Final Exam

Question 1

According to this chapter, ‘NGO” is an umbrella term applied to a broad range of organizations that differ in size, scope, motives, and functions.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

According to this chapter, NGOs are never initiated by states.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

How do TNGOs differ from transnational social movements (TSMOs)?

Answer 3

TNGOs have a formal structure, while TSMOs are informal coalitions.

Question 4

According to this chapter, TNGOs have become more business-like in which of the following ways?

Answer 4

They are increasingly professionalized and commercialized.

Question 5

According to this chapter, all of the following arguments support the contention that TNGOs contribute to more democracy at the international level except…

Answer 5

TNGOs are democratically structured and their representatives are publicly elected

Question 6

Recent years have seen a resurgence of major powers’ promotion of regional frameworks to pursue spheres of interest or influence.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

The emergence of the European Union developed from what was initially a purely West European creation born of the desire for reconciliation between

Answer 7

France and Germany

Question 8

What treaty embodied the critical turning point for the European Union by establishing monetary union?

Answer 8

Maastricht Treaty, 1992

Question 9

The term ‘global commons’ refers to areas and resources that are not under sovereign jurisdiction.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

The Kyoto Protocol was established in 1992 at the Rio Conference on the environment.

Answer 10

False

Question 11

The classic statement on ‘sustainable development’ was provided in 1987 by the ____

Answer 11

Brundtland Commission Report

Question 12

The model used to explain why over-exploitation of shared environmental resources may occur when it is against collective, long-term interests is known as

Answer 12

The “Tragedy of the Commons”

Question 13

The Montreal Protocol (1987) was established to deal with the depletion of ___

Answer 13

The Ozone layer

Question 14

What major event marked the rise of global health security as a concept and concern for states and international organizations?

Answer 14

World War I

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT one of the three elements contributing to the concept of global health security?

Answer 15

Advances in space exploration

Question 16

What are negative externalities in the context of economics?

Answer 16

Benefits associated with an action that are not realized by the individual taking that action

Question 17

Philanthropic organizations working on global health have been criticized for their lack of accountability and because their funding decisions can skew global health priorities based on preferences of an elite minority.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Horizontal issues receive the most funding and political attention in global health.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

Health became a global issue in the late 19th and early 20th centuries for each of the following reasons, except

Answer 19

There was a concerted global effort to combat malaria, which led to cooperation on other infectious diseases

Question 20

According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), refugee status is declaratory, meaning that any person who qualifies as a refugee is by that very fact a refugee, regardless of the formal recognition of the host country.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Even though states have no obligation to grant asylum or admit refugees, they do have the obligation not to forcibly return asylum seekers to the countries where they are facing persecution; this is known as the right to non-refoulment

Answer 21

True

Question 22

According to the UN’s 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, refugees are people who are outside their countries of origin and cannot return ‘owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted’ for each of the following reasons, except…

Answer 22

Unwillingness to participate in criminal activity

Question 23

Which of the following is not a category of forced migration as classified by the causes of displacement?

Answer 23

Groups or people of concern

Question 24

Voluntary migration is usually based on economic calculations, although some argue that the line between voluntary and forced migration is blurring.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

How is voluntary migration described in the lecture (or in the PowerPoint)

Answer 25

Economic Migration

Question 26

The income gap continues to increase in both wealthy and poor countries, most notably in sub-Saharan Africa, and for women and girls worldwide.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

The orthodox approach to hunger states that there is enough food, but the problem is distribution and entitlement.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

Globalization can contribute to both increased food production and increased hunger.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Who famously argued that population growth naturally exceeds the growth in the food supply?

Answer 29

Thomas Malthus

Question 30

Which of the following is not a key aspect of neoliberalism?

Answer 30

The belief that an unregulated free-market system best advances individual rights and freedom of choice

Question 31

What term refers to an international economic order that is based on the pursuit of free trade, but which allows state intervention in the market to support national security and national and global stability?

Answer 31

Embedded liberalism

Question 32

Which concept describes the idea that efforts to achieve development should not negatively impact future generations.

Answer 32

Sustainable development

Question 33

Liberal globalists argue that everyone benefits from the wealth created by globalization, while populists nationalists argue that only the global elite profit.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

IMF and World Bank conditionalities require states to meet certain policy objectives laid out by these institutions as a prerequisite for receiving loans

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What was established in 1995 as a replacement for the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade?

Answer 35

WTO - World Trade Organization

Question 36

The IMF has consistently opposed austerity policies for ideological reasons since the global financial crisis

Answer 36

True/ False

Question 37

As originally conceived in the Bretton Woods agreements, the formal role of the World Bank is to

Answer 37

provide long-term monetary assistance to states to help them to achieve their development
objectives.

Question 38

The Iranian ‘Islamic Revolution’ of 1979 was a watershed event in transnational terrorism because it marked a turning point after which a number of groups began to target citizens and other symbols of the West

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Why is terrorism the weakest form of irregular warfare with which to alter the political landscape?

Answer 39

Unlike insurgents and revolutionaries, terrorists lack broad support for their objectives

Question 40

Although there is a Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, it is difficult to monitor and enforce its provisions because the production of biological weapons can be hidden in sites such as health research centres and pharmaceutical production facilities

Answer 40

True

Question 41

Horizontal proliferation refers to increases in the size of existing nuclear arsenals, while vertical proliferation refers to the spread of nuclear weapons to new countries.

Answer 41

False

Question 42

Nuclear technology is dual-use, meaning it can be used either to generate energy or to make a weapon

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Which of the following states has not given up its nuclear weapons?

Answer 43

Pakistan

Question 44

What are the five ‘official’ nuclear-weapons states, as first identified in the Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968?

Answer 44

U.S., USSR/Russia, China, U.K., and France

Question 45

Which term describes a country that possesses the necessary capabilities to quickly assemble nuclear weapons but has never done so?

Answer 45

Latent Nuclear Capacity

Question 46

Which term describes the argument that nuclear weapons have not been used since 1945 because of a strong normative belief that they should not be used, rather than a rational calculation of the costs and benefits of using them?

Answer 46

Nuclear Taboo

Question 47

Which counter-proliferation effort seeks to ban the use, possession, development, testing, transfer, and deployment of nuclear weapons on humanitarian grounds?

Answer 47

The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

Question 48

A key challenge for arms control regarding chemical weapons is that

Answer 48

Chemicals used in chemical weapons are often easily available because they have common, non-violent uses.

Question 49

What potential consequence might dissuade states from pursuing nuclear weapons despite having the capability?

Answer 49

International approval and recognition

Question 50

What distinguishes biological weapons from chemical weapons?

Answer 50

Biological weapons employ living organisms or their toxins

Question 51

Which of the following is an example of a chemical weapon?

Answer 51

Mustard gas

Question 52

Nationalism will no longer be relevant in a new political order in which the sovereign nation-state is less central.

Answer 52

False

Question 53

In ethnic nationalism, state membership determines nationality

Answer 53

False

Question 54

Which term refers to a “whole society” occupying a specific territory?

Answer 54

Nation

Question 55

Creation of a new state, through uniting smaller ones or separating from a larger one (or both) is a result of

Answer 55

State-opposing nationalism

Question 56

Together, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights compose the legal apparatus of international human rights, and are understood to be indivisible, independent, and universal.

Answer 56

True

Question 57

To what does the “the dark side” of human rights refer?

Answer 57

The costs of human rights interventions

Question 58

NATO’s intervention in Kosovo in 1999 was not sanctioned by the Security Council.

Answer 58

True

Question 59

A number of countries, such as Russia, India, and China, have argued that armed responses to genocide and mass atrocities should never result in regime change.

Answer 59

True

Question 60

The doctrine of ‘responsibility to protect’____

Answer 60

was unanimously endorsed by world leaders at the 2005 UN World Summit

Question 61

____ refers to an objection to humanitarian intervention on the grounds that states might espouse humanitarian motives as a pretext to cover the pursuit of national self-interest, in the absence of an impartial mechanism for deciding when humanitarian intervention is permissible.

Answer 61

The problem of abuse

Question 62

Which of the following is not a “pillar” of the “responsibility to protect”?

Answer 62

States have a primary responsibility to protect their own populations; if joining a humanitarian intervention is likely to harm a state’s domestic populace or national interest, then a state has no obligation to participate.

Question 63

A) In previous weeks, we discussed some of the potential causes of war and we
mentioned some of the explanations provided by theories such as realism to explain war.
Realist theory in international relations finds the absence of the world government and
states’ desire to gain power as potential causes of war, while other perspectives
emphasize that misunderstandings, miscalculations (or misperceptions), accidents,
harmful ideologies such as nationalism or nazism, leader type, regime type (democratic-
authoritarian) and economic system (capitalist or otherwise) can be important causes of
war. Keeping these explanations in mind, explain the general causes of World War I.
From your standpoint, which of these explanations played an important role in the
occurrence of war?
* B) The First World War witnessed the Entente Powers, led by France, Russia, the British
Empire, and later Italy and the United States, fighting against the Central Powers, led by
the German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires. Choose one of the nations that
participated in WW1 and envision yourself as a leader of that country. Now, articulate
your rationale for involvement in the war, and explain the motivations that you think can
justify your nation’s participation in the war.

Answer 63

A1) - Immediate cause: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in June 1914. Duke and wife killed by Serbian-nationalist terrorist group called the Black Hand in protest of Austria-Hungary having control of Bosnia, when Serbia wanted to take over Bosnia. Led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia.
- Mutual Defense Alliance: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia; Russia was allies with Serbia and got involved; Germany saw Russia get involved and declared war on Russia, dragging in France. Germany attacked France through Belgium, pulling Britain into war who was allied with Japan and entered the war.
- Imperialism: Asia and Africa were points of contention among European countries because of their raw materials. Desire for greater empires lead to an increase in confrontation that helped push WWI.
- Militarism: As the world entered the 20th century, an arms race
had begun. By 1914, Germany had the greatest increase
in military buildup. Great Britain and Germany both
greatly increased their navies in this time period.
Further, in Germany and Russia particularly, the military
establishment began to have a greater influence on
public policy
- Nationalism: Much of the origin of the war was based on the desire of
the Slavic peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina to no longer
be part of Austria Hungary but instead be part of Serbia.
In this way, nationalism led directly to the War. But in a
more general way, the nationalism of the various
countries throughout Europe contributed not only to the
beginning but the extension of the war in Europe. Each
country tried to prove their dominance and power
A2) All of these points (Mutual Defense Alliance, Imperialism, Militarism, and Nationalism) played a big role in the occurrence of the war. However Mutual Defense Alliance and Nationalism played a bigger role. Nationalism (Serbia’s assassination of Archduke Ferdinand) started the war, but the amount of alliances made between countries made it into a World War.
B) While neutral at the beginning of the war, United States institutions had lent large sums of money to the Entente Powers, giving the U.S. a financial stake in the outcome of the war. In early 1917, the Central Powers were gaining control of the war, and Germany presumed unrestricted submarine warfare on passenger and merchant ships. This warfare caused American lives to be lost. Not only American lives have American lives be lost, but Germany offered Mexico territory of the U.S. in exchange for their involvement in the war (Zimmerman Telegram). All of these factors (American loans, American lives, and American territories) justify the United States participation in the war.