Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Peds > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

what is myelodysplasia (spina bifida)

A

birth defect or neural tube and spinal columns when the spinal verbtrea do not close/fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when does myelodysplasia occur

A

fetal period (first 28 days of first trimester)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

types of neural tube defects

A

anencephaly
porencephaly
iniencephaly
encephalocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

anencephaly

A

brain deformity where parts of brain are missing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

porencephaly

A

brain develops fluid filled cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

iniencephaly

A

extreme retroflexion of head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

encephalocele

A

sack like protrusion of brain and membranes through the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 types of myelodysplasia

A

occulta
closed neural tube defects
meningocele
myelogeningocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

occulta

A

mildest and most common form
1+ vertebrae malformed
rarely causes disability or symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

closed neural tube defects

A

spine may have malformations of fat, bone, or membranes covering SC
usually requires surgery in childhood causing LE weakness and trouble with bowel/ bladder control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

meningocele

A

sac of spinal fluid protrudes through spine
may have minor symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

myelomeningocele

A

most severe form
part of SC or nerves exposed in sac through opening in spine
need surgical closure in utero or right after birth
changes in brain structure, LE weakness, bowel/ bladder
lower spinal level= less symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

causes of myelodysplasia

A

genetics
exposure to teratogen (alcohol, drugs)
nutritional deficits
overall unknown etiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the most common permanently disabling birth defect in the US

A

myelodysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how population groups have highest prevalence of myelodysplasia

A

hispanic women
celtic region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why is the incidence of myelodysplasia decreasing

A

better nutrition
better screening
better med care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

prevention of mylodysplasia

A

folic acid
counseling for women with a child or siblings with spina bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

diagnosis of spina bifida prenatally

A

maternal alphafetoprotein (AFP) test- blood test
ultrasound- look for lemon sign before 24 weeks
amniocentesis- check AFP levels from amniotic fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

diagnosis of spina bifida post natally

A

hairy patch of skin or dimple of baby’s back and use imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

co-occuring conditions with spina bifida

A

hydrocephalus
Arnold chiari
ortho conditions
bowel and bladder conditions
obesity
precocious puberty
skin breakdown
overuse injuries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

medical interventions for spina bifida

A

fetal surgery (repair)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

neurosurgical treatment for hydrocephalus

A

shunting (VP, VA, ETV)
redirect CSF flow elsewhere
normalize CSF flow and fix pressures in skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

mobility precaution for hydrocephalus neurosurgical treatment

A

no prolonged head inversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

neurosurgery of hydrocephalus (ETV)

A

alternative to shunting by creating stoma at based of 3rd ventricle to allow for CSF drainage
longer lasting and more natural but could have serious complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

signs of shunt malfunctions in older kids

A

headache
blurred vision
drowsiness
LOC
lethargy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

signs of shunt malfunction in infants

A

rapid head growth
bulging soft spot at frontal
swelling/pain along shunt
irritable
nausea and vomitting
crossed eyes/ sunset eyes
apnea
drowsiness
trouble drinking, swallowing, crying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

signs of infected shunt

A

fever
neck stiffness
redness
leakage
abdominal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

ACM type 1

A

mild
protrusion of tonsils through foramen magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

ACM type 2

A

most severe
protrusion of vermis and brainstem through foramen magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

ACM most common symptoms

A

inspiratory stridor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

symptoms of ACM in kids with SB

A

1/3 of individuals
difficulty swallowing
poor feeding
weak cry
stiff arms/hands
selective loss of sensation in hands/ arms
cerebellar symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what to avoid with ACM

A

excessive neck flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is tethered cord

A

SC attached to spinal column restricting movement of SC which reduces BF and causes damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what part of spine does tethered mostly occur in

A

lumbar spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

symptoms of tethered cord

A

sensory disturbance, significant muscle weakness, spasticity, increased tone and incontinence
changes in gait
LL or scoliosis
inwards turned feet
tripping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

when to watch out for tethered cord

A

periods of skeletal growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

two conditions that commonly occur with spina bifida

A

tethered cord and ACM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

diagnosis of tethered cord

A

CT or MRI
clinical signs and symptoms
change in pain, loss of muscle function, gait, bowel/ bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

ortho conditions often seen with spina bifida

A

contractures of hip, knee, Ankle
hip dislocation
scoliosis and kyphoscsliosis
gibbous deformity
club feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is gibbous deformity

A

kyphosis with 3+ vertebral segments with sharp angle of spin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

who treats kids with spina bifida

A

interprofeessional team

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

services for kids with spina bifida

A

neurosurgical management
urological care
bowel management
ortho care
developmental and neuropsychological educational evals
patient/fam edu
mental health screening
sleep studies
independence training
social work
transition to adult services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

3 main reasons for PT exam spina bifida

A

define current status for program planning
ID potential for developing secondary impairments and make preventative measures
monitor changes in status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

infancy age range (SB)

A

0-11 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

preschool age range (SB)

A

1-5 yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

school aged range (SB)

A

6-12 yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

adolescents-adulthood (SB)

A

13-21 yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is grade 0-3/5 iliopsoas associated with

A

partial or complete reliance on WC mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is grade 4-5/5 iliopsoas strength associated with

A

community ambulation in most patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is grade 4-5/5 glute and anterior tibial associated with

A

community ambulation without aids or braces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what muscles are most important for forward propulsion

A

hip extensors and calves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what does mid- lower lumbar levels do during ambulation

A

shift trunk side to side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

things to find out during exam for SB

A

motor level (MMT) and look at functional movement and sensory level
communicate with fam and medical team
ID challenges and goals
determine need for equipment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

PT interventions for spina bifida

A

direct intervention (clinic, school community)
patient edu/ HEP
collaboration/communication
consider positioning and mobility programs
consult and monitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what to include in HEP for SB

A

ROM, strengthening, positioning, facilitate play and gross motor development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

prognosis for SB

A

90% live to be adults
80% full intelligence
75% play sports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

prevalence of ASD

A

1:44
4.2 times more in boys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

why is there increased prevalence of ASD

A

earlier diagnosis
inc awareness
changes in screening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

components of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

A

persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multi contexts
restricted, repeat patterns of behavior, interests/ activities
symptoms present in early development
symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of function
disturbances not better explained by intellectual disability or global development delay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

3 levels of ASD

A

level 3: requires very substantial support
level 2: requires substantial support
level 1: requires support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

co-occuring conditions with ASD

A

adhd, communication disorders, epilepsy, GI disorders, intellectual disability, motor planning, dyspraxia, obesity, sleep disorders, toe walking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

early detection of ASD

A

decreased social play
loss of words/ sentences
self injurious / repeat behaviors
sleep difficulties
special skills
seizures
intellectual diability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

major concerns for ASD by 12 months

A

no babbling
no pointing
loss of language or social concerns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

red flags for ASD by 12 months

A

failure to orient to name
lack of nonverbal showing
lack of eye contact
hyperactivity
lack of emotional reeg
poor socialization

65
Q

outcome measure ASD

A

M-CHAT
modified checklist for autism in toddlers

66
Q

age for M-CHAT

A

16-30 months

67
Q

scoring MCHAT

A

low risk: 0-2
medium risk: 3-7
high risk: 8-20

68
Q

three pathways BS/BF ASD

A

primary: frontal brain
secondary: brainstem
Tertiary: cerebellar

69
Q

neuroanatomical changes ASD

A

macrocephaly- enlarged frontal lobe, amygdala, white matter and underdevelopment of vermis
basal ganglia- dysfunction resulting in saccadic dysfunction and poor feed forward

70
Q

changes in vestibular development ASD

A

vestibular processing is different for kids with ASD d/t decreased function of semicircular canal and integration deficits

71
Q

changes in visual system in ASD

A

visual hyperacidity
hypermetropia
astigmatism
strabismus
impaired oculomotor function

72
Q

what is hypermetriopia

A

images reach retina before focusing on lens

73
Q

changes in hearing ASD

A

hyperacusis
resulting in avoiding sounds and covering ears

74
Q

changes in motor planning ASD

A

visual feedback and external guidance diminished
difficulty with integration of visual and vestibular system
hypotonia

75
Q

results of motor planning deficits in kids with ASD

A

decreased motor performance, postural stability, lack of effective sequencing

76
Q

etiology theories ASD

A

refrigerator mother
infections
immunological deficiency
toxins
gastric inflammatory disease
genetic

77
Q

other systems affected with ASD

A

GI issuees
food sensitivities
nutritional deficiencies
autoimmunity
metabolic

78
Q

possible clinical presentation ASD

A

low proximal tone
delayed postural refelexes
poor integration of reflexes
gross and fine motor delays
speech delays
difficulty crossing midline
difficulty with visual tracking
avoiding gaze
dyspraxia
movement disorder

79
Q

how is baleen affected ASD

A

abnormal proprioception
difficulty with eyes closed

80
Q

gait in kids with ASD

A

difficulty walking on a line
variability to velocity
postural abnormalities
strides length variability
difficulty using environmental cues
similar to cerebellar ataxia

81
Q

activity limitations in ASD

A

decreasd self perception in motor performance ability

82
Q

what motor performance deficits do kids with ASD have

A

body schema
time/ space awarness
distance estimation
fear of intimate contact

83
Q

theories of gross motor deficits ASD

A

automatization deficit hypothesis
disorder specific learning theory

84
Q

services for kids with ASD

A

speech
OT
ABA
psych/ special education
PT

85
Q

number of hours for services/ week ASD

A

25+ hours
state EI does 5 hours

86
Q

acronym for why kids with ASD have behavioral issuse

A

Sensory
Escape
Attention seeking
Tangible

87
Q

interventions for gross motor skills ASD

A

sensory integration- brushing
AIT- introduce different sounds at Dif volumes
vestibular- balance and posture play
brain gym
greenspan- floor time
usual care- functional task
activity-based: yoga, aquatics, strength

88
Q

meds for ASD

A

antipsychotics
SSRIs
tricyclics
stimulants
anti anxiety
anti convulsants

89
Q

devices for ASD

A

compression vest
foot orthos
communication board
wiggles seat (dynamic disk)

90
Q

exercise interventions for ASD

A

dec BMI
inc exercise capcity
increase walking speed
improve eye contact, socialization, and restricted repeat behaviors
vigorous activities

91
Q

what are outcomes of exercise and ASD

A

increase self efficacy
decrease fear of balance activities

92
Q

how do you get cystic fibrosis

A

hereditary- autosomal recessive from cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

93
Q

airway clerance

A

cardiopulmonary technique used to pen airways and lessen up secretions from peripheral airways to central airway to promote mucus transport in lungs

94
Q

exercise testing

A

evaluate physical limitations and aerobic capacity to make recommendations for individualized exercise programs

95
Q

FEV1

A

amount of air forcefully expired in one second during spirometry

96
Q

inhalation therapy

A

administration of aerosolized meds with proper breathing technique

97
Q

PFTs

A

group of tests to assess how well lungs are working

98
Q

sweat chloride test

A

clinical diagnostic test used to detect elevated chloride levels in sweat and make CF diagnosis

99
Q

main organ systems effected with CF

A

respiratory and GI

100
Q

other secondary systems effected with CF

A

reproductive system, sinuses, sweat glands, exocrine glands blocked

101
Q

how are the lungs effected with CF

A

obstruction of mucus secreting exocrine glands and hyper viscous secretions that lead to collapse and decrease transport- blocking lungs and airways

102
Q

pathophysiology of CF

A

reconditioning of respiratory muscles and malnutrition
functional limitations of respiratory system
obstruction of small airways and air trapping- ventilation perfusion mismatch causing hypoxemia

103
Q

what happens to lung volumes with CF over time

A

reduced Vidal capacity and tidal volume

104
Q

how is GI tract impacted in CF

A

viscous secretions obstruct pancreatic duct in utero and periductal inflammation and fibrosis can cause loss of pancreatic exocrine function

105
Q

what is DIOS

A

distal instestinal obstruction syndrome- abnormal intestinal secretions

106
Q

what patients get hepatobillary disease

A

CF patients with pancreatic insufficiency

107
Q

how is reproductive system impacted with CF

A

many men are infertile
most women are fertile

108
Q

upper respiratory tract and CF

A

most get chronic pansiusitis and can get lower respiratory tract infections

109
Q

is sinusitis common with CF

A

yes

110
Q

how common is osteopenia with CF

A

85% of adults
smaller number get osteoporosis

111
Q

when is CF diagnosed

A

prenatally if possible

112
Q

s/s associated with CF diagnosis

A

history of respiratory illness
early structural changes- will be progressive
infection and inflammation on chest CT

113
Q

clinical features of CF for diagnosis

A

history in siblings
positive newborn screening tests
abnormality in CFTR gene/ protein
elevated sodium chloride in sweat test

114
Q

race/ ethnicity with highest CF prevalence

A

1 in 3500

115
Q

median age of survival for CF

A

41

116
Q

why is improving life expectancy for CF

A

surgical advances with lung transplant and improved disease management

117
Q

what is the primary mode of delivery of specialized health care CF

A

comphrehensive treatment center

118
Q

what do CF centers do

A

proactive approach- EI, health maintenance, preservation of lung function

119
Q

health care team members for CF

A

repirologists, gastroenterologists, PT, RT, pharmacists, dietitians, genetic counselors, social workers, psychologists, nursing

120
Q

medical management for CF

A

followed every 3-4 months in CF clinic
treatment of lung disease to decrease airway obstruction
antibiotics
inhaled hypertonic saline
nutrition
inhaled steroids to reduce airway edema
bronchodilators before exercise
nebulization with meds
lung transplant

121
Q

PT for CF

A

promote airway clearance via
postural drainage, perfusion, positioning, oscillations, coughing, thoracic mobility

122
Q

CF tests and measures that PT can do

A

exercise field tests (6mwt)
pre
breathlessness score
pulse ox
HR
RR
sputum qualities
MMT
postural screening and ROM
breathing patterns

123
Q

examples of interventions for CF

A

postural drainage and peerecusion for airway clearance
postural exercises
mobility- trunk flex and chest expansion
stretches- pec
swimming and running
inhalation teechniques
energy conservation- positioning, pacing
efficient breathing- pursed lip
inconteinence training

124
Q

characteristics of asthma

A

airway inflammation
airway obstruction
bronchial hyperresponsiveneess to stimuli

125
Q

what does PT need to know about asthma in each case

A

effect on ability to participate in activities and how to optimize Childs health and PA

126
Q

prevalence of asthma

A

1 in 10 kids
double in kids born preterm

127
Q

which airways does asthma effect

A

large and small airways

128
Q

symptoms of asthma

A

shortness of breath
wheezing
chest tightneess
coughing

129
Q

pathophysiology of asthma

A

extrinsic/ allergic stimuli or intrinsic/ nonallergenic stimuli causes hyperresponsiveness which causes inflammatory response and airway remodeling and chronic inflammation and structural changes over time

130
Q

extrinsic stimuli

A

pollen, mold, animal dander, smoke, foods, drugs, dust

131
Q

intrinsic stimuli

A

viral infections, inhalation of irritating substances, exercise, emotional stress

132
Q

is asthma genetic

A

plays a roll but doesnt account for all types and severities

133
Q

what system do asthma stimuli triggeere

A

immune system

134
Q

what are 2 major environmental factors that significantly increase risk of developing asthma

A

airborne allergens and respiratory infections (RSV)

135
Q

does exposure to second hand smoke increase risk of asthma

A

yes

136
Q

diagnosis of asthma

A

history
auscultation and plaption
PFTs
wheeling and rhonci sounds
breathing worse at night/ early in morning
hyper expansion of thorax

137
Q

signs of acute asthma attack

A

increase RR, expiratory grunting, nasal flaring, coughing, blue lips,

138
Q

how is asthma classified

A

by age and clinical symptoms
1- intermittent/ persistent
2- mild persistent
3- mod persistent
4- severe

139
Q

is asthma obstructive or restrictive

A

obstructive- inflamed airways trap air and make it hard to exhale

140
Q

what PFT values will be low with asthma

A

FEV1 and PEFR

141
Q

how can asthma bee restrictive

A

swelling and mucous can restrict ability to inhalee

142
Q

asthma risk factors

A

family history
allergies
prematurity
lung abnormalities
smoke exposure
respiratory illness disease
difficulty sleeping
RSV
GERD
sleep dysfunction
rapid weight gain in infancy
childhood obesity
chronic dehyration
low vitamin D

143
Q

medical management of asthma

A

short term- manage acute airway obstruction
long term- address triggers causing bronchial hyperresponsiveneess and inflammatory responses

144
Q

what do schools have for kids with asthma

A

asthma action plan

145
Q

Genereal Movement Assessment (GMA) in NICU

A

quick, non-invasive, cost-effective way to make assessment of infants to ID neuro deviations which can lead to CP or other deficits later

146
Q

age range for GMA

A

36 weeks to 4 months

147
Q

neurobehavioral based tools in the NICU

A

NBO
TIMP
NIDCAP
NBAS
NNNS
GMA

148
Q

pain assessment tools for NICU

A

NIPS
NFCS
N-PASS
CRIES
COMFORT scale
PIPP

149
Q

gold standard tool in NICU for follow up

A

Bayley scales of infant and toddler development

150
Q

PT interventions in NICU

A

handling
environmental modifications
positioning
massage
kangaroo care
facilitated tucking
PA and ROM
education

151
Q

principles of positioning in the NICU

A

provide containment
support self regulation
promote flexion
support functional movements

152
Q

benefits of massage in NICU

A

stimulate weight gain
decrease length of stay
increase vagal tone
improve brain and visual development

153
Q

pain management strategies in the NICU

A

facilitated tucking
sucrose
skin to skin
sucking
swaddling

154
Q

disorganized infant state in NICU

A

pale skin
irregular HR
tremors
extended posture
tone
unpredictable and irritable

155
Q

attention interaction stress signs in NICU

A

stress signals of autonomic, motor, and state systems
inability to integrate with other sensory input

156
Q

state stress signs in NICU

A

diffuse sleep states
glassy eyed
gaze aversion
staring
panicked look
irritable

157
Q

motor stress signs

A

general hypotnia
frantic flailing movements
finger splaying
hyperextension

158
Q

autonomic stress signs

A

color changes in skin
changes in vital signs
visceral responses
sneezing
yawning

159
Q

precautions in NICU

A

determine readiness to begin
light
sound
lungs and brain will be immature
underdeveloped sensory and MSK systems

Peds (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions