Final Exam Flashcards
According to this chapter, ‘NGO” is an umbrella term applied to a broad range of organizations that differ in size, scope, motives, and functions.
True
According to this chapter, NGOs are never initiated by states.
False
How do TNGOs differ from transnational social movements (TSMOs)?
TNGOs have a formal structure, while TSMOs are informal coalitions.
According to this chapter, TNGOs have become more business-like in which of the following ways?
They are increasingly professionalized and commercialized.
According to this chapter, all of the following arguments support the contention that TNGOs contribute to more democracy at the international level except…
TNGOs are democratically structured and their representatives are publicly elected
Recent years have seen a resurgence of major powers’ promotion of regional frameworks to pursue spheres of interest or influence.
True
The emergence of the European Union developed from what was initially a purely West European creation born of the desire for reconciliation between
France and Germany
What treaty embodied the critical turning point for the European Union by establishing monetary union?
Maastricht Treaty, 1992
The term ‘global commons’ refers to areas and resources that are not under sovereign jurisdiction.
True
The Kyoto Protocol was established in 1992 at the Rio Conference on the environment.
False
The classic statement on ‘sustainable development’ was provided in 1987 by the ____
Brundtland Commission Report
The model used to explain why over-exploitation of shared environmental resources may occur when it is against collective, long-term interests is known as
The “Tragedy of the Commons”
The Montreal Protocol (1987) was established to deal with the depletion of ___
The Ozone layer
What major event marked the rise of global health security as a concept and concern for states and international organizations?
World War I
Which of the following is NOT one of the three elements contributing to the concept of global health security?
Advances in space exploration
What are negative externalities in the context of economics?
Benefits associated with an action that are not realized by the individual taking that action
Philanthropic organizations working on global health have been criticized for their lack of accountability and because their funding decisions can skew global health priorities based on preferences of an elite minority.
True
Horizontal issues receive the most funding and political attention in global health.
False
Health became a global issue in the late 19th and early 20th centuries for each of the following reasons, except
There was a concerted global effort to combat malaria, which led to cooperation on other infectious diseases
According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), refugee status is declaratory, meaning that any person who qualifies as a refugee is by that very fact a refugee, regardless of the formal recognition of the host country.
True
Even though states have no obligation to grant asylum or admit refugees, they do have the obligation not to forcibly return asylum seekers to the countries where they are facing persecution; this is known as the right to non-refoulment
True
According to the UN’s 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, refugees are people who are outside their countries of origin and cannot return ‘owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted’ for each of the following reasons, except…
Unwillingness to participate in criminal activity
Which of the following is not a category of forced migration as classified by the causes of displacement?
Groups or people of concern
Voluntary migration is usually based on economic calculations, although some argue that the line between voluntary and forced migration is blurring.
True
How is voluntary migration described in the lecture (or in the PowerPoint)
Economic Migration
The income gap continues to increase in both wealthy and poor countries, most notably in sub-Saharan Africa, and for women and girls worldwide.
True
The orthodox approach to hunger states that there is enough food, but the problem is distribution and entitlement.
False
Globalization can contribute to both increased food production and increased hunger.
True
Who famously argued that population growth naturally exceeds the growth in the food supply?
Thomas Malthus
Which of the following is not a key aspect of neoliberalism?
The belief that an unregulated free-market system best advances individual rights and freedom of choice
What term refers to an international economic order that is based on the pursuit of free trade, but which allows state intervention in the market to support national security and national and global stability?
Embedded liberalism
Which concept describes the idea that efforts to achieve development should not negatively impact future generations.
Sustainable development
Liberal globalists argue that everyone benefits from the wealth created by globalization, while populists nationalists argue that only the global elite profit.
True
IMF and World Bank conditionalities require states to meet certain policy objectives laid out by these institutions as a prerequisite for receiving loans
True
What was established in 1995 as a replacement for the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade?
WTO - World Trade Organization
The IMF has consistently opposed austerity policies for ideological reasons since the global financial crisis
True/ False
As originally conceived in the Bretton Woods agreements, the formal role of the World Bank is to
provide long-term monetary assistance to states to help them to achieve their development
objectives.
The Iranian ‘Islamic Revolution’ of 1979 was a watershed event in transnational terrorism because it marked a turning point after which a number of groups began to target citizens and other symbols of the West
True
Why is terrorism the weakest form of irregular warfare with which to alter the political landscape?
Unlike insurgents and revolutionaries, terrorists lack broad support for their objectives
Although there is a Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, it is difficult to monitor and enforce its provisions because the production of biological weapons can be hidden in sites such as health research centres and pharmaceutical production facilities
True
Horizontal proliferation refers to increases in the size of existing nuclear arsenals, while vertical proliferation refers to the spread of nuclear weapons to new countries.
False
Nuclear technology is dual-use, meaning it can be used either to generate energy or to make a weapon
True
Which of the following states has not given up its nuclear weapons?
Pakistan
What are the five ‘official’ nuclear-weapons states, as first identified in the Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968?
U.S., USSR/Russia, China, U.K., and France
Which term describes a country that possesses the necessary capabilities to quickly assemble nuclear weapons but has never done so?
Latent Nuclear Capacity
Which term describes the argument that nuclear weapons have not been used since 1945 because of a strong normative belief that they should not be used, rather than a rational calculation of the costs and benefits of using them?
Nuclear Taboo
Which counter-proliferation effort seeks to ban the use, possession, development, testing, transfer, and deployment of nuclear weapons on humanitarian grounds?
The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
A key challenge for arms control regarding chemical weapons is that
Chemicals used in chemical weapons are often easily available because they have common, non-violent uses.
What potential consequence might dissuade states from pursuing nuclear weapons despite having the capability?
International approval and recognition
What distinguishes biological weapons from chemical weapons?
Biological weapons employ living organisms or their toxins
Which of the following is an example of a chemical weapon?
Mustard gas
Nationalism will no longer be relevant in a new political order in which the sovereign nation-state is less central.
False
In ethnic nationalism, state membership determines nationality
False
Which term refers to a “whole society” occupying a specific territory?
Nation
Creation of a new state, through uniting smaller ones or separating from a larger one (or both) is a result of
State-opposing nationalism
Together, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights compose the legal apparatus of international human rights, and are understood to be indivisible, independent, and universal.
True
To what does the “the dark side” of human rights refer?
The costs of human rights interventions
NATO’s intervention in Kosovo in 1999 was not sanctioned by the Security Council.
True
A number of countries, such as Russia, India, and China, have argued that armed responses to genocide and mass atrocities should never result in regime change.
True
The doctrine of ‘responsibility to protect’____
was unanimously endorsed by world leaders at the 2005 UN World Summit
____ refers to an objection to humanitarian intervention on the grounds that states might espouse humanitarian motives as a pretext to cover the pursuit of national self-interest, in the absence of an impartial mechanism for deciding when humanitarian intervention is permissible.
The problem of abuse
Which of the following is not a “pillar” of the “responsibility to protect”?
States have a primary responsibility to protect their own populations; if joining a humanitarian intervention is likely to harm a state’s domestic populace or national interest, then a state has no obligation to participate.
A) In previous weeks, we discussed some of the potential causes of war and we
mentioned some of the explanations provided by theories such as realism to explain war.
Realist theory in international relations finds the absence of the world government and
states’ desire to gain power as potential causes of war, while other perspectives
emphasize that misunderstandings, miscalculations (or misperceptions), accidents,
harmful ideologies such as nationalism or nazism, leader type, regime type (democratic-
authoritarian) and economic system (capitalist or otherwise) can be important causes of
war. Keeping these explanations in mind, explain the general causes of World War I.
From your standpoint, which of these explanations played an important role in the
occurrence of war?
* B) The First World War witnessed the Entente Powers, led by France, Russia, the British
Empire, and later Italy and the United States, fighting against the Central Powers, led by
the German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires. Choose one of the nations that
participated in WW1 and envision yourself as a leader of that country. Now, articulate
your rationale for involvement in the war, and explain the motivations that you think can
justify your nation’s participation in the war.
A1) - Immediate cause: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in June 1914. Duke and wife killed by Serbian-nationalist terrorist group called the Black Hand in protest of Austria-Hungary having control of Bosnia, when Serbia wanted to take over Bosnia. Led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia.
- Mutual Defense Alliance: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia; Russia was allies with Serbia and got involved; Germany saw Russia get involved and declared war on Russia, dragging in France. Germany attacked France through Belgium, pulling Britain into war who was allied with Japan and entered the war.
- Imperialism: Asia and Africa were points of contention among European countries because of their raw materials. Desire for greater empires lead to an increase in confrontation that helped push WWI.
- Militarism: As the world entered the 20th century, an arms race
had begun. By 1914, Germany had the greatest increase
in military buildup. Great Britain and Germany both
greatly increased their navies in this time period.
Further, in Germany and Russia particularly, the military
establishment began to have a greater influence on
public policy
- Nationalism: Much of the origin of the war was based on the desire of
the Slavic peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina to no longer
be part of Austria Hungary but instead be part of Serbia.
In this way, nationalism led directly to the War. But in a
more general way, the nationalism of the various
countries throughout Europe contributed not only to the
beginning but the extension of the war in Europe. Each
country tried to prove their dominance and power
A2) All of these points (Mutual Defense Alliance, Imperialism, Militarism, and Nationalism) played a big role in the occurrence of the war. However Mutual Defense Alliance and Nationalism played a bigger role. Nationalism (Serbia’s assassination of Archduke Ferdinand) started the war, but the amount of alliances made between countries made it into a World War.
B) While neutral at the beginning of the war, United States institutions had lent large sums of money to the Entente Powers, giving the U.S. a financial stake in the outcome of the war. In early 1917, the Central Powers were gaining control of the war, and Germany presumed unrestricted submarine warfare on passenger and merchant ships. This warfare caused American lives to be lost. Not only American lives have American lives be lost, but Germany offered Mexico territory of the U.S. in exchange for their involvement in the war (Zimmerman Telegram). All of these factors (American loans, American lives, and American territories) justify the United States participation in the war.
