final exam

Question 1

What is the chemical level of organization?

Answer 1

atoms that combine to form molecules & macromolecules

Question 2

What is the cellular level of organization?

Answer 2

organelles, atoms, ions, & molecules become organized into cells (some contain a nucleus)

Question 3

What is the tissue level of organization?

Answer 3

similar cells from similar origins work together as a unit

Question 4

What is the organ level of organization?

Answer 4

2 or more tissues that work together for the same function

Question 5

What is the organ system level of organization?

Answer 5

2 or more organs work together

Question 6

What is the organismal level of organization?

Answer 6

all systems working together

Question 7

What are the levels of organization?

Answer 7

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, & organismal

Question 8

What is homeostasis?

Answer 8

the body tries to keep everything constant & in the same state

Question 9

What are the 4 types of tissues?

Answer 9

connective, epithelial, muscular, & nervous

Question 10

What are protons?

Answer 10

found in the nucleus of an atom; carry a positive electrical charge

Question 11

What are neutrons?

Answer 11

found in the nucleus of an atom; carry no electrical charge

Question 12

What are electrons?

Answer 12

found in the shell of an atom; carry a negative electrical charge

Question 13

When are atoms most stable?

Answer 13

when the outer shell is filled to the maximum; shells must be filled in order to

Question 14

What is ionic bond formation?

Answer 14

a transfer; an electron moves from one atom to another, forming charged particles called ions

Question 15

What is covalent bond formation?

Answer 15

a pair of electrons is shared; the 2 types are polar & non-polar

Question 16

What are polar covalent bonds?

Answer 16

unequal sharing of a pair of electrons

Question 17

What are non-polar covalent bonds?

Answer 17

equal sharing of a pair of electrons

Question 18

What are hydrogen bonds?

Answer 18

weak associations between adjacent polar molecules

Question 19

What do hydrogen bonds result in?

Answer 19

surface tension, capillary action, frost formation, & protein structure

Question 20

How do hydrogen bonds affect protein structure?

Answer 20

they give the proteins a precise 3-D shape

Question 21

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 21

commonly called sugars & starches; they contain carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 & have the chemical formula (CH2O)n

Question 22

What do carbohydrates do?

Answer 22

they serve a structural purpose in our cells & are broken down to provide our cells with the energy required to carry out daily functions

Question 23

What are lipids?

Answer 23

non-polar molecules that are hydrophobic; they are commonly called fats & oils

Question 24

What are phospholipids?

Answer 24

unique hybrid molecules that contain 2 non-polar hydrophobic carbon chains (tails) & 1 hydrophilic phosphate molecule (head)

Question 25

Why are phospholipids useful?

Answer 25

they form integral parts of cell membranes

Question 26

What are proteins?

Answer 26

big molecules used as enzymes, energy sources, & structural components in the cell; they are made of subunits called amino acids

Question 27

What are cholesterol units?

Answer 27

they hold the phospholipid membrane together & prevent unraveling (similar to staples)

Question 28

What purpose do 3-D proteins serve in our cell membranes?

Answer 28

they are scattered throughout to serve as channels to enter/exit; some have branched carbs that serve as receptors