final exam Flashcards
psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes
behavior
anything an organism does that can be observed and recorded
mental processes
internal subjective experiences
structuralism
(Tichener and Wundt)
Focused on introspection
functionalism
(James and Darwin)
focused on how mental and behavioral processes function
Mary Whinton Collins
Studied at Harvard under James
Margaret Floyd Washburn
First female psyc PHD
Psychoanalysis
(Freud)
- focused on sexual urges in children and dreams (unconscious)
- no way to actually prove these theories with science
behaviorism
focused on observble behavior (focused on negative behavior)
humanistic psychology
focused on potential growth
cognitive theories
attempts to explain human behavior by understanding your thought processes
evolutionary psychology
how particular traits evolve over time
positive psychology
how to help people from average to above average
Neuropyschology
study brain and behavior
evolutionary psyc
how traits develop over time
cognitive psychology
how thinking influences how you view the world
developmental psyc
study development
clinical psyc can:
research, teach, therapist
counseling psyc
less research, more therapy
theories help _____ complex concepts
simplify
hypothesis
testable prediction: specify in advanced what results would support theory or disconfirm theory
clear operational definition
statement of procedures used to define variables
replication
make sure the theory is replicable
descriptive methods
describe, but don’t explain, behavior
correlational methods
associates different methods
experimental methods
manipulates factors to discover their effects
case study
study one person in great depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
survey
asking people to fill out self-reports
naturalistic observation
observing/recording behavior in a naturally occuring situaiton without manipulating or controlling the situation
correlation
how 2 factors vary together and how well they predict eachother
correlational coefficient
statistical measure of relationship between 2 factors (-1 to 1)
independent variable
is manipulated
dependent variable
factor being measure that may/may not change in response to the independent variable
experimental group
exposed to the independent variable
control group
not exposed to the independent variable
placebo effect
experimental results caused by expectation alone
double blind procedure
both researchers and participants don’t know who is recieving placebo vs. actual treatment
neuron
nerve cell, transmits information.
axon
send message away from neuron
dendrite
recieves message from other axons
myelin sheath
fatty cells that insulates some axons
glial cells
support, nourish, and protect neurons
action potential
brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
synapse
gap, where axon of one neuron meets dendrite of another
neurotransmitter
chemical messengers that are released to go through gap
reuptake
the sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurtransmitters
acetylcholine
- neurotransmitter
- muscle action, learning, and memory
dopamine
-neurotransmitter
movement, learning, attention and emotion
schitzophrenia is a result of too much
dopamine
seratonin
-neurotransmitter
Hunger, arousal, mood, sleep (HAMS)
people with depression often how low levels of____.
seratonin
norepinephrine
- nuerotransmitter
- alertness and arousal
endorphins
- neurotransmitter
- influence perception of pain or pleasure
____ and ____ can affect communication at the synapse which affects behavior
drugs; chemicals
agonist
excite by mimicking a particular neurotransmitter or blocking its reuptake
antagonist
inhibit by blocking a neurotransmitter or diminishing their release
when is an antagonist prescribed?
when a body is making too much of a certain neurotransmitter
nervous system
all neuron’s communicating
Central Nervous System
brain/spinal cord
-
Peripheral nervous system connects ____________.
CNS to the rest of the body
breakdown of the PNS
- PNS-> Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
- Autonomic nervous system-> parasympathetic and sympathetic
somatic nervous system
movement in muscles; voluntary
autonomic nervous system
organs (involuntary)
parasympathetic
rest/digest
sympathetic
fight/flight
endocrine system
glands and tissues that secrete hormones
adrenal glands
release epinephrine and norepinephrine
pituitary glands
regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
When is the pituitary gland released?
during sleep
the limbic system is associated with ________.
emotion and drives
The limbic system includes:
Hippocampus- memory
amygdala- agression/fear
hypothalamus- eating, drinking, and body temperature
frontal lobe
personality, impulse control, planning, judgement
temporal lobe
auditory
occipital lobe
visual information
parietal
integrates all senses
corpus callosum
connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain
what is the corpus callosum made of?
axon fibers
the corpus callosum allows:
both hemispheres to integrate informaiton
plasticity
our brain can modify itself
neurogenesis
some neurons can regenerate (new nerve growth)
genotype
complete set of genes in an individual
phenotype
observed characteristics of an individual
nature
genes, biological predispositions, heredity
nurture
enviornmental factors, experiences, etc
epigenetics
enviornmental factors effect genes/genetic expression
temperament
individual differences in emotional, motor, attention reactivity and self regulation
personality
combo of temperament and life experiences
Rosenweig’s study examined?
rats raised in solitary confiments vs communal play
- same mother, same genes
- rats in the enriched enviroment had more developed brains
regular siblings have _____ similar genes, and ____ pregnancies.
50%, different
fraternal twins have _____ similar genes, and ____ pregnancies.
50%, same pregnancy
*raised in same environment
indentical twins have _____ similar genes, and ____ pregnancies.
100%, same pregnancy
*grow up in same environment
dizygotic
fraternal twins
monozygotic
indentical twins
biological sex
DNA, external genitalia
gender
the way we present ourselves, behavior
gender indentity
perception of self as psychologically male or female
cisgender
gender identity that matches biological sex
transgender
gender identity that does not match biological sex
women go throught puberty ____ years earlier
2
gender roles
expectations about the way men and women should behave
sensation
sensory receptors/nervous system receive and represent info from the enviornment
perception
organizing and interpreting sensory info
absolute threshold
minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
signal detection theory
predicts how/when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid the background stimulation (noise)
difference threshold
(just noticable difference)
the minimum difference a person can detect between any 2 stimulus 50% of the time
Weber’s law
to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
sensory adaptation
our diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus
selective attention
at any given moment, we focus our attention on only a limited aspect of all that we are capale of experiencing
light waves enter the eye through the ______ and then pass through the _____.
cornea, pupil
iris
colored muscle that surrounds the pupil; regulates pupil (constricts and dilates)
lens
transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina
retina
light-sensitive inner surface of the eye contains rods (black and white) and cones (color)
optic nerve
carries nerve impuses from the eye to the brain
parallel processing
ability of brain to process different types of info at once
e.g- color, motion, form, depth
blindsight
ability to respond to something not consciously seen
eardrum
tight membrane that vibrates with the sound waves
middle ear
chamber between eardrum and cochlea
-contains the hammer, anvil, and stirrup
inner ear
innermost part of ear
-contains cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
cochlea
coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear
- basilar membrane
- sound waves trigger nerve impuses
stereophonic hearing
we hear in 3D
conduction hearing loss
problems with mechanical system that conducts waves to the cochlea
sensorineural hearing loss
damage to the cochlea’s hair receptors or their associated nerves
-loud eventaully causes this
sense of touch is a mix of 4 distinct skin senses:
pressure, warmth, cold, pain
gate-control theory
the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass the brain
small nerve fiber vs large nerve fiber
small: send “pain” to brain
large: other sensory signals can “override” pain signals
- can be physical or psychological
what makes up taste?
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, unami
kinesthesis
ability to sense body’s positions and movement of individual body parts
vestibular sense
the sense of the body movements and positions, including balance
-located in the inner ear
sensory interaction
one sense can influence another
e.g- taste and smell
embodied cognition
the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements
synethesia
when one sense is activated, another sense is activated
e.g- see letters or numbers in color OR taste words
figure ground
organization of visual field into objects that stand out of their surroundings
figure ground is _____.
partly innate
e.g- visual cliff experiment
binocular cues
both eyes; close objects
monocular cues
one eye; further objects
relative height
we perceive objects higher in our field of vision as further away
relative size
if two objects are similar in size, the one that casts the smaller retinal image is perceived as farther away
interposition
if one object partially blocks another, we perceive it as closer
linear perspective
parallel lines appear to converge with distance
perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images chage
color constancy
familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
shape/size constancy
perceiving objects as having the same shape/size even while retinal images of them change
-door stays a rectangle even when seen at different angles while closing
figure ground and color perception are learned or innate?
innate
perceptual set
mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
-experiences, assumptions, and expectations greatly influence what we perceive
wavelength
distance from one wave peak to the next
wavelength determines ____
hue: the color we experience
amplitude
a light wave’s height
amplitude determines ______.
intensity: amount of energy the wave contains
intensity influences_____.
brightness.
frequency
of complete wavelengths that can pass a point in a given time
shorter wavelength=
higher frequency
more light=
iris constricts
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
eye has 3 types of color receptors: green, red, and blue
Hering’s Opponent-process theory:
color vision must involve two additional color processes, one responsivle for RED VS GREEN perception and one responsible for BLUE VS YELLOW perception.
2 steps of color processing:
- retina’s red-, blue-, and green- sensitive cones respond in varrying degrees to different color stimuli (young)
- the cone’s responses are then processed by oponent-process cells (hering)
consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
selective attention
focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
change blindness
failing to note changes in the enviornent
circadian rhythm
body’s biological clock
- regulates body rhytms that occur on a 24 hour cycle
- signals when it’s time to sleep
stages of sleep
Light sleep, moderate sleep, deep sleep, and rem sleep
cycle of sleep:
every 90 minutes we cycle through 4 distinct stages of sleep
REM sleep
rapid eye movement
- dreams
- sleep paralysis
- no sleep walking
- more time in REM sleep
insomnia
- most common sleeping disorder
- can stem from circadian rhytm issues
- difficulty falling alseep, remaining asleep, or acheiving resorative sleep
narcolepsy
sudden, irresistible episodes of sleep
-immediately enter rem sleep
Freud believed that dreams:
are key to understanding inner confidence
manifest content
actual material of the dream
latent content
what the dream symbolizes
info processing
help sift, sort, and fix day’s experiences in memory
physiological function of dreams
develop and preserve neural pathways
activation synthesis
dreams are the minds efforts to make sense of the brain’s activity
learning
process of aquiring through new and relatively enduring info or behaviors
associative learning
learning that certain events go together
conditioning
process of learnin associations
classical conditioning
learn to associate 2 previously unpaired stimuli
Pavlov studied:
classical conditioning in dogs
unconditioned stim
a stim that unconditionally triggers a response (food)
unconditioned response
an unlearned response to the UCS (salivating)
conditioned stim
originally irrelevant stim that, after association with an UCS, comes to trigger a response (tone)
conditioned response
a learned response to the CS
-same response as to the unconditioned response (drooling)
extinguished
diminishing of a conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
reapperence, after a rest period, of an extinguished response
generalization
stim similar to the CS can elicit a similar response
discrimination
learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stim
John watson’s study:
Little Albert Study
-conditioned to be scared of mice
applications of classical conditioning
drug cravings, food cravings, food aversions
operant conditioning
associating behavior with the consequence
reinforcer
strengthens a behavior
punishment
diminishes a behavior
B.F Skinner
-created operant chamber
-press lever for food
used shaping and successive approximations
shaping
procedure when reinforcers gradually guide an animal’s behavior toward a desired behavior
successive approximations
reward responses close to a final desired behavior and ignore all other responses
positive reinforcement
strengthens a response by presenting a rewarding stimulus after a response
negative reinforcer
strengthens a response by reducing/removing an aversive stim
primary reinfocer
an innate reinforcing stim
conditioned reinforcer examples
money, points etc
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
partial reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response only part of the time
fixed ratio schedule
behavior is reinforced after a set # of responses
e.g- buy 10 drinks for 1 free drink
variable ratio schedule
behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of responses
e.g- slot machines
fixed interval schedule
behavior reinforced after specific amount of time
variable interval schedule
bahavior reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time
punishment
event that decreases the behavior it follows
positive punishment
decreases a behavior by adding an aversive stim
negative punishment
decreases a behavior by removing a rewarding stim
example of positive punishment
spanking, yelling, chores
example of negative punishment
take away phone, grounded
intrinsic
how it makes me feel
extrinsic
do something because of an outside motivation
modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
e.g- Bandura’s Bobo doll
memory
persistance of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info
types of memory:
- sensory
- short term
- long term
* working memory
sensory memory
immediate, initial recording of sensory info
short term mem
activated memory that holds a few items briefly before info is stored or forgotten
long term memroy
relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
working memory
new term emphasizing processing (work) and storage
3 stages of memory
- encoding- processing of info into the mem system
- storage- retention of encoded info over time
- retreival- process of getting info our of storage
Clive Wearing did not have the ability to?
encode new info
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental info
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
rehearsal
the conscious repetition of info either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
spacing effect
better to spread out study sessions
serial position effect
tendency to remember the first and last items on list
mneumonics
techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
chunking
organize items into manageable chunks
storage
retaining info
iconic memory
momentary sensory memory of visual stim
echoic memory
momentary sensory memory for auditory stim
short term memory can store _____ units of memory
7 (+/- 2)
explicit (declarative) memory
conscious recall (stored in hippocampus)
two types of explicit memory?
- episodic- specific memories from past
2. semantic- general knowledge of the world
two types of long term memory
explicit (declaritive) memory
implicit (procedural) memory
implicit (procedural) memory
memory for skills
e. g- riding bike
* processed in the cerebellum
recall
ability to retrieve info not in conscious awareness
recognition
measure of memory in which you need only to identify previously learned items
priming
activation of, often unconscious, of particular associations in memory
Spearmen
General intelligence
Thurstone
Different subcategories of intelligence, BUT his research ended up supporting Spearmen’s theory
Sternberg’s theory
3 categories of intelligence:
- analytical
- creative
- practical
Gardener’s theory of multiple intelligences:
- logical
- linguistic
- visual/spatial
- bodily
- musical.
- interpersonal (others)
- intrapersonal (self)
- naturalistic
- existential
emotional intelligence
ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
alfred binet
each child has a mental age
created IQ score
puberty
biological changes that enable reproduction
primary sex characteristics
relates directly with reproduction
secondary sex characteristics
visible changes that occur
kholberg’s levels of moral thinking
- preconventional morality- focused on punishement/what one can gain
- conventional morality- focused on rules/laws/expectations
- post-conventional morality- requires abstract thinking
babies are born with a basic sense of ____ and ____.
right and wrong
Erikson created the?
Psychosocial stages of development
Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development:
- Trust vs mistrust
- Autonomy vs shame and doubt
- initiative vs guilt
- industry vs inferiority
- identity vs role diffusion
- intimacy vs isolation
- generativity vs stagnation
trust vs mistrust
while depending on caregivers, babies learn to trust or not.
autonomy vs shame/doubt
feel like they can do something themselves vs feeling like everything is done for them
initiative vs guilt
able to make decisions for self without feeling guilty for their choice
industry vs inferiority
comparing self to others
brain atrophy
gradual loss of brain cells
crystalized intelligence
accumulated knowledge
fluid intelligence
ability to answer quickly/abstractly (declines w/ age)
generativity
feeling fulfilment
person-situation controversy
do people actually behave the same in dif situations?
personality traits are _____ but specific behaviors ______.
relatively stable; vary from one situation to the next
personality can predict
morality, divorce, and occupational attainment
trait perspective
describes behavior, but doesn’t explain why
humanistic perspective
focuses on the potential for healthy growth
carl roger focused on enviornments that promote ___.
growth
Carl Roger’s 3 neccesities for a growth promoting enviornment:
genuineness, unconditional positive regard, empathy
self esteem
one’s feelings of high/low self worth
psychological disorder
syndromes marked by clinically significant distrubances in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.
DSM5 pros
insurance will pay if they meet the criteria
DSM5 cons
if only meet 5/7 criteria, insurance won’t pay
-adds to the stigma about mental health
Rosemhan’s hypothesis
mental health professionals can’t tell the difference between crazy and not crazy
Rosenhan’s study found:
it is hard to accurately diagnose someone
Anxiety disorders
distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
normal anxiety
worried thoughts, nervous, etc
generalized anxiety disorder
at least 6 months of persistent and excessive anxiety
-vague but intense
panic disorder
recurrent unexpected panic attacks
-much more intense than anxiety
personality
a person’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
psychodynamic theories
- Freud
- human behavior is a dynamic interaction between the conscious and unconscious
Mind is made up of the?
- conscious- awareness
- preconscious- not in conscious awareness, but easily retrievd
- unconscious- unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and actions
Freud’s personality theory is made up of the?
Id, Superego, and Ego
Id
basic sexual and aggressive drives
superego
internalized ideals and standards for judgement
ego
mediates demands of the id and superego
Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development.?
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latent
- Genital
oral
babies derive pleasure by putting things in their mouths
anal
pleasure is derived from eliminating from bladder/bowels
phallic
derive pleasure from genitals
latent
healthy period with no fixations or fixations have been repressed
genital
if there are no fixations on earlier stages, personality will not be affected.
Freud’s theory of defense mechanism:
- repression
- regression
- reaction formation
- projection
- rationalization
- displacement
- sublimation
- denial
repression
banish anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
*underlies all other defense mechanism
regression
retreat to an earlier, more infantile, state of development
reaction formation
ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses to their opposites
projection
disguise own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
rationalization
unconsciouslly generate self-justifying explanation to hide self from real reason of action
displacement
shift sexual/aggressive impulses toward more appropriate/less threatening objects
sublimation
rechannel unacceptable impulses toward socially acceptable activities
denial
refusal to accept true nature of threat
trait
dimension of personality used to categorize people accoring to the degree to which they manifest a particular characteristic
personality is made up of ____, which ____ behavior
traits, guide
traits are ___ ______ across situations
relatively stable
Gordon Allport
- interested in describing, but not explaining, behavior
- descrived personality in terms of fundamental traits
Eysenk’s personality dimensions
Nueroticism vs. extroversion
^depending on this, you will fall into one of 4 categories
O.C.E.A.N
openess, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Phobias
fears related to a specific object, person, or situation that are disproportional to the threat posed by them
specific phobias
persistent, excessive fear of a specific object/situation
social phobias
fear or social or performance situations in which embarassment may occur
most effectively treatable disorder?
phobias
OCD
recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions
obsessions
thoughts/impulses/images that are intrusive/inappropriate/cause anxiety
compulsion
repetitive behaviors/mental acts that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession
mood disorders
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
Major depresssive disorder (MDD)
2(+) weeks of depressed mood, feelings of worthlesness, and anhedonia
most common disorder?
MDD
anhedonia
loss of interest/pleasure in activities
learning to be depressed study was done by ?
Seligman
Persistent depressive disorder
depressed mood most of the day, more days than not, for at least 1 year
PDD is ________ compared to ______ but more ______.
more mild compared to MDD, but more chronic
Bipolar disorder
1 or more manic episodes accompanied by 1 or more major depressive episodes
manic episode
distinct period during which the predominant mood is abnormally elevated or irritable for at least one week
symptoms of mania
- inflated self-esteem
- decreased need for sleep
- increased talkativeness
- racing thoughts
- easily distracted
- hyperactive
- excessive involvement in pleasurable activities
Dissociative Identity Disorder
the person exhibits 2 or more distinct and altering personalities
-extremely rare
schizophrenia is a _____ disorder
psychotic
Schizophrenia
disorganized/delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions/actions
delusions
beliefs that the rest of society would generally disagree with or view as a misinterpretation of society
hallucinations
disturbance in perception, can involve any sensory modality
positive symptoms
excess (seeing/hearing things that are not there)
negative symptoms
deficit (inappropriate emotions/or not making sense)
Biggest risk factor for an eating disorder?
body dissatisfaction
Anorexia Nervosa
distorted body image and excessive dieting that leads to severe weight loss with a pathological fear of becoming fat
the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder?
Anorexia
Bulimia
recurrent episodes of binge eating and inappropriate compensatory methods to prevent weight gain
binge
abnormally large amounts of food are consumed with a sense of lack of control
compensating methods
vomiting, laxatives, diaretics, exercise
Psychopharmacology
use of medications to treat psychological disturbances
psychoanalysis
patients gain insight into problems through therapists interpretation of free association or hypnosis
-NOT empirically supported
transference
client transfers onto therapists feelings/attitudes toward people in their lives
humanistic therapy
focus on the inherent potential for self-actualization
-focus on present/future
client-centered therapy
therapists use techniques such as active listening with a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate growth
active listening involves
paraphrasing, invite clarification, reflect feelings
Bahavior therapy applies…
learning principles to modify behavior
Operant/classical conditioning can be used in ____ therapy
behavior
flooding/exposure
expose clients to feared stimuli all at once
aversive conditioning
associates unpleasant state with an unwatned behavior
aversive conditioning is _______ effective.
not very
cognitive therapy focuses on…
replacing irrational beliefs or negative thinking with more rational/positive ways of thinking
ABC Model
Activating, Belief, Consequences
cognitive behavior therapy
simultaneously challenges irrational beleifs and works on problematic behavior
eclectic therapy
utilizes techniques from a variety of therapies
social psychology
scientifically study how we think about, infleunce, and relate to one another
attribution theory
explains behavior by crediting either: the situation or the person’s disposition
fundamental attribution error
overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situations
Example of attribution errror in the way we view poverty
disposition- they are lazy, on drugs, etc
situation- they lost home in fire, went through hard times, etc
central route to persuasion
focus on the argumets and respond with favorable thoughts
peripheral route to persuasion
the tendency to be influenced by incidental cues (packaging, attractive sales person, easy)
which persuasion route is more long lasting?
the central route
foot in the door technique
tendency for poeple who agree to small actions to comply later with a larger one
role
set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those positions ought to behave.
when taking a new role, we can feel like an ____.
imposter
stanford (Zimbardo’s) prison experiment
- simulated a prison
- randomly assigned participants a role: guard or prisoner
- situation became so real that the experiment had to be called off
conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group or a standard
normative social influence
desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Asch’s study: hyp, method, and results
hypothesis: ppl would conform even if they thought the group was wrong
method: ask participants which 2 lines were the same length. There was only 1 real participant, the rest were confederates.
results: participants gave wrong answer in order to fit in
Milgram’s study examined
how far people would go in order to obey an authoritative figure
Milgram’ study used ______.
foot in the door technique (small shock to great shock)
results of milgram’s study
65% of participants would have killed the learner
How did the Nazi’s use the foot in the door technique?
Had civilians start by doing paperwork
social facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others
OR
on tougher tasks, you do worse when people are watching
group polarization
the more time spent with like minded group, the more polarized your beliefs will become
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others (doing things for others without getting anything in return)
mere exposure effect
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking for them
passionate love
involves physical arousal and cognitive appraisal
-largely western
companionate love
the deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
prejudice
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members
scapegoat theory
when things go wrong, we find a target to blame for our anger
discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
Prejudice= _______
Discrimination=_____
prejudice= beliefs/attitudes discrimination= actual treatment
is anger a healthy emotion?
In short amounts, yes.
not if it is chronic
managing anger:
- wait: calm down before addressing anger
- find a healthy distraction or support
- distance yourself: remove self from situation/relationship
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
we are more likely to do good if we feel good
how is happiness protective?
happy people can fight off illness better than those who are not
can money buy happiness?
For low income families, yes. But once you reach a certain threshold, more money will not make you happier.
adaptation level phenomenon
we quickly adapt to what’s around us. So for a while, new things make us happy, but we quickly adapt to it so it’s no longer enough
relative deprivation
more likely to compare ourselves to someone who has more than us, than someone who has less.
health psychology
study of how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors combine to physical health and illness.(intersection of health and behavior)
Obesity example in health psychology
In the US, obesity is viewed as a health problem. In other parts of the world where large bodies are celebrated, there are not the same health problems as in the US.
stress
process of appraising and responding to threatening/challenging events
stress is more related to_______ than _____.
how we appraise events rather than the actual events themselves
positive stressors
short lived stressors or stressors perceived as challenges
negative stressors
extreme and prolonged stress
-lead to poor mental/physical health
3 types of stressors
- catastrophes
- significant life changes
- daily hassles
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
the body’s adaptive response to stress
how does stress trigger immune suppression?
Stress reduces the body’s release of disease fighting lymphocytes
e.g- surgical wounds heal slower in stressed ppl
gender differences in response to stress?
men- withdraw, distract
women- tend and befriend (talk about it, journal)
*can be negative if you keep wallowing in stress
problem focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly
e.g- change stress or interact with stressor
emotion focused coping
attempts to alleviate the stress by avoiding/ignoring the stressor and attending to emotional needs related to the stressor reaction
examples of emotion focused coping
crying, ice cream, being angry
coping is influenced by ?
- personal control
- explanatory style
- social support
personal control (coping)
- learned helplessness: you feel like there is nothing you can do, but there is!
- internal vs external locus of control: I am in control vs fate
explanatory style (coping)
- optimism vs pessimism
- related to success in school, immune system, recovering from surgery
transference stems from:
psychoanalysis
token economy is an example of
operant conditioning
exposure is a type of
behavior therapy
