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Anatomy and Physiology 2140 > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

Define the anatomical Position

A

A standard reference for anatomical terms regardless of the actual position of the body

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2
Q

Directional terms

A

explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another

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3
Q

Monosaccharide (carbohydrate)

A

one sugar carbon

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4
Q

Disaccharide (carbohydrate)

A

two sugar carbon

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5
Q

polysaccharide (carbohydrate)

A

3 or more sugar carbon

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6
Q

What are the most important organic compounds in the body ?

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

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7
Q

Hydrophobic

A

water hating

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8
Q

Hydrophilic

A

water loving

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9
Q

Lipophobic

A

lipid hating

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10
Q

Lipophilic

A

Lipid loving

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11
Q

What are the carbohydrate groups

A

monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

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12
Q

What are the types of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, Fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose

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13
Q

Define glucose

A

major energy source, levels highly regulated by insulin (ATP)

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14
Q

What is the sugar in DNA

A

Deoxyribose (missing one oxygen)

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15
Q

What are the types of disaccharides

A

Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose (S,M,L

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16
Q

What are the types of polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen and Starch

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17
Q

glycogen

A

storage carbohydrate of animal tissue

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18
Q

Starch

A

storage carbohydrate of plant tissue

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19
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head or upper part of the body

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20
Q

inferior

A

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or body

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21
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Toward or at the front of the body; in front

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22
Q

Posterior (Dorsal)

A

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

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23
Q

Medial

A

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

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24
Q

sagittal

A

a vertical cut through the body
-midsagittal
- parasagittal

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25
Q

What cavity incases the brain

A

Cranial cavity

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26
Q

What cavity incases the spinal cord

A

vertebral cavity

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27
Q

Contains the visceral organs

A

Ventral body cavity

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28
Q

This membrane covers the body surface

A

cutaneous membrane

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29
Q

This membrane line the body cavities that are closed to the exterior

A

Serous Membrane

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30
Q

This membrane line the body cavities that are open to the exterior (respiratory, digestive, urogenetial

A

Mucous Membrane

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31
Q

Membrane that covers the top of the intestines

A

greater omentum

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32
Q

What surrounds the digestive organs

A

Peritoneum (parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum)

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33
Q

What organs are located in the right upper quadrant?

A

liver and gallbladder

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34
Q

What organs are located in the right lower quadrant?

A

Appendix, cecum, parts of the intestine/ colon

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35
Q

what organs are located in the left upper quadrant

A

Stomach, pancreas, spleen

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36
Q

What organs are located in the left lower quadrant?

A

most parts of the Colon/ intestines

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37
Q

what is the pH of blood?

A

7.4

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38
Q

How may regions of the abdominopelvic region are there

A

9 regions

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39
Q

What are the two classes of chemicals in the body

A

organic and inorganic

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40
Q

carbon containing and covalently bonded, usually large molecules that must contain hydrogen (C-H)

A

Organic chemicals

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41
Q

Inorganic chemicals

A

all other molecules = water, salts, acids, and bases

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42
Q

what are examples of inorganic molecules

A

Water, salts, acids, bases

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43
Q

How are molecules converted?

A

by enzymes

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44
Q

What is the conentration of blood

A

300 milli Osm

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45
Q

what is calcium Phosphate

A

the number one salt in the the body

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46
Q

What is an important function of sodium potassium (Na K)

A

Nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction

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47
Q

What is an important function of calcium (Ca)

A

Muscle contraction, blood clotting)

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48
Q

What is an important function of Iron (Fe)

A

Red blood cell formation

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49
Q

What is an important function of Sulfur (S)

A

it is the Protein in muscle

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50
Q

What is an important function of Iodine (I)

A

makes Thyroid hormones

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51
Q

what are chemicals that release H+ ions (proton donors)

A

Acids

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52
Q

What are chemicals that release hydroxyl ions OH or accept H+ ions

A

Bases

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53
Q

More hydrogen in a compound means

A

Higher acidity and lower pH

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54
Q

Less hydrogen in a compound means

A

Lower acidity and higher pH

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55
Q

What inorganic compound prevents sudden changes in pH

A

buffers

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56
Q

what are examples of buffers in the body

A

Urinary system, respiratory system, chemical systems

57
Q

What are examples of Organic Compounds

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

58
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating

59
Q

Hydrophilic

A

water loving (charged R groups = Polar)

60
Q

What is an example of an amino acids with a charged R group (polar)

A

Arginine

61
Q

Lipophilic

A

Lipid loving

62
Q

Lipophobic

A

Lipid hating

63
Q

Types of monoshaccarides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Deoxyribose
Ribose

64
Q

Types of Disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

65
Q

Types of Polysaccharides

A

Glycogen and Starch

66
Q

What are the lipid groups

A

Neutral fats (triglycerides)
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids

67
Q

similar to triglycerides but one fatty acid chain is replaces by a phosphorus containing group

A

Phospholipid

68
Q

hydrophilic tail molecules are polar or nonpolar

A

polar

69
Q

hydrophobic head group molecules are polar or non-polar

A

Non-polar

70
Q

One end is water loving and the other is water hating

A

Amphipathic

71
Q

what is a type of steroid that is often confused as being a fat? ( it is not a fat)

A

Cholesterol

72
Q

where does cholesterol come from? (steroid alcohol)

A

animal products: meat, cheese, eggs

73
Q

What is cholesterol needed for?

A

Cell membrane structure
Making Steroid hormones
Makine bile salts

74
Q

Cell signaling molecules

A

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and thromboxanes)

75
Q

Arachidonic

A

molecule that sits in cell membrane

76
Q

What enzyme is involved in synthesizing prostaglandins

A

Coxclooxygenase (COX)

77
Q

What are prostaglandins involved in

A

Pain Transmission
Inflammation
Labor contractions
Regulation of blood pressure
GI tract mobility

78
Q

Cyclooxygenase is inhibited by

A

Aspirin

79
Q

What is the basic structural material of the body?

A

Protein

80
Q

Types of of proteins

A

Collagen
Keratin
Actin and Myosin
Enzymes
Hemoglobin & Lipoprotiens
Protein hormones & insulin
antibodies
plasma Proteins

81
Q

Gives strength to bones, tendons and ligaments and is stronger than steel

A

Collagen

82
Q

Structural protein of hair, skin and nails

A

Keratin

83
Q

Protein in all three types of muscle (cardiac, skeletal, and smooth)

A

Actin & Myosin

84
Q

breaks bonds and converts molecule A into Molecule B

A

Enzymes

85
Q

Transports oxygen in blood

A

hemoglobin

86
Q

What are proteins made of

A

Amino acids

87
Q

What creates the basic structure of an amino acid

A

Amine Group and Acid group

88
Q

Tripeptide

A

3 amino acids

89
Q

Polypeptide

A

10 or more amino acids

90
Q

How many amino acids make a protein

A

50 or more amino acids

91
Q

What are the structural levels of a protein

A

Primary, secondary, Tertiary, and quaternary

92
Q

essential amino acids

A
  1. Histidine
  2. Isoleucine
  3. Lysine
  4. Methoionine
    5 .phenylalanine
  5. Threonine
  6. Tryptophan
  7. Valine
93
Q

Non-Essential amino acids

A
  1. Alanine
  2. Arginine
  3. Asparagine
  4. Aspartic acid
  5. Cysteine
  6. Glutamic acid
  7. Glutamine
  8. Glycine
  9. Proline
  10. Serine
  11. Tyrosine
94
Q

What amino acid makes thyroid hormone

A

Tyrosine

95
Q

What is the smallest amino acid?

A

Glycine

96
Q

The sequence of amino acid form the polypeptide chain
- long chain of amino acids that is created from attaching to each other through peptide bonds

A

Primary Structure

97
Q

The primary chain forms spirals (a helices) and sheets (b-sheets)
- coiling and folding

A

Secondary structure

98
Q

Super imposed on secondary structure a helices and b-sheets are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intermolecular bonds

A

Tertiary Structure

99
Q

Two or more polypeptides chains, each wit hits own tertiary structure, combine to form functional protein
- anything more than one globular protein)

A

Quaternary Structure

100
Q

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous.
- largest molecule in the body

A

Nucleic acids

101
Q

What make nucleic acid when bonded together

A

Nucleotides

102
Q

Nucleotide base (A,G,C,T) + pentose sugar (dexoribose) + phosphate group =

A

DNA

103
Q

Nucleotide base (A,G,C,U) + pentose sugar (ribose) + phosphate group =

A

RNA

104
Q

Is the tendency for osmosis to flow

A

Osmotic

105
Q

Refers to the response of cells to a solution

A

Tonicity

106
Q

Solutes inside the cells = concentration of solutes outside

A

Isotonic

107
Q

one solution has less solute on one side of the membrane; less concentration solution

A

Hyposmotic

108
Q

One slution has more solute on one side of membrane; more concentration solution

A

hyperosmotic

109
Q

More water molecules inside the cells than outside; osmosis causes water to move down the concentration gradient and out of the cell causing it to shrink

A

Red blood cell inside a hypertonic solution

110
Q

Fewer water molecules outside the cells than inside; water molecules get through the semi-preamble membrane by moving down the concentration gradient and move from a low concentration to a high concentration pulling more water molecules inside the red blood cell

A

Red blood cells inside a hypotonic solution

111
Q

concentration of solutes out side the cell is less than the concentration of solutes inside the cell –>swelling

A

hypotonic

112
Q

Concentration of solutes outside the cell is greater than the concentration of soultes inside the cell –> shrinkage

A

Hypertonic

113
Q

What moves from hyper to hypo

A

solutes

114
Q

What moves from hypo to hyper

A

solvents

115
Q

Equal movement of water molecules through the membrane

A

red blood cells inside a isotonic solution

116
Q

Makes connective tissue of the body

A

fibroblast

117
Q

connect body parts, form linings, or tansport gasses

A

Epithelial cells

118
Q

Cells that live as long as you do
- no cell replication
- gather information and controls body functions

A

Nerve cells

119
Q

what cells are excitable

A

Nerve and Muscle cells

120
Q

Move organs and body parts (smooth and skeletal)

A

Muscle cells

121
Q

What are the same basic components of all cells

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

122
Q

What cell stores fat and has triglycerides that store long term energy

A

fat cell (adipocyte)

123
Q

cell of reproduction and only live 72 hours

A

Sperm cell

124
Q

Cells that fights disease aka “trash truck”

A

Macrophage

125
Q

Outer lining of cell

A

plasma membrane

126
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane

A

has semi-preamble membrane/ physical barrier, communicating chemical messengers, cell recognition and secretion

127
Q

The carbohydrate chains are attached to amino acid side chains in a process

A

glycoprotein

128
Q

What are the 2 populations of Proteins

A

Intergral and peripheral

129
Q

finger-like extensions of plasma membrane that fold to increase surface area in cells for absorption

A

Microvilli

130
Q

Types of cell junctions

A

Tight, desmosomes, and gap junctions

131
Q

Proteins of adjacent plasma membrane that fuse cells together ( impermeable seal around the cell and prevents leakage )

A

tight junction

132
Q

Anchoring junctions held together by linker proteins/ filaments; acts as a zipper, not water proof and one function is stretching.

A

Desmosomes

133
Q

communicating junction that allows ions and molecules to pass through the gap in the cell junction

A

gap junctions

134
Q

allows that molecule to go directly through the membrane.
- always open
- polar = diffuse
ex. oxygen passage in, Carbon dioxide outward passage etc.

A

Simple diffusion

135
Q

Molecules are too large and need help getting across
- no energy required

A

Facilitated diffusion

136
Q

Some molecules and water are pushed through membranes by hydrostatics pressure
- basis of urine information

A

Filtration

137
Q

-Most abundant organic compound
- universal solvent
- 60-80% volume of most living cells

A

water

138
Q

Provides the energy directly to chemical reactions all over in the body

A

ATP

Anatomy and Physiology 2140 (7 decks)

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