Final Exam Flashcards by Gabriel Zeigler

Vitamin __ is also called niacin:
A. B1
B. B2
C. B3
D. B4
E. B12

C. B3

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Which of the following about competitive inhibition is true:
A. Vmax is decreased
B. The structure of the inhibitor resembles one of the substrate
C. In a Lineweaver-Burke plot the lines of the uninhibited enzyme assay intersects with the line of the inhibited enzyme assays on the x-axis
D. Km of the substrate is decreased
E. It is nonreversible

B. The structure of the inhibitor resembles the one of the substrate

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Assign the compounds to the correct classes of compounds:
A. Lipids
B. Proteins
C. Nucleotides.
D. Carbohydrates

Vitamin E
ADP
Arachidonic Acid
Hexose Kinase
Amylose
Erythrulose

-Vitamin E: A (Lipid)
-ADP: C (Nucleotide)
-Arachidonic Acid: A (Lipid)
-Hexose Kinase: B (Protein)
-Amylose: D (Carbohydrate)
-Erythulose (Carbohydrate)

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A membrane-spanning alpha-helix consists mainly of:
A. Non polar amino acids
B. Positively charged (basic) amino acids
C. Negatively charged (acidic) amino acids
D. Aromatic amino acids
E. Modified amino acids

A. Non polar amino acids

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A diet deficient in ________ leads to hair and tooth loss:
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin E
E. Vitamin K

B. Vitamin D

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Match the compounds with the following names or descriptions:

A. Pro inflammatory nutrient
B. Cholecalciferol
C. Compound involved in energy storage.
D. Membrane lipid.
E. Proteins that bind to oligosaccharides with high specificity and affinity
F. Anti inflammatory nutrient

Glycogen
Vitamin B
Cholesterol
Lectins
Linoleic Acid
Eicosapentanenoic acid (EPA)

-Glycogen: C (Energy Storage)
-Vitamin D: B (Cholecalciferol)
-Cholesterol: D (Membrane Lipid)
-Lectins: E (Bind to Oligosaccharides)
-Linoleic Acid: A (Pro-inflammatory nutrient)
-Eicosapentanenoic acid (EPA) (Anti-inflammatory nutrient)

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Which is the correct order between most reduced (left) and most oxidized (right)?
A. Carboxyl-Carbonyl-Hydroxyl-Saturated Hydrocarbon
B. Saturated Hydrocarbon-Hydroxyl-Carbonyl-Carboxyl
C. Saturated Hydrocarbon-Carbonyl-Hydroxyl-Carboxyl
D. Hydroxyl-Carbonyl-Carboxyl-Saturated Hydrocarbon
E. Hydroxyl-Carbonyl-Saturated Hydrocarbon-Carboxyl

B. Saturated hydrocarbon-hydroxyl-carbonyl-carboxyl

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Active transport across a membrane is:
A. The definition of transport via a membrane protein (as opposed to simple diffusion)
B. The movement of a solute along a concentration gradient
C. The movement of a solute against a concentration gradient
D. Transport that generates energy

C. The movement of a solute against a concentration gradient

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The pH of a solution of 100mM NaOH is ____:
A. 14
B. 13.9
C. 13
D. 10
E. 1

C.13

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The deficiency of vitamin ___ causes Pellagra (“the 4 D’s):
A. B1
B. B2
C. B3
D. B5
E. B6

C. B3

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______ are universal electron carriers in biological systems:
A. Vitamins
B. NAD+ and FAD
C. Lipids
D. Carbohydrates
E. ATP and GTP

B. NAD+ and FAD

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Which of the following statements about buffers is true:

A. At pH values lower than the pK, the conjugate base concentration is higher than that of the acid
B. The pH of a buffered solution remains constant no matter how much acid or base is added to the solution
C. The strongest buffers are those composed of strong acids and strong bases
D. When pH = pKa, the weak acid and conjugate base concentration in a buffer is equal
E. A buffer composed of a weak acid of pK = 5.0 is stronger at pH 4 than at pH 6

D. When pH=pKa, the weak acid and conjugate base concentration in a buffer is equal

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In DNA, the following bases pair on complimentary strands:
A. A with G and U with C
B. A with C and G with T
C. A with T and G with C
D. A with U and G with C
E. A with G and T with C

C. A with T and G with C

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The pI (isoelectirc pH; no overall charge) of phenylalanine _____ (pK1= 1.83, pK2 = 9.13):
A. 1.83
B. 5.48
C. 7.30
D. 9.13
E. 10.96

B. 5.48

(1.83 + 9.13 / 2)

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The sum of all biochemical reactions in a cell is called __________:
A. Cellular respiration
B. Metabolism
C. Catabolism
D. Anabolism
E. Bioenergetics

B. Metabolism

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_________ is important for blood clotting:
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B1
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin D
E. Vitamin K

E. Vitamin K

(Klotting)

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The phospholipid composition of biological membranes:
A. Is universally the same in all organisms
B. Is random and of no importance
C. Is always the same in the two monolayers (like mirror image)
D. Varies with tissue, organism, inner and outer monolayers, even age of a cell
E. There are no phospholipids in biological membranes

D. Varies with tissue, organism, inner and outer monolayers, even age of a cell

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Rickets is caused by ____________:
A. A point mutation
B. A frame shift mutation
C. Vitamin D deficiency
D. Vitamin K deficiency
E. A diet low in omega-3 fatty acid

C. Vitamin D deficiency

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Translation occurs in the _________:
A. Cytoplasm
B. Extracellular space
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Nucleus
E. Mitochondria

A. Cytoplasm

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Thiamin is also called vitamin ______
A. B1
B. B2
C. B3
D. B5
E. B6

A. B1

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The synthesis of Nucleic acids:
A. Always proceeds from the C-terminus
B. Always proceeds from the 3’ to the 5’ end
C. Always proceeds from the 5’ to the 3’ end
D. Can proceed either from the 3’ to the 5’ end or from the 5’ to the 3’ end
E. Always proceeds from the N-terminus

C. Always proceeds from the 5’ end to the 3’ end

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Pathogenic acid is essential for the biosynthesis of ________:

A. NAD+
B. FAD
C. ATP
D. CoA
E. Collagen

D. CoA

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The enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of amino acids is called _________:
A. DNA polymerase
B. Ribosome
C. RNA polymerase
D. Ribonucleose
E. TRNA

B. Ribosome

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Gene expression refers to the process that:
A. Converts a certain sequence of bases in DNA into a specific sequence of amino acids
B. Is used to synthesize the lagging strand in DNA synthesis
C. Removes introns
D. Leads to the assembly of the two subunits of ribosomes when mRNA is processed

A. Converts a certain sequence of bases in DNA into a specific sequence of amino acids

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Another name for Vitamin B6 is ___________: A. Cobalamin B. Pyridoxine C. Tocopherol D. Folic acid E. Riboflavin

B. Pyridoxine

Match the following terms with the statement: A. Okazaki Fragment, B. Origin, C. Mutation, D. DNA Replication, E. Translation -Short piece of DNA synthesized during DNA replication of a lagging strand -Synthesis of DNA based on the sequence of DNA -A DNA sequence that has permenently been changed -Synthesis of protein based on the sequence of RNA -A DNA sequence that is the starting point for replication

-Short prince of DNA synthesized during DNA replication of a lagging strand: A (Okazaki Fragment) -Synthesis of DNA based on the sequence of DNA: D (DNA replication) -A DNA sequence that has permenently been changed: C Mutation -Synthesis of protein based on the sequence of RNA: E (Translation) -A DNA sequence that is the starting point for replication: B (Origin)

Name the four predominant groups of biomolecules that make up biomass (much of the time in this class was dedicated to them)

-Nucleic acids -Carbs -Proteins -Lipids

Name four functions of lipids

-Energy storage -Insulation -Protection -Structure

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from one organic molecule to another? A. Kinases B. Isomerases C. Dehydrogenases D. Synthases E. Hydratases

A. Kinases

The PAY-OFF phase of glycolysis yields _________ per glucose: A. 2 ATP B. 2 ATP and 2 NADH C. 4 ATP D. 4 ATP and 2 NADH E. 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP

D. 4 ATP and 2 NADH

Which is the correct order between the most reduced (left) and most oxidized (right)? A. Carboxyl->Carbonyl->Hydroxyl->Saturated Hydrocarbon B. Saturated Hydrocarbon->Hydroxyl->Carbonyl->Carboxyl C.Saturated hydrocarbon->Carbonyl->Hydroxyl->Carboxyl D. Hydroxyl->Carbonyl->Carboxyl->Saturated Hydrocarbon E. Hydroxyl->Carbonyl->Saturated Hydrocarbon->Carboxyl

B. Saturated Hydrocarbon->Hydroxyl->Carbonyl->Carboxyl

______ are universal electron carries in biological systems: A. Vitamins B. NAD+ and FAD C. Lipids D. Carbohydrates E. ATP and GTP

B. NAD+ and FAD

In glycolysis, glucose gets converted to __________: A. Pyruvate B. Oxaloacetate C. CO2 and H2O D. Acetyl-CoA

A. Pyruvate

Active transport across a membrane is: A. The term for transport via a membrane protein (as opposed to simple diffusion) B. The movement of a solute along the concentration gradient C. The movement of a solute against the concentration gradient D. Transport that generates ATP

C. The movement of a solute against the concentration gradient

_________ occurs in the citric acid cycle while _________ occurs in the electron transport chain. A. Oxidation of carbon; reduction of oxygen B. Reduction of carbon; oxidation of oxygen C. Oxidation of oxygen; reduction of carbon D. Reduction of oxygen; reduction of carbon

A. Oxidation of carbon; reduction of oxygen

_____ is needed for the biosynthesis of NAD+: A. B1 B. B2 C.B3 D. B5 E. B6

C. B3

Match the properties to the chemical names in 9-13, with the following vitamins (each answer can be only picked once): A. Vitamin B1, B. Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Vitamin B2, Vitamin K -Important for blood clotting -Riboflavin -Thiamin -Deficiency leads to defunct collagen -The other side of the fat-solvable vitamins (in A-E)

-Important for blood clotting: Vitamin K -Riboflavin: Vitamin B2 -Thiamin: B1 -Deficiency leads to defunct collagen: Vitamin C -The other side of the two fat soluble vitamins: Vitamin D

_______ is very similar to Pyruvate dehydrogenase: A. Malate dehydrogenase B. Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase C. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase D. Isocitrate dehydrogenase E. Succinate dehydrogenase

B. Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

The conversion of 1 mol of Pyruvate to 3 mol of CO2 via Pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle also yields ____ mol of NADH ____ mol of FADH2 and ____ mol of ATP (or GTP): A. 4:2:1 B. 2:2:2 C. 3:1:1 D. 3:2:0 E. 4:1:1

C. 3:1:1

Match the compounds in the following five questions with the following names or descriptions (A-E: each description can only be used once): A. Pro-inflammatory nutrient, B. Cholecalciferol, C. Compound involved in energy storage, D. Membrane lipid, E. Proteins that bind oligosaccharides with high specificity and affinity -Glycogen -Cholesterol -Linoleic Acid -Vitamin D -Lectin

Glycogen: C Cholesterol: D Linoleic Acid: A Vitamin D: B Lectin: E

Fermentation leads to the recycling of ______ for use of glycolysis: A. NADH B. FADH2 C. CoA D. ATP E. GTP

A. NADH

The sum of all biosynthetic reactions in a cell is called _____: A. Cellular respiration B. Metabolism C. Catabolism D. Anabolism E. Bioenergetics

B. Metabolism

With respect to protons, the electron transport chain performs ________: A. Passive uniport B. Active Uniport C. Passive Symport D. Active Symport E. Passive Antiport

B. Active Uniport

The mineral that all four complexes of the electron transport chain rely on is _______ A. Fe B. Cu C. Ca D. Mg E. Na

A. Fe

Match the metabolites in the following four questions with the correct number of carbon atoms: A. 2, B. 3, C.4, D.5, E.6 -Citrate -Alpha-ketoglutarate -Glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate -Acetyl CoA -Lactate -Succinate

Acetyl CoA: 2 Glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate: 3 Lactate: 3 Succinate: 4 Alpha-ketoglutararate: 5 Citrate: 6

Pantonthenic acid is essential for the biosynthesis of _____: A. NAD+ B. FAD C. ATP D. CoA E. Collagen

D. CoA

Assign the compounds to the correct one of the following four classes of compounds (answers can be chosen more than once): A. Lipid, B. Protein, C. Nucleotide, D. Carbohydrate -ADP -Arachidonic Acid -Hexokinase -Amylose -Cortisol -Polyhydroxy-aldehyde

-ADP: C -Arachidonic Acid: A -Hexokinase: B -Amylose: D -Cortisol: A -Polyhydroxy-aldehyde: D

Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin? A. Ascorbic acid B. Niacin C. Retinol D. Biotin E. Riboflavin

C. Retinol

______ is very similar to Pyruvate dehydrogenase: A. Malate dehydrogenase B. Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase C. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase D. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase E. Succinate Dehydrogenase

B. Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Succinate dehydrogenase is also playing a role in the electron transport chain and is referred to as complex ____ A. I B. II C. III D. IV

B. II

The proton-motive force: A. Is a potential form of energy B. Consists of a charge as well as a concentration gradient C. Drives the formation of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation D. A, B and C are Correct

D. A, B and C are Correct

The leading cause of blindness in the third world is _______ deficiency: A. Omega-3 fatty acid B. Omega-6 fatty acid C. Vitamin A D. Vitamin E E. Vitamin K

C. Vitamin A

In red blood cells, fermentation occurs: A. Because the oxygen is bound to hemoglobin and is not available as electron acceptor B. When hemoglobin is depleted of oxygen in tissue and flows back to the lungs C. Because these cells have no mitochondria D. When skeletal muscles are fast contracting

C. Because these cells have no mitochondria

Give the overall equation for aerobic cellular respiration

C6-H12-O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Name the four predominant groups of biomolecules that make up biomass (much of the time in this class was dedicated to them)

-Lipids -Carbs -Protein -Nucleic Acids

Name the two types of enzyme regulation

-Covalent -Non-Covalent

_____ is a crucial nutrient to support the activity of many dehydrogenases: A. Thiamin B. Ascorbic acid C. Niacin D. Biotin E. Pantothenic Acid

C. Niacin

Fermentation leads to the recycling of ______ for use in glycolysis: A. NADH B. FADH2 C. CoA D. ATP E. GTP

A. NADH

With respect to protons, complexes I, III and IV of the electron transport chain perform ___________ A. Passive uniport B. Active Uniport C. Passive Symport D. Active Symport E. Passive Antiport

B. Active Uniport

Which of the following statements is correct? A. Carboxyl is more reduced than carbonyl B. Hydroxyl is more reduced than saturated carbon C. Carboxyl is more oxidized than CO2 D. Hydroxyl is more oxidized than carboxyl E. Carbonyl is more oxidized than hydroxyl

E. Carbonyl is more oxidized than hydroxyl

_______ are universal electron carriers in biological systems A. Vitamins B. NAD+ and FAD C. Lipids D. Carbohydrates E. ATP and GTP

B. NAD+ and FAD

In DNA, the following bases pair on complementary strands: A. A with G and U with C B. A with C and G with T C. A with T and G with C D. A with U and G with C E. A with G and T with C

C. A with T and G with C

The step marked with a ? in the schematic of the central dogma of molecular biology is called __________. A. transformation B. translation C. transposition D. transduction E. transcription

E. transcription

Match the following graphs (A-B) with the corresponding name: 1. Titration curve of a polyprotic acid 2. Michaelis-Menten plot 3. Calibration curve 4. Linweaver-Burk plot 5. Sigmoid binding curve

E. Titration curve of a polyprotic acid C. Michaelis-Menten plot A Calibration curve D Linweaver-Burk plot B Sigmoid binding curve

In the figure, in which stage is carbon oxidized? A. B B. A & B C. A & C D. B & C E. A, B, and C

B. A & B

There are more than 380 different mutations known to cause more or less severe PKU. One of those mutations occurs in position 349 or PAH when Serine is changed to leucine. Using the genetic code, give all possible base triplets in the healthy gene as well as the mutated gene at position 349 in PAH.

In the table, identify the serine codons that could have been converted of leucine by a point mutation (change of a single base), link them to the mutated codons by a connecting arrow, and circle the base that got mutated as well as the base that resulted from the mutation.

Explain why it is not surprising that a mutation that changes a serine to a leucine has drastic consequences.

polar/nonpolar

Name the four predominant groups of biomolecules that make up biomass (much of this class was dedicated to them)

Name four functions of lipids

The depicted compound is a __________. A. carbohydrate B. nucleic acid C. Steroid D. nucleotide E. aromatic amino acid

A. carbohydrate

The depicted compound is: A. Heme B. Coenzyme A C. Cholesterol D. A purine E. A pyrimidine

A. Heme

Fill in all the intermediates and coenzymes into the citric acid cycle "skeleton" depicted.

Which of the following statements about competitive inhibition is true? A. Vmax is decreased B. The structure of the inhibitor resembles the substrate C. In a Lineweaver-Burk plot, the line of the uninhibited enzyme assay intersects with the line of the inhibited assays on the x-axis D. Km of the substrate is decreased E. It is nonreversible

The structure of the inhibitor resembles one of the substrate

In the process of oxidative pholphlorylation, each NADH yields ____ ATP A. 1 B. 1.5 C. 2 D. 2.5 E. 3

2.5

_____ is a crucial nutrient to support the activity of many dehydrogenases A. Thiamin B. Ascorbic Acid C. Niacin D. Biotin E. Pantothenic acid

niacin

Fermentation leads to the recycling of ____ for use in glycolysis A. NADH B. FADH2 C. CoA D. ATP E. GTP

NADH

With respect to protons, complexes I, III, and IV of the electron transport chain perform A. Passive uniport B. active uniport C. passive symport D. active symport E. passive antiport

active uniport

Carbonyl is more oxidized than hydroxyl

Complex ______ of the ETC is also an enzyme of the citric acid cycle A. I B. II C. III D. IV

Under physiological conditions, amino acids are A. amphipathic B. zwitter ions C. building blocks of nucleotides D. uncharged

zwitter ions

Pantothenic acid is essential for the biosynthesis of A. NAD+ B. FAD C. ATP D. CoA E. Collagen

CoA

Which of the following is water soluble (while the other 4 are fat soluble)? A. Tocopherol B. Calciferol C. Retinol D. Menaquinone E. Biotin

Biotin

____ is dependent on Cu2+ A. Collagen Synthesis B. Hemoglobin C. Glycolysis D. The citric acid cycle E. The electron transport chain

the electron transport chain

The Krebs cycle is also called tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle because ______ has 3 carboxyl groups. A. Oxaloacetate B. Acetyl CoA C. Citrate D. A- Ketoglutarate E. Succinyl- CoA

citrate

Ubiquinone plays a role in ______ A. the electron transport chain B. the CAC C. the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex D. glycolysis E. fermentation

the electron transport chain

The nutritional deficiency in ______ is the leading cause of blindness in the developing world A. w-3 fatty acids B. w-6 fatty acids C. vitamin A D. vitamin k E. riboflavin

Vitamin A

In RBCs, fermentation occurs A. because the oxygen is bound to hemoglobin and thus not available as the electron acceptor B. when hemoglobin is depleted of oxygen in the tissue and is in the process of moving back to the lungs C. because skeletal muscles do not have mitochondria D. when skeletal muscles is fast contracting

Because skeletal muscles do not have mitochondria

The ETC, is located in the ____ A. extracellular space B. cytoplasm C. outer membrane of the mitochondria D. inner membrane of the mitochondria E.

Inner membrane

Beriberi is associated with a deficiency in vitamin….

B1 (Thiamin)

Scurvy is associated with what vitamin deficiency?

C (absorbic acid)

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K

Cabalamin is another name for which B-Vitamin?

B12

Folic acid is the name of what B-Vitamin?

Pantothenic acid is the name of what B-Vitamin?