Exam One Flashcards
Define the anatomical Position
A standard reference for anatomical terms regardless of the actual position of the body
Directional terms
explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another
Monosaccharide (carbohydrate)
one sugar carbon
Disaccharide (carbohydrate)
two sugar carbon
polysaccharide (carbohydrate)
3 or more sugar carbon
What are the most important organic compounds in the body ?
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
Hydrophobic
water hating
Hydrophilic
water loving
Lipophobic
lipid hating
Lipophilic
Lipid loving
What are the carbohydrate groups
monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
What are the types of monosaccharides
Glucose, Fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose
Define glucose
major energy source, levels highly regulated by insulin (ATP)
What is the sugar in DNA
Deoxyribose (missing one oxygen)
What are the types of disaccharides
Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose (S,M,L
What are the types of polysaccharides?
Glycogen and Starch
glycogen
storage carbohydrate of animal tissue
Starch
storage carbohydrate of plant tissue
Superior
Toward the head or upper part of the body
inferior
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or body
Anterior (ventral)
Toward or at the front of the body; in front
Posterior (Dorsal)
Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
sagittal
a vertical cut through the body
-midsagittal
- parasagittal
What cavity incases the brain
Cranial cavity
What cavity incases the spinal cord
vertebral cavity
Contains the visceral organs
Ventral body cavity
This membrane covers the body surface
cutaneous membrane
This membrane line the body cavities that are closed to the exterior
Serous Membrane
This membrane line the body cavities that are open to the exterior (respiratory, digestive, urogenetial
Mucous Membrane
Membrane that covers the top of the intestines
greater omentum
What surrounds the digestive organs
Peritoneum (parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum)
What organs are located in the right upper quadrant?
liver and gallbladder
What organs are located in the right lower quadrant?
Appendix, cecum, parts of the intestine/ colon
what organs are located in the left upper quadrant
Stomach, pancreas, spleen
What organs are located in the left lower quadrant?
most parts of the Colon/ intestines
what is the pH of blood?
7.4
How may regions of the abdominopelvic region are there
9 regions
What are the two classes of chemicals in the body
organic and inorganic
carbon containing and covalently bonded, usually large molecules that must contain hydrogen (C-H)
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
all other molecules = water, salts, acids, and bases
what are examples of inorganic molecules
Water, salts, acids, bases
How are molecules converted?
by enzymes
What is the conentration of blood
300 milli Osm
what is calcium Phosphate
the number one salt in the the body
What is an important function of sodium potassium (Na K)
Nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction
What is an important function of calcium (Ca)
Muscle contraction, blood clotting)
What is an important function of Iron (Fe)
Red blood cell formation
What is an important function of Sulfur (S)
it is the Protein in muscle
What is an important function of Iodine (I)
makes Thyroid hormones
what are chemicals that release H+ ions (proton donors)
Acids
What are chemicals that release hydroxyl ions OH or accept H+ ions
Bases
More hydrogen in a compound means
Higher acidity and lower pH
Less hydrogen in a compound means
Lower acidity and higher pH
What inorganic compound prevents sudden changes in pH
buffers
what are examples of buffers in the body
Urinary system, respiratory system, chemical systems
What are examples of Organic Compounds
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
Hydrophobic
Water hating
Hydrophilic
water loving (charged R groups = Polar)
What is an example of an amino acids with a charged R group (polar)
Arginine
Lipophilic
Lipid loving
Lipophobic
Lipid hating
Types of monoshaccarides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Types of Disaccharides
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
Types of Polysaccharides
Glycogen and Starch
What are the lipid groups
Neutral fats (triglycerides)
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids
similar to triglycerides but one fatty acid chain is replaces by a phosphorus containing group
Phospholipid
hydrophilic tail molecules are polar or nonpolar
polar
hydrophobic head group molecules are polar or non-polar
Non-polar
One end is water loving and the other is water hating
Amphipathic
what is a type of steroid that is often confused as being a fat? ( it is not a fat)
Cholesterol
where does cholesterol come from? (steroid alcohol)
animal products: meat, cheese, eggs
What is cholesterol needed for?
Cell membrane structure
Making Steroid hormones
Makine bile salts
Cell signaling molecules
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and thromboxanes)
Arachidonic
molecule that sits in cell membrane
What enzyme is involved in synthesizing prostaglandins
Coxclooxygenase (COX)
What are prostaglandins involved in
Pain Transmission
Inflammation
Labor contractions
Regulation of blood pressure
GI tract mobility
Cyclooxygenase is inhibited by
Aspirin
What is the basic structural material of the body?
Protein
Types of of proteins
Collagen
Keratin
Actin and Myosin
Enzymes
Hemoglobin & Lipoprotiens
Protein hormones & insulin
antibodies
plasma Proteins
Gives strength to bones, tendons and ligaments and is stronger than steel
Collagen
Structural protein of hair, skin and nails
Keratin
Protein in all three types of muscle (cardiac, skeletal, and smooth)
Actin & Myosin
breaks bonds and converts molecule A into Molecule B
Enzymes
Transports oxygen in blood
hemoglobin
What are proteins made of
Amino acids
What creates the basic structure of an amino acid
Amine Group and Acid group
Tripeptide
3 amino acids
Polypeptide
10 or more amino acids
How many amino acids make a protein
50 or more amino acids
What are the structural levels of a protein
Primary, secondary, Tertiary, and quaternary
essential amino acids
- Histidine
- Isoleucine
- Lysine
- Methoionine
5 .phenylalanine - Threonine
- Tryptophan
- Valine
Non-Essential amino acids
- Alanine
- Arginine
- Asparagine
- Aspartic acid
- Cysteine
- Glutamic acid
- Glutamine
- Glycine
- Proline
- Serine
- Tyrosine
What amino acid makes thyroid hormone
Tyrosine
What is the smallest amino acid?
Glycine
The sequence of amino acid form the polypeptide chain
- long chain of amino acids that is created from attaching to each other through peptide bonds
Primary Structure
The primary chain forms spirals (a helices) and sheets (b-sheets)
- coiling and folding
Secondary structure
Super imposed on secondary structure a helices and b-sheets are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intermolecular bonds
Tertiary Structure
Two or more polypeptides chains, each wit hits own tertiary structure, combine to form functional protein
- anything more than one globular protein)
Quaternary Structure
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous.
- largest molecule in the body
Nucleic acids
What make nucleic acid when bonded together
Nucleotides
Nucleotide base (A,G,C,T) + pentose sugar (dexoribose) + phosphate group =
DNA
Nucleotide base (A,G,C,U) + pentose sugar (ribose) + phosphate group =
RNA
Is the tendency for osmosis to flow
Osmotic
Refers to the response of cells to a solution
Tonicity
Solutes inside the cells = concentration of solutes outside
Isotonic
one solution has less solute on one side of the membrane; less concentration solution
Hyposmotic
One slution has more solute on one side of membrane; more concentration solution
hyperosmotic
More water molecules inside the cells than outside; osmosis causes water to move down the concentration gradient and out of the cell causing it to shrink
Red blood cell inside a hypertonic solution
Fewer water molecules outside the cells than inside; water molecules get through the semi-preamble membrane by moving down the concentration gradient and move from a low concentration to a high concentration pulling more water molecules inside the red blood cell
Red blood cells inside a hypotonic solution
concentration of solutes out side the cell is less than the concentration of solutes inside the cell –>swelling
hypotonic
Concentration of solutes outside the cell is greater than the concentration of soultes inside the cell –> shrinkage
Hypertonic
What moves from hyper to hypo
solutes
What moves from hypo to hyper
solvents
Equal movement of water molecules through the membrane
red blood cells inside a isotonic solution
Makes connective tissue of the body
fibroblast
connect body parts, form linings, or tansport gasses
Epithelial cells
Cells that live as long as you do
- no cell replication
- gather information and controls body functions
Nerve cells
what cells are excitable
Nerve and Muscle cells
Move organs and body parts (smooth and skeletal)
Muscle cells
What are the same basic components of all cells
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
What cell stores fat and has triglycerides that store long term energy
fat cell (adipocyte)
cell of reproduction and only live 72 hours
Sperm cell
Cells that fights disease aka “trash truck”
Macrophage
Outer lining of cell
plasma membrane
What are the functions of the plasma membrane
has semi-preamble membrane/ physical barrier, communicating chemical messengers, cell recognition and secretion
The carbohydrate chains are attached to amino acid side chains in a process
glycoprotein
What are the 2 populations of Proteins
Intergral and peripheral
finger-like extensions of plasma membrane that fold to increase surface area in cells for absorption
Microvilli
Types of cell junctions
Tight, desmosomes, and gap junctions
Proteins of adjacent plasma membrane that fuse cells together ( impermeable seal around the cell and prevents leakage )
tight junction
Anchoring junctions held together by linker proteins/ filaments; acts as a zipper, not water proof and one function is stretching.
Desmosomes
communicating junction that allows ions and molecules to pass through the gap in the cell junction
gap junctions
allows that molecule to go directly through the membrane.
- always open
- polar = diffuse
ex. oxygen passage in, Carbon dioxide outward passage etc.
Simple diffusion
Molecules are too large and need help getting across
- no energy required
Facilitated diffusion
Some molecules and water are pushed through membranes by hydrostatics pressure
- basis of urine information
Filtration
-Most abundant organic compound
- universal solvent
- 60-80% volume of most living cells
water
Provides the energy directly to chemical reactions all over in the body
ATP
