Final Exam Flashcards
What inorganic molecule makes up 60-80% of most living cells
Water
What provides the energy directly to chemical reactions occurring all over the body
ATP
What type of gland are holocrine glands
Sebaceous
What is needed for osteoblast replication
CA2+
Vitamin D
Vitamin C –> collagen synthesis
What cartilogious joint unites bone by fibrocartilage
Sympheses
What innervates most smooth muscle fibers
Autonomic Nerve fibers
What release their neurotransmitters into a wide synaptic cleft.
Varicosities
Where is the primary motor cortex located
In the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
Where are the medial and lateral geniculate bodies found?
In the Thalamus
What is the function of the inferior colliculi
Relay nerve impulses from the ear to the primary auditory cortex and responds to sound
What are the two parts of the Nervous system
CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: Nerves everywhere else not in the CNS
What are the two parts of the PNS?
1) Sensory afferent: to the CNS, broken into two parts
2) Motor efferent: from the CNS (the effect), broken into two parts
What are the two parts of the Sensory afferent
Somatic Afferent fibers: Skin, muscles and joints
Visceral afferent fibers: collecting sensory input from the ventral body cavity
Two parts of the Autonomic Involuntary Nerves (ANS):
Sympathetic: fight or flight
Parasympathetic: rest and digest
What controls voluntary movement
Somatic
What controls Involuntary movement
Visceral
What is Nervous tissue made of
Nerve cells (neurons) + supporting cells (neurogila) + nervous tissue
What are the most diverse cells in the body
Neurons
Out numbers 9:1 and surround neurons and hold them in place; the basement matrix
Neurogila
What are the four types of Neurogilia in the CNS
Astrocytes, microgilia, ependymal, oligodendrocytes
Where do sympathetic nerves originate from
Visceral motor (autonomic) neurons and the thoracodorsal area
In thoracic and superior lumbar neurons
cell bodies of
Lateral Horns
What are the two types of Neurogilia in the PNS
Satellite cells
Schwanna Cells
Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS
Nuclei
Clusters of Cell bodies in the PNS
Ganglia
What pathways compose the the autonomic nervous system
The sympathetic and parasympathetic
Outflow of the sympathetic division occurs from which regions of the CNS?
Thoracic and Lumbar
The corticospinal pathways pass from the cerebral cortex through the ______ before entering the cerebral punducles of the midbrain
Internal Capsule
Where are proprioceptors located
In skeletal muscles, tendons, etc.
Where are the first order neurons in the spinothalamic pathway?
In the dorsal root ganglion
What is the white matter between the lentiform nuclei and cordate
Internal capsule
a bundle of nerve fibers in the spinal cord that carries sensory information from the upper body
fasiculus cunetaus
What type of paralysis is casued throguh damage of the lower motor neuron
Flaccid Paralysis
What type of paralysis is caused through damage of the upper motor neuron
Spastic Paralysis
What carried all specific sensory information from the lower extremities
Faciculus Gracilis
the spinocerebellar and dorsal column - medial leminscal pathway, and the spinothalmic pathway are what kind of pathways
Sensory
The Pyramidal (lateral and ventral corticospinal) pathways are what types of pathways
Motor Pathway
All sensory nerves go to this when traveling to the primary motor cortex
Dorsal Funiculus/ back of the spinal cord
What consist of the somatosensory system?
Skin, Muscles and joints
what is the largest nerve in the body?
first order neuron
Where do the cell bodies of the 2nd order neuron and nerve terminal of 1st order neurons make synaptic connections
Nucleus Gracilis
What is the receptor of somatosensory system and send very specific info to the brain
Proprioceptor (joint stretch receptor)
Where do lower interneurons begin
In the ventral horn of the spinal cord
Where are lateral horns found
In the thoracic and superior lumbar sections
- contain afferent sensory nerve fibers carrying impulses from periphery
Dorsal root
nerve cell bodies of sensory nerve are located in the dorsal root ganglion
Dorsal root
Dorasal and ventral roots fuse from the spinal nerves
Dorsal root
Have many interneurons
Posterior horns
contains somatic + autonomic efferents
Ventral roots
Have some interneurons
nerve cell bodies of somatic motor neurons
sends axons out via ventral (motor) root
Anterior horns
Pathologies of the Spinal Cord
Trauma to spinal cord can lead to paralysis
Muscle atrophy due to lower motor neuron damage i.e. no impulses reach the muscles
Flaccid Paralysis
Muscles are stimulated irregularly by reflex activity
Spastic paralysis
Which peduncle does sensory spinocerebellar pathways from the lower exterimites go through
inferior Peduncle
What percentage of neurons cross over at the decussation of pyramids?
85%
Where do the other 15% of motor neurons cross over?
Lower motor neuron
What is the 2nd order neuron cell body
Nucleus cuneatus
Where are the third order neurons located in the spinathalamic pathway?
Corona Radiata
Where are the Second order neurons located in the spinothalamic pahtway
In the spine and brainstem
Where are the first order neurons located in the spinothalamic pathway
In the peripheral nervous system
Where are cell bodies of unipolar neurons located
In the dorsal root ganglion
From incomplete formation of the vertebral arches - typically in the lumber sacral region
Spina Bifida
What are the stimulus type detected sensory receptors
- mechanorecpetors
- thermoreceptors
- chemoreceptors
- noiceptors
Activated by mechanical force ( touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, itch )
mechanoreceptors
What part of the retina is called the blind spot?
Optic Disc
What structures do not contain blood vessels
The cornea, lens and conjunctiva
Axons of What for the optic nerve
Ganglion cells
Activation of the what nerves will constrict the pupil of the eye
parasympathetic
Activated rhodopsin will activate what protein
Transducin
Which structure in the eye secrets the aqueous humor
Ciliary Process
Activated transducin will activate which of the following
phosphodiesterase
Which of the following neruons are found in the neural layer of the retina ?
Photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
Which area of the eye has the highest concentration of photoreceptors?
The fovea centralis
Which photorepectors are responsible for high visual actitivty and color vision?
Cones
What happens upon stimulation of photoreceptors by light
The bent retinal becomes straight
When light enters a photoreceptor it __________ which causes the bipolar cells to _____________, which results in ______________ of the ganglion cells
Hyperpolarize, depolarize, depolarize
When light does NOT enter a photoreceptors it becomes________, which causes the bipolar cells to _________, which results in ___________ of the ganglion cells
Activated, deactivate, deactivation
what type of receptor is responsible for the detection of sound wave
Mechanoreceptors
Which structure transfers sound waves from the external auditory canal to the malleus?
Tympanic membrane
Which of the following is the correct order of the ossicles starting at the ear drum?
Malleus - incus - stapes
what is the function of the tensor tympani and the stapedius
They prevent excessive movement of the ossicles
What best describes the structure of the cochlea?
It is a bony chamber that coils around the modiolus
What is the location of the spiral organ of corti
The scala media
The ear drum vibrates back and forth at what frequency?
The same frequency as the sound wave
What do decibles measure
Loudness of sound
What is acoustic impedance mismatch?
The difference in sound transmission between air and water
What structural features in the ear overcome acoustic impedance mismatch
The tympanic membrane is 20 times longer that the oval window
What is the path of pressure wave traveling through the cochlea that was generated by a sound
Scala Vestibuli - Helicotrema - Scala tympani
What part of the basilar membrane detects high pitch
Short fibers near the oval window
What is the location of the organ of corti
it sits on the basilar membrane in the scala media
The function of the inner row of cochlear hair cells is
to detect vibration of the basilar membrane
to produce local graded depolarizations
to release nuerotransmitter and depolarize the cochlear nerve
the function of the 3 rows of outer hair cells is
to change the responsiveness of the inner hair cells
Where are the nicotinic ach repectors located
- the ganglia of the parasympathetic nerves
- the ganglia of the sympathetic nerves
- the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle
Where are the nicotinic Ach recetors not located
Cells of smooth muscle
Where are muscarinic ach repcpetors located?
Cells of smooth muscle
what nerve fibers release acetylcholine on to muscarinic ach receptors?
Postganglionic parasympathetic nerves
Which of the following nerve fibers releases ach on to nicotinc ach receptors
- somatic nerve fibers
- preganglionic sympathetic nerves
post ganglionic sympathetic nerves
What describes the vagus nerve
it originates in the cranial region
The sympathetic ganglionic trunk…..
Contains the nerve terminals of preganglionic sympathetic nerves and cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic nerves while also connecting the spinal nerve by gray and white comunicans
What is located in the gray ramus communicans
postganglion sympathetic nerves
What is located in the white ramus communicans
Preganglionic sympathetic nerves
digestion, diuresis and defecation are mostly controlled by activity of the
parasympathetic nerves
Excitement, emergency and embarrasment are mostly controlled by activity of the
Sympathetic nerves
What is located in the spinal cord segments T1 - L2
Preganglionic sympathetic nerves
Beta receptos are activated by
Norepinephrine
Which of the following is correct?
- all carbohydrates are polysacchrides
- a single sugar carbohydrate is called a monosaccaride
a single sugar carbohydrate is called a monosaccaride
What is the most abundant compound on earth?
Water
What is the major function of carbohydrates in the body
To provide fuel
What molecule is produced by the transcription of DNA
Messenger RNA
Each stage of protein sythesis occurs in specific organelles within a cell. what is the correct sequence of the organelles
Nucleus - ER - Golgi
What set of divers molecules are involved in mechanial suport, movement, immunity, catalysis and transport
protiens
What ares comprise the axial part of the body
The head neck and trunk
what is the major role of epithelial tissue
Covering
The shape of the external ear is maintained by
Elastic cartilage
Which of the following types of epithelium appears to have 2 or 3 layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane
Psuedostratified columnar
Which of the following are connective tissue
- connective tissue proper
- cartilage
- bone and blood
What is the most abundant form of cartilage in the body
Hyaline
Which of the following layers of the integument stores fat and insulates the body
Hypodermis
In thin skin, what epidermal layer is missing
startum lucidium
The regional term coxal referes to which are of the body
the hip
All of the structures of the CNS originate from the __________.
nueral tube
What part of the spinal cord contains somatic + autonomic efferents fibers
Ventral root
What part of the spinal cord contains afferent sensory nerve fibers that carry impulses to the periphery?
Dorsal root
What are the two neurons that get electrical current from the PNC to skeletal muscles
Lower and upper motor neurons
What is an issomoitic solutions
The solutions on either side of the membrane have equal number of solute particles
Which is the largest organelle in the cytoplasm
nucleus
What does the term fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane refer to?
The constantly moving molecules in the lipid bilayer
What is phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis
Where cna dna be found in the cell
The nucleus and mitochondria
Which of the following are examples of ducted glands
Swear and salivary
What type of cells produce cartilage during skeletal growth
Chondroblast
True or False: each individual bone is an organ
True
What type of muscle is found in the body
Skeletal
cardiac
smooth
What is a group of muscle fibers called
A fascicle
What gives skeletal muscle fibers (cells) their striated appearance
The alternating arrangement of actin and myosin fibers
What is the structure of actin
It is along twiated filament
What is the name of the protein that makes up the thick filaments in the muscle
Myosin
What applies to T tubles of muscles
- they wrap around each myofibril
- they conduct nerve impulses deep inside the muscle cells
- they are formed from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
The sliding filaments theory of muscle contraction involves which of the following ions?
Ca2+
Which of the following nerves are voluntary efferent nerves
Somatic
Which ofthe following Neurogilia are the most abundant in the CNS?
Astrocytes
The cell body of a neuron is referred to as the
Soma
A cluster of neruonal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is referred to as
a Gnaglia
How many axons are there per neuron
One
One what type of axon is myelins found
Long
What can be found at the node of ranvier?
Axolemma
Which of the following regarding local, graded depolarizations is true?
Current flow decreases with distance
Which of the following in necessary for the polarized state of plasma membranes
Unequal bidirectional transport of ions across the membrane .
Which of the following statements regarding the resting membrane potential is true
the inside of the plasma membrane is more negative than the outside
The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is
Acetlyocholine
What is a synaptic cleft?
A gap between the nerve terminal and the sarcolemma
Neurotransmitters are released from the nerve terminal by what method
Exocytosis
What is the function of the enzyme actylcholineasterase
It degrades acetylcholine
Which of the following is the correct arrangement of smooth muscle cells in the most organs?
They are arranged in both longitudinal and circular sheets
Where is calcium stored in smooth muscle?
The caveoli
What is the threshold level of an action potential
It is the membrane potential that tirggers regenerative depolarization
What happens during the repolarization phase
The neuron is refractory
What is the location of the basal ganglia
Telecephalon
Which brain nucleus is a gateway for almost all sensory information going up to the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
Pyramidal motor neurons can be found in which of the following regions of the brain
- The precentral gyrus
- The cerebral peduncle
- Decussation of pyramids
Which of the following brain nuclei coordinates head and eye movements to track a moving object?
The superior colliculi
Which of the following areas of the brian houses the nuclei that regulate the cardiac vasomotor and resipratory centers
The medulla oblongata
Where is somatic representation ipsilateral
The cerebellum
What fiber types are located in the vnetral root of the spinal cord
Somatic and visceral motor neurons
What consitituse the dorsal root ganglion
Cell bodies of sensory afferent fibers
Motor fibers that do not cross at the decusation of the pyramids travel in the spinal cord, in what tract
The anterior corticospinal tract
nospecific sensory infomration travels in the
Lateral spinothalamic tract
What kind of sensory information is transmitted through the sprinocerebellar tract?
Propriception
What carries specific sensory information from the lower extermites
Faciculus gracilis
Where is the cell body of the 2nd order nueron located
The medulla oblongata
Nerve impulses are generated by mechanical force (touch, pressure, vibration, etc.)
Mechanorecpetors
Sensory recpetors that are sensitive to temperature
Thermorecpetors
Sensory recpetors that are in the retina of the eye and respone to light energy
Photoreceptors
Sensory receptors that respond to chemical in a solution and respond to neruotransmitters
Chemoreceptors
Sensory receptors that respond to harmful stimuli (pain receptor)
Nociceptors
Sensory recpetors that are sensitive to stimuli located outsdie of the body
example: tactile corpuceles, lamellar corpusles, bulbus corpucles
Exteroeptors
Senssory recpetors that are sensitive to stimuli from within the body
Interoceptors
Sensory recpetors that are sensitive to internal stimuli and are founs only in skeletal muscle, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue
Propiceptors
Rest and digest system
Parasympathetic
Flight or fight system
Sympathetic
ANS consist of motor neurons that..
Innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
make neccassary adjustments to ensure optimal support for internal body activites
operates at asubconsious level
Some molecules and water are pushed through membranes by hydrostatics pressure
- basis of urine information
Filtration
Molecules are too large and need help getting across
- no energy required
Facilitated diffusion
allows that molecule to go directly through the membrane.
- always open
- polar = diffuse
ex. oxygen passage in, Carbon dioxide outward passage etc.
Simple diffusion
What are the 2 populations of Proteins
Intergral and peripheral
What are the functions of the plasma membrane
has semi-preamble membrane/ physical barrier, communicating chemical messengers, cell recognition and secretion
concentration of solutes out side the cell is less than the concentration of solutes inside the cell –>swelling
hypotonic
Makes connective tissue of the body
fibroblast
Anchoring junctions held together by linker proteins/ filaments; acts as a zipper, not water proof and one function is stretching.
Desmosomes
-cell drinking
- Occurs in most cells
- method of absorbing nutrients
- plasma membrane enfolds
Pinocytosis
what are examples of cells that practice exocytosis
- hormones
- neurotransmitters
- mucus secretion
- cell waste
the membrane bound vesicle migrates to the plasma membrane
Phase 1 of exocytosis
Proteins at the vesicle surface (v-SNAREs) bind with t-SNAREs (plasma membrane protein)
Phase 2 of exocytosis
the vesicle and plasma membrane fuse and pore opens up
phase 3 of exocytosis
vesicle contents are released to the cell exterior
phase 4 of exocytosis (final)
pH of 5.0 and can degrade bacteria, viruses, and toxins, worn out organelles through phagocytes
Lysosomes
Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and fats made in the ER
Golgi apparatus
essential amino acids
- Histidine
- Isoleucine
- Lysine
- Methoionine
5 .phenylalanine - Threonine
- Tryptophan
- Valine
Non-Essential amino acids
- Alanine
- Arginine
- Asparagine
- Aspartic acid
- Cysteine
- Glutamic acid
- Glutamine
- Glycine
- Proline
- Serine
- Tyrosine
What tissue lines the digestive tract organs/ other organs, glands (pancreas) and skin surface ( epidermis)
Epithelial Tissue
Where is connective tissue found?
- bones
- tendons
- fat and other soft padding tissue
What are the three types of epithelial
- cutaneous
- Mucous
- Serous
protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion and are found in the esophagus
Stratified Squamous
An adhesive sheet of glycoproteins secreted by the epithelial cells
basal lamina
Produce hormones
Endocrine Glands
example of compound alveolar glands
Mammary glands
What is a type of alveolar secretory structure
Simple alveolar
Duodenal glands of small intestine that are tubular secretory structures
Compound tubular
Where is the BBB absent?
Around the 3rd and 4th ventricle
What are the three layers molecules have to pass through to get to the brain?
- endothelium of the capillary wall
- the basal lamina
- the arms of astrocytes holding onto the capillaries
Deep brain stimulation via implanted electrodes has been used to treat some of the symptoms of
Parkinsons disease
Reduced cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a shortage of which neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
All the following are functions of the amygdaloid body EXCEPT __________.
- resolving mental conflit
- recognition of fear
- memory
assessment of danger
resolving mental conflit
Which of the following is an autonomic control center
- midbrain
- pons
-hypothalamus
- diencephalon
Hypothalamus
what is the location of the respiratory center?
The medulla oblongata
Which of the following can cross the BB and move freely from the blood to the brain tissue
Oxygen, alcohol, and nicotine
Which cerebral cortex is a gateway for almost all sensory information going up to the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
Which of the following fiber tracts would connect the left hemisphere to the right hemisphere?
Corpus Callosum
attached to the inner surface of skull, not found around the spinal cord
Periosteal layer
sheet of the dura mater that goes dow longitudinal fissure and divides left and right hemispheres
Faix Cerebri
Creates smooth, coordinated muscle movement and integrates info from premotor cortex with peripheral sensory info
Cerebellum
Put the following structures in order to summarize the common flow of CSF from the site of formation to its reabsorption to its return to cardiovascular circulation
1. Cerebral aqueduct
2. Choroid Plexus
3. median aperture
4. Subarachnoid space
5. superior sagittal sinus
2 - 1 - 3 - 4 - 5
which of the following are in the tectum?Wh
- colliculi
corpora quadragemina
What is collectively called the Lentiform Nuclei?
The putamen and the globus pallidus
What connects wernicke’s area to broca’s area?
Arcuate fasiculus
What are the critical areas that control motor functions
- Primary motor cortex
- Premotor cortex (secondary motor cortex)
- Broca’s area
- Wernicke’s area
- Frontal eye field
This area receive sensory information and damage can result in deafness
- pitch/ loudness
Primary Auditory Area (41, 42)
Covering around fascicle (dense irregular connective tissue)
Perimysium
Lighter stripe in middle of A band (relaxed muscle)
H Zone
What cells are excitable
Nerve cells and muscle cells
_____ is chiefly composed of the protein myosin that forms thick filaments
A band
The junctions between the A band and I band in the SR that gets thicker
Terminal Cisternae
Connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber
Endomysium
Hold adjacent thick filaments together
Desmin
In a ________ muscle, the thick and thin filaments overlap at the ends of the A band and not in the H Zone
Relaxed
What is a similarity between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle?
Both smooth muscle and skeletal muscle are contain thin and thick myofilaments
What part of the body is motor fiber of somatic nervous system and is it afferent of efferent?
Skeletal muscle (efferent, voluntary motor nerve)
Which part of the nervous system transmitts impulses that most directly lead to and increase in heart rate.
Autonomic Nervous system
What is the projection of the cell body and arises from the axon hillock
Axon
What are the two types of electrical signals
Graded Potential and action potential
A motor neuron along with the muscle fibers supplies is
Motor unit
Mostly somatic sensory + motor fibers serving
- the skin
-skeletal muscles
- joints
Group A
When is acetocholine released?
When calcium enters the nerve terminal and binds to chemically gated ion channel
temporary removal of pain while fully conscious that black voltage gated Na+ channels
Local anesthetics (lidocaine, xylocaine, procaine, cocaine
What are the types of monosaccharides
Glucose, Fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose
sagittal
a vertical cut through the body
-midsagittal
- parasagittal
What surrounds the digestive organs
Peritoneum (parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum)
What is an important function of Iron (Fe)
Red blood cell formation
What organs are located in the right lower quadrant?
Appendix, cecum, parts of the intestine/ colon
What is an example of an amino acids with a charged R group (polar)
Arginine
where does cholesterol come from? (steroid alcohol)
animal products: meat, cheese, eggs
breaks bonds and converts molecule A into Molecule B
Enzymes
The sequence of amino acid form the polypeptide chain
- long chain of amino acids that is created from attaching to each other through peptide bonds
Primary Structure
One slution has more solute on one side of membrane; more concentration solution
hyperosmotic
Move organs and body parts (smooth and skeletal)
Muscle cells
Anchoring junctions held together by linker proteins/ filaments; acts as a zipper, not water proof and one function is stretching.
Desmosomes
Provides the energy directly to chemical reactions all over in the body
ATP
What moves from hyper to hypo
solutes
What are the lipid groups
Neutral fats (triglycerides)
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids
Types of Polysaccharides
Glycogen and Starch
DNA is transcribed into mRNA and mRNA is transcribed into…
Protein
Where is the axon of the second order neurons in the spinothalamic pathway
In the lateral spinothalamic tract
Where are the axons of third order neuron in the spinothalamic tract
ventral thalamic nuclei
What is The tough, outermost layer. It is a durable and fibrous membrane that surrounds and protects the spinal cord.
dura mater
What is Located beneath the dura mater and is a thin and delicate membrane. It is named for the web-like trabeculae that extend between it and the pia mater.
arachnoid mater
: The innermost layer that is closely adhered to the surface of the spinal cord. It is a thin and vascular membrane.
Pia mater
Muscle atrophy due to lower motor neuron damage i.e no impulses reach the muscles
Flaccid Paralysis
Muscles are stimulated irregularly by reflex activity (damage to upper motor nuerons)
Spastic paralysis
What is the incomplete formation of the arches - typically in the lumbar sacral region
Spina Bifida
How are sensory receptors classified?
By stimulus detected or by structure
unencapsulated dentritic endings
- a classification of sensory receptors by structure
- most abundant in epithelia
- are unmyelinated and detect pain + temperature
What are examples of unencapsulated dendritic endings
Skin and hair
Nonencapsulated sensory receptors
- Free nerve endings of sensory neurons
- modified free nerve endings: epithelia tactile complexes
- Hair follicle receptors
Examples of encapsulated dendritic endings ( extroceptors)
- Tactile corpuscles
- Lamellar corpuscles
- bulbous corpuscles
Examples of encapsulated dendritic endings ( prorioceptors)
Muscles spindles and tendon organs
What forms lateral horns of spinal cord
Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division
What part of the ANS serves the pelvic organs and distal half of large intestine
Sacral part of parasympathetic division
Where are the cell bodies of the cranial part of parasympathetic division located?
In the brain stem
How many paravertebral ganglia are there
23
- 3 cervical
- 11 thoracic
- 4 lumbar
- 4 sacral
- 1 coccygeal
What releases ACh in the perganglionic
cholinergic fibers
What releases noepinepherine in most symptathetic ganigon axons
Adrenrgic fibers
What are the two types of receptors that bind ACh
Nicotinic and muscurinic
Where are nicotinic repectors found
sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells, all ost gangilonic neurons, and hormone producing cells of adrenal medulla
What are the two major adrenic receptors
Beta and alpha
How many muscle control the eye
6
What are the functions of cones in the eye
Clarity, color and close vision
What are the functions of rods in the eye
Peripheral vision /night vision
What is the white of the eye and is a tough protective coat
Sclera
What is the vascular layer composed of
Choroid, cilliary body, and suspensory ligament
What forms by filtration from the capillaries in the ciliary process and provides nutrients to part of the eye lacking blood vessels
Aqueous humor
Contraction of the pupil is related to what part of the ANS
parasympathetic division
Dialation of the pupil is related to what part of the ANS
Sympathetic
What kind of glands are the pancreas, sweat and saliva glands
Merocrine
What are intestinal glands
Simple tubular
What are stomach glands
Simple branched tubular
What are duodenal gland of small intestine
Compound tubular
What are sebaceous (oil) glands
Simple Branched Alveolar
What are mammary glands
Compound Alveolar
What are the four main classes of connective tissue
- connective
- cartilage
- bone
- blood
What is it called when cells lose water by osmosis and shrink in a higher concentration solutes
Hypertonic solution
What is it called when cells take on water by osmosis and become bloated in a lower concentration solute
Hypotonic Solution
What lines the body cavities that are closed to the exterior
serous membranes
What lines the body cavities that are open to the exterior
Mucous
What are the most common salts in the body
NaCl
CaCo3
KCl
What is the number one salt in the body?
Calcium Phosphate
What are the chemicals that release H+ ions
Acids
What are the chemicals that release hydroxyl ions OH or accept H+ ions
Bases (proton receptors)
if a disaccharide is too large to get into a cell, what happens?
They are converted into monosaccarides
what is another name for the cochlear duct
Scala media
What must light pass through for vision
ganglion axon cells
ganglion cells
bipolar cells
photoreceptors (rods and Cones)
Inner segment
What tis the bony labyrinth?
3 channels deep within the temporal bone
- vestible
- cochlea
- semicircular canals
- filled with perilymph
What is not apart of the vascular layer of the eye
The sclera
The __________ dilate the pupils of the eyes.
Dilator Pupillae
Dim light and peripheral vision receptors are called
Rods
True or False: Aqueous humor provides nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea of the eye
True
Which of the following shows the correct order of light transmission from the air to the retina?
air, cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina
Adjustment to low-light conditions is primarily facilitated by changes in __________ concentration.
Rhodopsin
Place the following events in the order in which they occur during sound transmission.
1. Tympanic membrane vibrates.
2. Internal ear fluids are set in motion.
3. Hearing receptors are stimulated.
4. Ossicles of the ear vibrate.
5. Auditory cortex is stimulated.
1, 4, 2, 3, 5
What is a single sound wave frequency
Tone
What is a mixture of sound wave frequencies
Quality
The parasympathetics in the glossopharyngeal nerves (IX) are responsible for which of the following functions?
activating the parotid salivary glands
__________ and __________ are the major neurotransmitters released by autonomic nervous system neurons.
Acetylcholine; norepinephrine
Simple receptors that are particularly abundant in epithelia and connective tissue tend to __________.
have nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings
What makes up the lentiform nuclei
Putamen and globus pallidus
