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Anatomy and Physiology 2140 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve terminals go to dendrites next door ; synaptic connections are between neurons

A

Axodendretic

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1
Q

goes ot the cell body of the cells

A

Axosomatic

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2
Q

Goes to the axon hillock cna add mv

A

Axoaxonal

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3
Q

NT’s are classified based on

A

Chemical structure

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4
Q

What are the biogenic amines

A

Dopamine, norepinehrine, epinephrine, seratonin , histamine

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5
Q

What are the excitory amino acids

A

glycine, aspartate, and glutamate

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6
Q

What is the main inhibitory amino acid

A

GABA

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7
Q

What are the main neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine
Biogenic Amines
Amino acids

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8
Q

Where is smooth muscle found

A

In the walls of hollow organs

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9
Q

Main characteristics of smooth muscle

A

No neuromuscular junctions
innervated by autonimic nerves
- have varicosities
-wide synaptic cleft
- less developed SR
- no t-tubules

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10
Q

Where are some places contractions occur in

A

Bladder
uterus
rectum
bronchi –> asthma
stomach –> cramps

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11
Q

involuntary alternating of contraction/ relaxation of muscle sheets

A

Peristalsis

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12
Q

Are spindle shaped
have one central nucleus
much smaller than skeletal cells
sheets found in hollow organs except capillaries

A

Smooth muscle cells

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13
Q

One sheet of muscles cells runs parallel to long axis or organ
- contraction –> dialation –> elongation

A

Longitudinal layer

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14
Q

fibers run around circumference of organ- contraction –> constriction –> elongation

A

Circular layer

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15
Q

The lumen gets shorter and wider when muscles cells of the _______ layer constricts

A

Longitudinal

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16
Q

The lumen gets smaller when the muscles cells of the ______ layer constrict

A

Circular

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17
Q

What stores calcium in muscles cells

A

The Caveoli

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18
Q

An electrical network that is between each sheet of smooth muscle and release neurotransmitters into a wide synaptic cleft

A

Varcosities

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19
Q

What type of junctions are in smooth muscles

A

Gap junctions

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20
Q

What is area 22 in the brain

A

Wernicke’s area

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21
Q

Are the controls the muscles needed for speech (tongue, throat, lips, etc)

A

Broca’s Area

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22
Q

What is area 44 and 45 in the brain

A

Broca’ s Area

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23
Q

Damage to the Broca’s Area causes….

A

Broca’s Aphasia

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24
Q

Person can understand language but cannot produce intelligible language. (motor issue)

A

Broca’s Aphasia

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25
Q

Where speech is interpreted and understood

A

Wernicke’s area

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26
Q

Loss of ability to understand written or spoken language and produce coherent word sequences (word salad - the person doesn’t know what you are saying so random words are put together)
- Normal grammar, syntax, rate, and intonation is used but randomly put together

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

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27
Q

How are the Borac’s area and Wernicke’s Area conncted

A

By the arcuate fasiculus

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28
Q

Where did Broadman start when finding the 52 areas of the brain?

A

Post Central Gyrus

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29
Q

What area is area 8 in the brain?

A

The frontal eye field

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30
Q

Where is the Primary Somatosensory cortex located

A

The Post Central Gyrus of parietal lobe areas (1-3)

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31
Q

What is the part of the brain that is receiving the electrical current from all the sensory Nuerons in the skin, muscles, and joints

A

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (2, 3, 1)

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32
Q

What is the cortex that is posterior to the Primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Somatosensory Association Cortex (5,7)

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33
Q

Function is the integrate sensory information and involves the interpretation/ memory of a particular sensation
- SSC is used for to recognize the sensation of the object

A

Somatosensory Association Cortext

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34
Q

Where is the Primary visual cortext located?

A

area 17 (occipital lobe

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35
Q

Where is the Visual asossitation area located?

A

Beside the visual cortex in the occipital area ( 18)

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36
Q

area that is responsible for neurons that immediately respond to electrical current that is coming out of the optic nerve that comes from the retinas

A

Primary Visual Cortex

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37
Q

Interprets visual stimuli using stored memory for recognition (memory of the things we see)

A

Visual association area (area 18)

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38
Q

What type of blindness does damage to area 17 (occipital lobe) causes

A

Cortical Blindness

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39
Q

Where is the primary autidtory area located in the brain?

A

Above the temporal lobe

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40
Q

This area receive sensory information and damage can result in deafness
- pitch/ loudness

A

Primary Auditory Area (41, 42)

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41
Q

Where is the auditory association area located?

A

Behind the Primary Auditory cortex

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42
Q

This area uses stored memory to interpret perceived sound ( memory of things we hear)
- Music, Thunder, Trains, airplanes

A

Auditory association area (42 and 22)

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43
Q

Where is the olfactory cortex located?

A

In the frontal lobes (medial temporal) above the orbits

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44
Q

This area is where sense of smell is percieved and allows us to be aware of different smells

A

Olfactory Cortex

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45
Q

Where is the Gustatory Cortex loacted

A

Inferior parietal lobe

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46
Q

This area is where sense of taste is perceived and allows us to be aware of different taste

A

Gustatory Cortex

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47
Q

Where is the memory of smells and taste stored

A

In the limbic system aka. emotional brain

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48
Q

What cortex is in the insula and processes information that keeps us in balance in all three planes we move in

A

Vestibular Cortex

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49
Q

What is the cortext that is in the anterior frontal lobe and is involved with intellect, personality, judgement, etc.
-Makes us who we are

A

The prefrontal context

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50
Q

Damage to this part of the brain can cause mental and personality disorders

A

Prefrontal cortext

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51
Q

What are graded depolarizations called in excitatory synapse

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP’s)

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52
Q

Where the neurotransmitters released at the presynaptic membrane causes depolarization at the postsynaptic membrane.

A

Excitatory Synapses

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53
Q

Where the neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic membrane causes hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane
- less likely to reach threshold

A

Inhibitory Synapses

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54
Q

What are graded hyperpolarizations called

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (ISPS’s)

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55
Q

this nuerotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junctions - excitatory and is degraded by AchE

A

Acetylcholine

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56
Q

What are examples of biogenic Amines

A

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin histamine

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57
Q

What are the inhibitory amino acids

A

GABA

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58
Q

What are the excititory amino acids

A

Aspartate, glycine, glutamate

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59
Q

What is a local depolarization of the post synaptic membrane that brings the neuron closer to action potential threshold and allows sodium and potassium to pass simultaneously when a neurotransmitters binds to it.

A

Excitatory synapse

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60
Q

what makes a molecule a nuerotransmitter?

A

It is made and release by a neuron and there is a receptor on a postsynaptic membrane that the molecule can go to .

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61
Q

Hollow chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid, lined with ependymal cells and are continous with each other and the central canal

A

Ventricles

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62
Q

What is made by the choroid plexus

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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63
Q

Clusters of leaky blood capillaries covered in pia mater and ependymal cells

A

choroid plexus

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64
Q

What are other functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • floats the brain
  • forms a liquid cushion
  • helps transport molecules
  • completely replaced every 8 hours
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65
Q

What is 83% of total brain mass

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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66
Q

“gyri”

A

Ridges

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67
Q

” Sulcus”

A

Grooves

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68
Q

What divides the left and right hemisphere of the brain

A

The longitudinal fissure

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69
Q

What are the 5 lobes of the brain

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insula

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70
Q

what divides the frontal and parietal lobes

A

the central sulcus

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71
Q

What divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

A

The lateral sulcus

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72
Q

What divides the parietal and occipital lobes

A

the parietal-occipital sulcus

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73
Q

What seperates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

A

The transverse cerebral fissure

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74
Q

What are the three functional areas of the cerebral cortex

A

Motor, sensory, association

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75
Q

Different histological and functional areas of the cortex where specific motor and sensory functions are separated into domains

A

Broadmann’s 52 area

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76
Q

The cerebral cortex is made of mostly…

A

interneurons which are small neurons that connect 1 neuron to another

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77
Q

What are the critical areas that control motor functions

A
  1. Primary motor cortex
  2. Premotor cortex (secondary motor cortex)
  3. Broca’s area
  4. Wernicke’s area
  5. Frontal eye field
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78
Q

Located in the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe (area ) and has the biggest motor neurons that control contralateral voluntary movement of skeletal muscle

A

Primary motor cortex

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79
Q

Trauma to this area can result in the loss of voluntary control

A

Primary motor cortex

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80
Q

Located in the anterior/ precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe (area 6)

A

Premotor cortex (secondary)

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81
Q

Controls learned motor skills and coordinates movement of groups of muscles by sending impulses to the primary motor cortex

A

Premotor cortex
aka = memory bank for skilled motor actitives

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82
Q

Trauma to this area cna result in loss of programmed motor skills but not individual movements

A

Premotor cortex

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83
Q

Found in the left hemisphere (area 44, 45) and controls that muscles needed for speech (tongue, throat, lips)

A

Broca’s Area

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84
Q

Damage to this area cause a person to be able to understand language but cannot produce intelligible language
- labored speech
- halting and disjointed words

A

Broca’s Aphasia

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85
Q

Where speech is interpreted and understood (area 22) and coherent speech is produced

A

Wernicke’s area

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86
Q

Damage to this area causes loss of the ability to understand written or spoken language and produce coherent word sequences.
- Normal grammar syntax rate, and intonation
- word salad

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

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87
Q

What connects wernicke’s area to broca’s area?

A

Arcuate fasiculus

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88
Q

Controls voluntary eye movement (area 8)

A

Frontal eye field

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89
Q

Area controlling sensory input in skin, muscles, and joints sensation

A
  1. Primary Somatosensory Cortex
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90
Q

Located in the post central gyrus of parietal lobe ( areas 1-3) and receives afferent information from somatosensory receptors ( skin, joints, and muscle)

A

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

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91
Q

What are the primary brain vesicles

A

The prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and the rhombencephalon

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92
Q

What are the secondary brain vesicles

A

telecephalon, diencephalon, esencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

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93
Q

Cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclclei)

A

Cerebrum

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94
Q

adult brain strucutre that has the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and retina

A

Diencephalon

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95
Q

brain stem: midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

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96
Q

Brain stem: pons

A

Metencephalon

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97
Q

where is the cerebellum?

A

In the metencephalon

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98
Q

Brain stem: medulla oblongata

A

Myelencephalon

99
Q

Short nonmyelinated neurons and cell bodies

A

Grey matter

100
Q

Myelinated and non myelinated axons

A

White matter

101
Q

What separates the two c shaped lateral ventricles that are deep in each hemisphere and are close together anteriorly

A

Septum Pellucidum

102
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricle

A

Cerebral aqueduct

103
Q

What was originally the tip of the neural tube?

A

The telencephalon

104
Q

what is the deep part of the cerebral hemispheres

A

diencephalon

105
Q

what are collectively called the corpus striatum?

A

The caudate, the putamen, and the globus pallidus

106
Q

What is collectively called the Lentiform Nuclei?

A

The putamen and the globus pallidus

107
Q

what are the group of strucutres that make up the basal ganglia/ nuclei

A
  • The caudate
  • The Putamen
  • The globus Pallidus
  • The subthalamic nucleus
  • The substantia Nigra
108
Q

What is the basla ganglia major involved in?

A

Muscle movement, muscles coordination and are the connection between voluntary and motor cortex

109
Q

What is Huntingtons Diease

A

Destruction of the basal ganglia and causes uncontrolled, wild, jerky movements which can appear to be voluntary but are not

110
Q

What is Parkinsons Disease

A

over activity of the basal ganglia that impaires motor skills and congnitive processes due to degeneration of the substantia Nigra and leaves the corpus striatum overactive
- No enough dopamine for smooth coordinated muscle movement

111
Q

Misfiring of the basal ganglia
- no muscle coordination

A

Dystonia

112
Q

What are the nuclei of the Thalamus?

A

Anterior Nuclei
Reticular Nucleus
Pulvinar
Medial geniculate
Lateral Geniculate
ventral nuclei (3)
Dorsal Nuclei (3)

113
Q

What is the function of the lateral geniculate body

A

It processes vision by picking up electrical current from optic nerves and sending it back to area 17, the primary visual cortex ( vision is sensory information and all sensory information goes through the thalamus)

114
Q

What is a pathology that could occur as a result of damage to the thalamus?

A

Fatal familial/sporadic insomnia

115
Q

What is the main visceral control center of the body?

A

The hypothalamus

116
Q

Connect gray matter of both hemispheres
ex. the corpus callosum with the anterior and posterior ______

A

Commissures

117
Q

Connects the brain to spinal cord (vice versa)
ex. connects internal capsule cortex to lower CNS

A

Projection Fibers

118
Q

What is is called when fibers get closer to the cortex and begin the fan out?

A

Corona Radiata

119
Q

Collections of nerve and ell bodies in the CNS

A

Brain Nuclei

120
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia

A

Receives input from entire cerebral cortex by communicating and projecting to the premotor + prefrontal cortex

121
Q

Which lobe of the brain contain the gustatory cortex?

A

The insula

122
Q

What brain structure separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

A

Lateral Sulcus

123
Q

what cortex has neurons whose axons carry motor commands from the cerebrum

A

Primary motor Cortex

124
Q

Where is the Choroid plexuses located?

A

The Ventricular System ( each of the ventricles )

125
Q

Which part of the brain is the “executive suite and controls consious brain activity?

A

The Cerebral Cortex

126
Q

True or False: The term “cerebral dominance” designated the hemisphere that is dominant for language

A

True

127
Q

What type of fibers communicate between the left prefrontal lobe and the left parietal lobe

A

Association Fibers (within hemisphere)

128
Q

Which type of white matter fibers connect the cerebrum to lower centers like the spinal cord?

A

Projection fibers

129
Q

Connect different parts of the same hemisphere

A

Association fibers

130
Q

Connect grey matter of both hemispheres
i.e corpus collsum

A

Commiseral fibers

131
Q

Connect cortex to the rest of the nervous system

A

Projection fibers

132
Q

Which part of the CNS is almost all sensory information ascending to the cerebral cortex?

A

The Thalamus

133
Q

Components of the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Pineal Gland

134
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulates food intake
Regulates emotional responses
Regulates body temp

135
Q

What is the membraneous encasement that surrounds the brain

A

Meninges

136
Q

Which landmark separate the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

A

transverse fissure

137
Q

Which landmark divides that cerebrum in half

A

Longitudinal Fissure

138
Q

What are the nuclei of the thalamus?

A
  • 3 dorsal nuclei: medial dorsal, lateral dorsal, lateral posterior
  • 3 ventral Nuclei: Ventral anterior, Ventral lateral, ventral posterio-lateral
  • anterior nuclei
  • reticular nucleus
  • Pulvinar
  • Medial and lateral geniculate body
139
Q

What connects the left and right hemispheres together?

A

Corpus callosum

140
Q

Opening between lateral and 3rd ventricle that releases CSF

A

Inter-ventricular foramen

141
Q

Which nuclei of the hypothalamus is responsible for making hormones

A

Paraventricular nucleus

142
Q

Which nuclei in the hypothalamus is responsible for short term memory processing and can withold moderate trauma?

A

Mammillary Body

143
Q

What are the 7 functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. regulates autonomic nervous system
    2 .emotions
  2. body temp: thermoreceptors (temp change)
  3. regulates hunger and satiety
  4. regulates water balance and thrist
  5. regulates sleep - wake up cycles
  6. control of the endocrine system
144
Q

What are the parts of the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus, hypothalamus and the epithalamus

145
Q

Which nuclei of the hypothalamus plays a part in human sleep/wake cycle

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

146
Q

What are some pathologies related to the hypothalamus?

A

Anorexia / obesity
sleep disturbances
dehydration
emotional imbalances

147
Q

What hormone does the suproptic nucleus of the hypothalamus release to cause the kindey to retain water?

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

148
Q

What can recieve projections from the SCN related to light/ dark cycles and releases melatonin

A

Epithalamus

149
Q

which of the following are in the tectum?Wh

A
  • colliculi
    corpora quadragemina
150
Q

Where is the substantia nigra located?

A

In the midbrain

151
Q

what is the function of the superior colllculi?

A

reflex responses to vision
- coordination head and eye movement for tracking objects

152
Q

reflex responses to sound
- relays nerve impulses from the ear to the primary auditory cortex (startle reflex)

A

Functionof the Collculi

153
Q

Relay center for descending motor pathways that cause limb flexion

A

Function of Red nuclei

154
Q

recticulr formation is heavily involved in what?

A

Waking up and keeping an individual alert

155
Q

What are the parts of the recticular formation in the medulla oblangata

A

Lateral and medial nuclear group and the raphe nucleus

156
Q

What is the white matter that is a tract of axons from the hippocampus to the mammillary body and is associated with long term memory

A

The Fornix

157
Q

In ability to coordinate voluntary motor movements

A

Ataxia

158
Q

Deficiency to understand speech

A

Dysphasia

159
Q

difficulty swallowing

A

Dysphagia

160
Q

difficulty with speech

A

Dysarthria

161
Q

Uncontrolled shaking as a task us performed
- tremors with movement

A

Intention Tremor

162
Q

Connects the medulla to the cerebellum and convey sensory information information to the cerebellum from muscle propiceptors and vestibular nuclei of the brain stem (equilibrium)

A

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles

163
Q

Contain large descending pyramidal (corticospinal) motor tracts

A

Cerebellar Peduncles

164
Q

Carry-one way communications from the pons to the cerebellum, advising it of motor activities initiated by the motor cortex

A

Middle Cerebellar Peduncles

165
Q

Connects the cerebellum and the mid brain and carries instructions from neurons into the deep cerebellar nuclei
(no direct connections to the cerebral cortex)

A

Superior Cerebellar Peduncles

166
Q

Where do cerebellum peduncles go?

A

the cerebella

167
Q

Where do cerebral peduncles go?

A

the cerebral hemisphere

168
Q

What best describes the function of the cerebellum

A

calculates appropriate force and direction of intended muscle movements

169
Q

What are the Meninges

A

Dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

170
Q

head and eye movements associated with visual and auditory reflexes are controlled by which brainstem region?

A

Midbrain

171
Q

Put the following structures in order to summarize the common flow of CSF from the site of formation to its reabsorption to its return to cardiovascular circulation
1. Cerebral aqueduct
2. Choroid Plexus
3. median aperture
4. Subarachnoid space
5. superior sagittal sinus

A

2 - 1 - 3 - 4 - 5

172
Q

Where is CSF made?

A

the lateral 3rd and Fourth Ventricles where choriod plexus is located.

173
Q

What three lobes are the cerebellum divided into

A

Anterior, Posterior, and Flocculonodular

174
Q

Creates smooth, coordinated muscle movement and integrates info from premotor cortex with peripheral sensory info

A

Cerebellum

175
Q

What strucutre in the limbic system connect the temporal lobes and transfers information between two hemispheres

A

anterior commissure

176
Q

The _________ responds to perceived threats: agression, jealousy, and facial expression, wheras the _________ _______ expresses our emotions through gestures

A

Amygdala; cingulate gyrus

177
Q

Thick dura mater membrane that forms a tent over cerebellum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

178
Q

Leathery, toughest layer of the meninges and is composed of two layers
- periosteal layer
- meningeal layer

A

Dura mater

179
Q

sheet of the dura mater that goes dow longitudinal fissure and divides left and right hemispheres

A

Faix Cerebri

180
Q

What part of the dura mater is where arachnoid granulations take CSF back to blood supply

A

Superior sagittal sinus

181
Q

attached to the inner surface of skull, not found around the spinal cord

A

Periosteal layer

182
Q

External covering of brain and continues down the spine

A

Meningeal layer

183
Q

Which areas if the brain constitute the metencephalon?

A

The brain steam: pons and cerebellum

184
Q

What structure connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?

A

The cerebral Aqueduct

185
Q

Which of the following is a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • gives the brain buoyancy
  • cushions the brain
  • helps nourish the brain
186
Q

The anterior frontal lobe is involved in which function

A

intellect recall and personality

187
Q

Which of the following fiber tracts would connect the left hemisphere to the right hemisphere?

A

Corpus Callosum

188
Q

Which of the following brain nuclei is located in the Telencephalon

A

The basal ganglia

189
Q

Which of the following nuclei belong to a group called the Corpus Striatum?

A

The caudate, the putamen, the globus pallidus

190
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia

A

They play an indirect role in starting and stopping movements

191
Q

What is the cause of huntingtons disease?

A

degradation of the basal nuclei / ganglia

192
Q

What are symptoms of parkinsons disease?

A

Persistent tremor

193
Q

Lateralization refers to dominance for which cerebral function

A

Language

194
Q

What is the Decussation of the pyramids?

A

It is the crossover of the corticospinal tracts

195
Q

Which cerebral cortex is a gateway for almost all sensory information going up to the cerebral cortex?

A

Thalamus

196
Q

Pyramidal motor neurons can be found in what region of the brain

A

-The precentral gyrus
-the cerebral peduncle
- the decussation of the pyramids

197
Q

What brain nuclei coordinates head and eye movements to trak a moving object

A

Superior Colliculi

198
Q

What of the following areas of the brain houses the nuclei that regulate the cardiac, vasomotor and respiratory centers

A

Medulla Oblongata

199
Q

Which of the following is considered part of the Limbic System

A

The posterior nucleus of the Thalamus
the septal nucleus
the hypothalamus
the mammillary body

200
Q

Which of the following is not considered a part of the limbic system

A

The posterior commissure

201
Q

The arachnoid villi are out-pouching of the:

A

arachnoid mater

202
Q

The arachnoid villi are located in the…

A

Superior sagittal sinus

203
Q

Which of the following covers both the sulci and gyri of the brain

A

pia mater

204
Q

Which of the following is prevented from entering the brain tissue by the BBB

A

Proteins, toxins, and drugs

205
Q

Which of the following can cross the BB and move freely from the blood to the brain tissue

A

Oxygen, alcohol, and nicotine

206
Q

The spinal cord ends around

A

L1

207
Q

Neurons of which fibers are located in the inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

Neurons located in the Spinocerebellar tract

208
Q

What is the function of the choroid plexi?

A

to make CSF

209
Q

A malfunction in which of the following nuclei could cause terminal insomnia

A

The thalamus

210
Q

what is the location of the respiratory center?

A

The medulla oblongata

211
Q

Which areas if the brain constitute the telecephalon?

A

The cerebrum

212
Q

Which areas of the brain constitute the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, retina

213
Q

Which areas of the brain constitutes the mesencephalon

A

Brain stem: midbrain

214
Q

what areas of the brain constitutes the myelencephalon?

A

Brain stem: medulla oblongata

215
Q

What areas of the seconday brain originated from the proencephalon?

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

216
Q

What areas of the secondary brin originated from the mesencephalon

A

the mesencephalon

217
Q

What areas of the secondary brain originated from the rhombencephalon

A

the myelencephalon and the metencephalon

218
Q

Which area of the brain has an outer layer of grey matter

A

Cerebellum and cerebrum

219
Q

What is not a major role of the spinal cord

A

to process sensory information in order to produce autonomic responses and subconscious behaviors

220
Q

What is the difference between reflexes and other actions in which the spinal cord is involved

A

Reflex don’t involve the brain, only the spinal cord

221
Q

Connections between two pathways

A

interneurons

222
Q

interneurons are able to stimulate tissue through the use of …

A

neurotransmitters

223
Q

Which of the following accurately describes the direction of an impulse moving through a neuron that carries information to the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

An afferent neuron, impulse moving proximally

224
Q

significant damage to the veteran’s cerebellum. The damage would result in difficulty with which of the following functions?

A

coordination of movement

225
Q

Areas of the brain that are involved in the diffuse cortical projection of dopamine

A

ventral tegmentum, hypothalamus, and substantia nigra

226
Q

In which of the following areas do sorting and editing of sensory impulses take place?

A

Thalamic nuclei

227
Q

Which of the following is a function of the pons?

A

Contains nuclei that relay information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum

228
Q

The mid brain develops from which secondary brain vesicle

A

Mesencephalon

229
Q

What is NOT a function for the hypothalamus
- regulation of sleep wake cycles
- autonomic control
-food intake regulation
- balance
- body temperature regulation

A

balance

230
Q

What is the center for balance?

A

the cerebellum

231
Q

What is a function of the basal nuclei

A

Starting, stopping, and monitoring arm swinging and gait

232
Q

What is the largest commissure in the cerebral cortex and is composed of white matter.

A

Corpus callosum

233
Q

Which of the following is an autonomic control center
- midbrain
- pons
-hypothalamus
- diencephalon

A

Hypothalamus

234
Q

Which part of the brain regulates thirst?

A

Hypothalamus (osmoreceptors in this area are activated when body fluid is too concentration which stimulates thirst recpetors

235
Q

What part of the brain produces dopamine

A

Substania nigra
( gets its name from the high content of melanin which is a precursor of dopamine)

236
Q

What is NOT a feature of the cerebral cortex?
- it is arranged in six layers
- it is composed of white matter
- it accounts for 40% of brain mass
- its convoluted surface triples its surface area

A

It is composed of white matter

237
Q

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in planning (rather than executing) movement?

A

the lateral part of each hemisphere

238
Q

All the following are functions of the amygdaloid body EXCEPT __________.
- resolving mental conflit
- recognition of fear
- memory
assessment of danger

A

resolving mental conflit

239
Q

Reduced cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a shortage of which neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine

240
Q

Deep brain stimulation via implanted electrodes has been used to treat some of the symptoms of

A

Parkinsons disease

241
Q

The 2 layers that separate in certain areas where there are spaces called sinuses

A

Periosteal layer and meningeal layer

242
Q

what type of menigitis is causes by Pneumoniae and Neisseria menigitis

A

Bacterial Menigitis

243
Q

blood vessles in the blood brain barrier are impreamable because of

A

Tight junctions

244
Q

What are the three layers molecules have to pass through to get to the brain?

A
  1. endothelium of the capillary wall
  2. the basal lamina
  3. the arms of astrocytes holding onto the capillaries
245
Q

Where is the BBB absent?

A

Around the 3rd and 4th ventricle

Anatomy and Physiology 2140 (7 decks)

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