Final Exam Flashcards
What inorganic molecule makes up 60-80% of most living cells
Water
What provides the energy directly to chemical reactions occurring all over the body
ATP
What type of gland are holocrine glands
Sebaceous
What is needed for osteoblast replication
CA2+
Vitamin D
Vitamin C –> collagen synthesis
What cartilogious joint unites bone by fibrocartilage
Sympheses
What innervates most smooth muscle fibers
Autonomic Nerve fibers
What release their neurotransmitters into a wide synaptic cleft.
Varicosities
Where is the primary motor cortex located
In the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
Where are the medial and lateral geniculate bodies found?
In the Thalamus
What is the function of the inferior colliculi
Relay nerve impulses from the ear to the primary auditory cortex and responds to sound
What are the two parts of the Nervous system
CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: Nerves everywhere else not in the CNS
What are the two parts of the PNS?
1) Sensory afferent: to the CNS, broken into two parts
2) Motor efferent: from the CNS (the effect), broken into two parts
What are the two parts of the Sensory afferent
Somatic Afferent fibers: Skin, muscles and joints
Visceral afferent fibers: collecting sensory input from the ventral body cavity
Two parts of the Autonomic Involuntary Nerves (ANS):
Sympathetic: fight or flight
Parasympathetic: rest and digest
What controls voluntary movement
Somatic
What controls Involuntary movement
Visceral
What is Nervous tissue made of
Nerve cells (neurons) + supporting cells (neurogila) + nervous tissue
What are the most diverse cells in the body
Neurons
Out numbers 9:1 and surround neurons and hold them in place; the basement matrix
Neurogila
What are the four types of Neurogilia in the CNS
Astrocytes, microgilia, ependymal, oligodendrocytes
Where do sympathetic nerves originate from
Visceral motor (autonomic) neurons and the thoracodorsal area
In thoracic and superior lumbar neurons
cell bodies of
Lateral Horns
What are the two types of Neurogilia in the PNS
Satellite cells
Schwanna Cells
Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS
Nuclei
Clusters of Cell bodies in the PNS
Ganglia
What pathways compose the the autonomic nervous system
The sympathetic and parasympathetic
Outflow of the sympathetic division occurs from which regions of the CNS?
Thoracic and Lumbar
The corticospinal pathways pass from the cerebral cortex through the ______ before entering the cerebral punducles of the midbrain
Internal Capsule
Where are proprioceptors located
In skeletal muscles, tendons, etc.
Where are the first order neurons in the spinothalamic pathway?
In the dorsal root ganglion
What is the white matter between the lentiform nuclei and cordate
Internal capsule
a bundle of nerve fibers in the spinal cord that carries sensory information from the upper body
fasiculus cunetaus
What type of paralysis is casued throguh damage of the lower motor neuron
Flaccid Paralysis
What type of paralysis is caused through damage of the upper motor neuron
Spastic Paralysis
What carried all specific sensory information from the lower extremities
Faciculus Gracilis
the spinocerebellar and dorsal column - medial leminscal pathway, and the spinothalmic pathway are what kind of pathways
Sensory
The Pyramidal (lateral and ventral corticospinal) pathways are what types of pathways
Motor Pathway
All sensory nerves go to this when traveling to the primary motor cortex
Dorsal Funiculus/ back of the spinal cord
What consist of the somatosensory system?
Skin, Muscles and joints
what is the largest nerve in the body?
first order neuron
Where do the cell bodies of the 2nd order neuron and nerve terminal of 1st order neurons make synaptic connections
Nucleus Gracilis
What is the receptor of somatosensory system and send very specific info to the brain
Proprioceptor (joint stretch receptor)
Where do lower interneurons begin
In the ventral horn of the spinal cord
Where are lateral horns found
In the thoracic and superior lumbar sections
- contain afferent sensory nerve fibers carrying impulses from periphery
Dorsal root
nerve cell bodies of sensory nerve are located in the dorsal root ganglion
Dorsal root
Dorasal and ventral roots fuse from the spinal nerves
Dorsal root
Have many interneurons
Posterior horns
contains somatic + autonomic efferents
Ventral roots
Have some interneurons
nerve cell bodies of somatic motor neurons
sends axons out via ventral (motor) root
Anterior horns
Pathologies of the Spinal Cord
Trauma to spinal cord can lead to paralysis
Muscle atrophy due to lower motor neuron damage i.e. no impulses reach the muscles
Flaccid Paralysis
Muscles are stimulated irregularly by reflex activity
Spastic paralysis
Which peduncle does sensory spinocerebellar pathways from the lower exterimites go through
inferior Peduncle
What percentage of neurons cross over at the decussation of pyramids?
85%
Where do the other 15% of motor neurons cross over?
Lower motor neuron
What is the 2nd order neuron cell body
Nucleus cuneatus
Where are the third order neurons located in the spinathalamic pathway?
Corona Radiata
Where are the Second order neurons located in the spinothalamic pahtway
In the spine and brainstem
Where are the first order neurons located in the spinothalamic pathway
In the peripheral nervous system
Where are cell bodies of unipolar neurons located
In the dorsal root ganglion
From incomplete formation of the vertebral arches - typically in the lumber sacral region
Spina Bifida
What are the stimulus type detected sensory receptors
- mechanorecpetors
- thermoreceptors
- chemoreceptors
- noiceptors
Activated by mechanical force ( touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, itch )
mechanoreceptors
What part of the retina is called the blind spot?
Optic Disc
What structures do not contain blood vessels
The cornea, lens and conjunctiva
Axons of What for the optic nerve
Ganglion cells
Activation of the what nerves will constrict the pupil of the eye
parasympathetic
Activated rhodopsin will activate what protein
Transducin
Which structure in the eye secrets the aqueous humor
Ciliary Process
Activated transducin will activate which of the following
phosphodiesterase
Which of the following neruons are found in the neural layer of the retina ?
Photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
Which area of the eye has the highest concentration of photoreceptors?
The fovea centralis
Which photorepectors are responsible for high visual actitivty and color vision?
Cones
What happens upon stimulation of photoreceptors by light
The bent retinal becomes straight
When light enters a photoreceptor it __________ which causes the bipolar cells to _____________, which results in ______________ of the ganglion cells
Hyperpolarize, depolarize, depolarize
When light does NOT enter a photoreceptors it becomes________, which causes the bipolar cells to _________, which results in ___________ of the ganglion cells
Activated, deactivate, deactivation
what type of receptor is responsible for the detection of sound wave
Mechanoreceptors
Which structure transfers sound waves from the external auditory canal to the malleus?
Tympanic membrane
Which of the following is the correct order of the ossicles starting at the ear drum?
Malleus - incus - stapes
what is the function of the tensor tympani and the stapedius
They prevent excessive movement of the ossicles
What best describes the structure of the cochlea?
It is a bony chamber that coils around the modiolus
What is the location of the spiral organ of corti
The scala media
The ear drum vibrates back and forth at what frequency?
The same frequency as the sound wave
What do decibles measure
Loudness of sound
What is acoustic impedance mismatch?
The difference in sound transmission between air and water
What structural features in the ear overcome acoustic impedance mismatch
The tympanic membrane is 20 times longer that the oval window
What is the path of pressure wave traveling through the cochlea that was generated by a sound
Scala Vestibuli - Helicotrema - Scala tympani
What part of the basilar membrane detects high pitch
Short fibers near the oval window
What is the location of the organ of corti
it sits on the basilar membrane in the scala media
The function of the inner row of cochlear hair cells is
to detect vibration of the basilar membrane
to produce local graded depolarizations
to release nuerotransmitter and depolarize the cochlear nerve
the function of the 3 rows of outer hair cells is
to change the responsiveness of the inner hair cells
Where are the nicotinic ach repectors located
- the ganglia of the parasympathetic nerves
- the ganglia of the sympathetic nerves
- the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle
Where are the nicotinic Ach recetors not located
Cells of smooth muscle
Where are muscarinic ach repcpetors located?
Cells of smooth muscle
what nerve fibers release acetylcholine on to muscarinic ach receptors?
Postganglionic parasympathetic nerves
Which of the following nerve fibers releases ach on to nicotinc ach receptors
- somatic nerve fibers
- preganglionic sympathetic nerves
post ganglionic sympathetic nerves
What describes the vagus nerve
it originates in the cranial region
The sympathetic ganglionic trunk…..
Contains the nerve terminals of preganglionic sympathetic nerves and cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic nerves while also connecting the spinal nerve by gray and white comunicans
What is located in the gray ramus communicans
postganglion sympathetic nerves
What is located in the white ramus communicans
Preganglionic sympathetic nerves
digestion, diuresis and defecation are mostly controlled by activity of the
parasympathetic nerves
Excitement, emergency and embarrasment are mostly controlled by activity of the
Sympathetic nerves
What is located in the spinal cord segments T1 - L2
Preganglionic sympathetic nerves
Beta receptos are activated by
Norepinephrine
Which of the following is correct?
- all carbohydrates are polysacchrides
- a single sugar carbohydrate is called a monosaccaride
a single sugar carbohydrate is called a monosaccaride
What is the most abundant compound on earth?
Water
What is the major function of carbohydrates in the body
To provide fuel
What molecule is produced by the transcription of DNA
Messenger RNA
Each stage of protein sythesis occurs in specific organelles within a cell. what is the correct sequence of the organelles
Nucleus - ER - Golgi
What set of divers molecules are involved in mechanial suport, movement, immunity, catalysis and transport
protiens
What ares comprise the axial part of the body
The head neck and trunk
what is the major role of epithelial tissue
Covering
The shape of the external ear is maintained by
Elastic cartilage
Which of the following types of epithelium appears to have 2 or 3 layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane
Psuedostratified columnar
Which of the following are connective tissue
- connective tissue proper
- cartilage
- bone and blood
What is the most abundant form of cartilage in the body
Hyaline
Which of the following layers of the integument stores fat and insulates the body
Hypodermis
In thin skin, what epidermal layer is missing
startum lucidium
The regional term coxal referes to which are of the body
the hip
All of the structures of the CNS originate from the __________.
nueral tube
What part of the spinal cord contains somatic + autonomic efferents fibers
Ventral root
What part of the spinal cord contains afferent sensory nerve fibers that carry impulses to the periphery?
Dorsal root
What are the two neurons that get electrical current from the PNC to skeletal muscles
Lower and upper motor neurons
What is an issomoitic solutions
The solutions on either side of the membrane have equal number of solute particles
Which is the largest organelle in the cytoplasm
nucleus
What does the term fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane refer to?
The constantly moving molecules in the lipid bilayer
What is phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis
Where cna dna be found in the cell
The nucleus and mitochondria
Which of the following are examples of ducted glands
Swear and salivary
What type of cells produce cartilage during skeletal growth
Chondroblast
