

58
Q

What is a sustainable city?

A

A sustainable city is a place where the people, environment, and the economy thrives together now and in the future. It means a place with no pollution, resources being used wisely, and a better quality of life for the residents.

59
Q

What are the advantages of a sustainable city?

A

Quick access to resources and necessities (food, water, education, and healthcare), healthier environment, and energy and money saving.

60
Q

Compare a more sustainable city vs. a less sustainable city

A

1) Sustainable city = Renewable energy, efficient transportation methods, recycles, and protects green space and wildlife.
2) Non sustainable = Fossil fuels, congested roads, lots of waster thats not managed, and doesn’t protect their environemnent.

61
Q

What is latitiude?

A

As you move away from the equator, the suns rays become less direct and spreads over a larger area, decreasing the temperature.

62
Q

What is Ocean currents?

A

The temperature of the ocean currents affects the air that passes.

63
Q

What are winds?

A

Winds moves air masses that affects our weather. (If carrying moisture it produces precipitation)

64
Q

What is elevation?

A

It gets colder as elevation increases. As air rises, it expands due to the low air pressure. As it expands it loses heat.

65
Q

What is relief?

A

As warm air moves up the side of a mountain, it cools and condenses into clouds. As the water droplets become to heavy to be held by clouds, they fall as percipitation

66
Q
A

Geography (11 decks)

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