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A&P I Lecture > exam 1 IMPORTANT > Flashcards

exam 1 IMPORTANT Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

made of brain & spinal cavity which are housed in the dorsal body cavity

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2
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

made of everything outside of brain & spinal cord/CNS

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3
Q

How can the PNS be divided anatomically?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves & 12 pairs of cranial nerves that attach to the inferior part of the brain

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4
Q

How can the PNS be divided physiologically?

A

afferent nervous system & efferent nervous system

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5
Q

What is the afferent nervous system?

A

carries impulses/stimuli INTO brain & spinal cord; sensory division

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6
Q

What is the efferent nervous system?

A

carries impulses/stimuli OUT OF brain & spinal cord to muscles & glands called effectors; motor division

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7
Q

How can effectors be classified?

A

somatic or autonomic

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8
Q

What does somatic mean?

A

mostly voluntary but sometimes acts on its own; skeletal muscle

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9
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

falls under autonomic group of effectors; controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & gland tissue

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10
Q

What is the ANS divided into?

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions

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11
Q

What is the sympathetic division?

A

speeds up the action of tissues that spend energy; slows down the action of tissues that provide energy

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12
Q

What is the parasympathetic division?

A

speeds up the action of tissues that provide energy; slows down the action of tissues that spend energy

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of nervous system cells?

A

neuroglial & neurons

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14
Q

What are neuroglial cells?

A

cells that, in some way, support or help nerves

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15
Q

What are characteristics of neuroglial cells?

A

cannot carry/send an impulse, are mitotically active, more abundant than neurons, & there are several types in the CNS & PNS

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16
Q

What are the types of neuroglial cells found only in the CNS?

A

astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, & microglial cells

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17
Q

What are the types of neuorglial cells found only in the PNS?

A

schwann cells & satellite cells

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18
Q

What are atrocytes?

A

star-shaped cells that wrap around neurons & blood vessels to hold them together

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19
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

develop from epithelium; cube-shaped with cilia projecting from their apical surface; secrete & circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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20
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

secretes a phospholipid called myelin (pearly white color) around specific neurons

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21
Q

What are microglial cells?

A

smallest; develop from white blood cells; can migrate through the brain & spinal cord, engulfing & destroying potentially harmful stuff & cell debris

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22
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

secrete myelin around specific PNS neurons

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23
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

hold PNS neurons together to form groups/clumps

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24
Q

What are neurons?

A

cells that can generate, receive, send, & transmit some type of impulse

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25
Q

What are characteristics of neurons?

A

not mitotically active when mature, have 3 basic regions: cell body, dendrites, & axon, and can be classified by shape, function, myelination, & location

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26
Q

What are the different shapes of neurons?

A

multipolar, bipolar, & unipolar (pseudounipolar)

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27
Q

What does multipolar mean?

A

many dendrites & 1 axon; found everywhere including the brain

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28
Q

What does bipolar mean?

A

1 dendrite & 1 axon; in sense organs like the retina of the eye

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29
Q

What does unipolar (pseudounipolar) mean?

A

1 extension from the cell body that branches into dendrite & axon; in cranial nerves such as nerves for sense of smell

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30
Q

How are neurons classified by function?

A

afferent, efferent, & association

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31
Q

What do afferent, efferent, & association mean?

A

sensory, motor, & the link to sensory and motor

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32
Q

How are neurons classified by myelination?

A

white matter & gray matter

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33
Q

What is white matter?

A

myelinated neurons; myelin coats the axons

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34
Q

What is gray matter?

A

non-myelinated neurons

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35
Q

How are neurons classified by location?

A

CNS or PNS

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36
Q

What are axon bundles/groups called in the CNS?

A

tracts

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37
Q

What are cell body bundles/groups called in the CNS?

A

nucleus

38
Q

What are axon bundles/groups called in the PNS?

A

nerves

39
Q

What are cell body bundles/groups called in the PNS?

A

ganglion

40
Q

What is the cell body (soma)?

A

large area with 1 nucleus per cell; has lots of organelles including special rough ER that manufactures neurotransmitters

41
Q

What are dendrites?

A

usually short, thick, branched cytoplasmic extensions from the cell body; they receive the impulse

42
Q

What is the axon?

A

usually 1 long extension that arises from a little bump called an axon hillock

43
Q

The distal end of the axon branches into what?

A

axon terminals that end in button-like synaptic end bulbs

44
Q

What do the synaptic end bulbs contain?

A

many synaptic vesicles that store & release neurotransmitter onto the next cell

45
Q

What is the goal of impulse physiology?

A

to release the neurotransmitter molecules when the neuron is stimulated

46
Q

What is the first step of impulse physiology?

A

the dendrite ends receive the impulse

47
Q

What does the impulse create in the cytoplasm once it is received?

A

the impulse causes waves/ripples to go through the ICF

48
Q

What happens if the waves are strong enough to reach the axon hillock?

A

voltage gated membrane channels will open

49
Q

What is a threshold stimulus?

A

a stimulus that is strong enough to elicit opening of these channels

50
Q

What is a resting neuron?

A

a neuron in the body that is not active

51
Q

What 2 areas have a voltage difference between them (in a resting neuron)?

A

the ICF & ECF

52
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

the voltage between the ICF & ECF when at rest; -70mV

53
Q

What does the -70mV value mean?

A

there is a difference in voltage of 70mV AND the ICF has a negative charge

54
Q

What can be found in the ECF & ICF of a resting neuron?

A

there are many sodium ions in the ECF & many potassium ions in the ICF

55
Q

What happens when the threshold stimulus is applied?

A

voltage gated channels open; there are 2 types

56
Q

What are the 2 types of voltage gated channels?

A

voltage gated sodium channel & voltage gated potassium channel

57
Q

What is the voltage gated sodium channel?

A

it looks like a door that pops open; it opens rapidly allowing Na+ to enter the cytoplasm

58
Q

Why does the Na+ enter the cell?

A

the concentration gradient & the pull from the negative ICF

59
Q

What happens as the Na+ rush in to the cell?

A

depolarization; the mV increases; it goes -70, -50, 0, 30

60
Q

What is the voltage gated potassium channel?

A

looks like twisties; opens slowly, becoming open at about 30mV; allows potassium to exit the cell

61
Q

Why does K+ exit the ICF?

A

the concentration gradient & the pull from the now slightly negative charge of the ECF

62
Q

What happens as the K+ goes out?

A

the mV decreases; it goes from 30, 0, -50, -70

63
Q

What happens as the wave of impulse/depolarization reaches the synaptic end bulbs?

A

Ca++ channels open & Ca++ enters the synaptic end bulbs from the ECF

64
Q

What triggers migration & exocytosis of synaptic vesicles?

A

calcium ions (Ca++)

65
Q

What is the synapse?

A

a small space that neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across

66
Q

Where do neurotransmitter molecules go from the synapse?

A

the “next cell” which can be called the post-synaptic cell

67
Q

There are many types of neurotransmitters, but which is the best understood?

A

acetylcholine

68
Q

Where is acetylcholine released from?

A

the pre-synaptic neuron

69
Q

Where does acetylcholine diffuse across?

A

the synapse to the next cell (the post-synaptic cell)

70
Q

Is acetylcholine absorbed into the cell?

A

no; it merely causes some change in the post-synaptic cell’s membrane

71
Q

What is acetylcholinesterase?

A

the enzyme that quickly breaks down acetylcholine

72
Q

What does acetylcholine break down into?

A

it’s 2 components: acetate & choline

73
Q

What happens when the components of acetylcholine re-enter the pre-synaptic neuron?

A

they are recycled into acetylcholine

74
Q

What must occur for the pre-synaptic neuron to send another impulse?

A

acetylcholine must be recycled AND the axon membrane must be returned to its resting membrane potential (-70mV, more Na+ out, more K+ in)

75
Q

What does the Na+/K+ Pump do?

A

moves 3 Na+ out of cell for every 2 K+ that enter the cell

76
Q

Does the Na+/K+ Pump require ATP (energy)?

A

yes

77
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

the time in which the neuron cannot send an impulse

78
Q

Why does the refractory period occur?

A

because no impulse can travel though the neuron until the action of the Na+/K+ Pump is complete

79
Q

What are neurons with a myelin coating called?

A

myelinated neurons (white matter)

80
Q

Where does continuous conduction of the impulse occur?

A

in neurons that lack myelin; this process causes all voltage gated channels to open

81
Q

Where does salvatory conduction of the impulse occur?

A

in neurons that are covered in myelin; myelin wraps the axon in discontinuous pieces with unmyelinated nodes in between

82
Q

What are the unmyelinated gaps called?

A

nodes of ranvier; during depolarization, ONLY the channels in these nodes operate

83
Q

Which kind of conduction of the impulse is faster?

A

salvatory conduction

84
Q

What can the “next cell” or post-synaptic cell that picks up the neurotransmitter be?

A

a muscle, gland, or another neuron

85
Q

If the post-synaptic cell is a muscle or gland, what is it called?

A

effectors

86
Q

What is the neuron that releases the neurotransmitter called?

A

the pre-synaptic neuron

87
Q

For what reason would the post-synaptic cell be inhibited?

A

this happens under some conditions to ensure we get proper muscle control

88
Q

What is the withdrawl reflex?

A

a spinal reflex that causes both an inhibitory & stimulatory response to a stimulus at the same time

89
Q

Under what circumstances would Chlorine ions (Cl-) enter the neuron?

A

to inhibit release of neurotransmitter & response by the post-synaptic cell

90
Q

What happens to the membrane voltage when Cl- enters the cell?

A

it decreases because of the negative ion; this makes the axon even more polarized

A&P I Lecture (6 decks)

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