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Psychology 210 > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

the science of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

behavior

A

anything an organism does that can be observed and recorded

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3
Q

mental processes

A

internal subjective experiences

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4
Q

structuralism

A

(Tichener and Wundt)

Focused on introspection

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5
Q

functionalism

A

(James and Darwin)

focused on how mental and behavioral processes function

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6
Q

Mary Whinton Collins

A

Studied at Harvard under James

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7
Q

Margaret Floyd Washburn

A

First female psyc PHD

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8
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

(Freud)

  • focused on sexual urges in children and dreams (unconscious)
  • no way to actually prove these theories with science
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9
Q

behaviorism

A

focused on observble behavior (focused on negative behavior)

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10
Q

humanistic psychology

A

focused on potential growth

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11
Q

cognitive theories

A

attempts to explain human behavior by understanding your thought processes

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12
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

how particular traits evolve over time

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13
Q

positive psychology

A

how to help people from average to above average

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14
Q

Neuropyschology

A

study brain and behavior

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15
Q

evolutionary psyc

A

how traits develop over time

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16
Q

cognitive psychology

A

how thinking influences how you view the world

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17
Q

developmental psyc

A

study development

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18
Q

clinical psyc can:

A

research, teach, therapist

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19
Q

counseling psyc

A

less research, more therapy

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20
Q

theories help _____ complex concepts

A

simplify

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21
Q

hypothesis

A

testable prediction: specify in advanced what results would support theory or disconfirm theory

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22
Q

clear operational definition

A

statement of procedures used to define variables

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23
Q

replication

A

make sure the theory is replicable

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24
Q

descriptive methods

A

describe, but don’t explain, behavior

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25
Q

correlational methods

A

associates different methods

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26
Q

experimental methods

A

manipulates factors to discover their effects

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27
Q

case study

A

study one person in great depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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28
Q

survey

A

asking people to fill out self-reports

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29
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing/recording behavior in a naturally occuring situaiton without manipulating or controlling the situation

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30
Q

correlation

A

how 2 factors vary together and how well they predict eachother

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31
Q

correlational coefficient

A

statistical measure of relationship between 2 factors (-1 to 1)

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32
Q

independent variable

A

is manipulated

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33
Q

dependent variable

A

factor being measure that may/may not change in response to the independent variable

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34
Q

experimental group

A

exposed to the independent variable

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35
Q

control group

A

not exposed to the independent variable

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36
Q

placebo effect

A

experimental results caused by expectation alone

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37
Q

double blind procedure

A

both researchers and participants don’t know who is recieving placebo vs. actual treatment

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38
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell, transmits information.

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39
Q

axon

A

send message away from neuron

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40
Q

dendrite

A

recieves message from other axons

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41
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty cells that insulates some axons

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42
Q

glial cells

A

support, nourish, and protect neurons

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43
Q

action potential

A

brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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44
Q

synapse

A

gap, where axon of one neuron meets dendrite of another

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45
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messengers that are released to go through gap

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46
Q

reuptake

A

the sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurtransmitters

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47
Q

acetylcholine

A
  • neurotransmitter

- muscle action, learning, and memory

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48
Q

dopamine

A

-neurotransmitter

movement, learning, attention and emotion

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49
Q

schitzophrenia is a result of too much

A

dopamine

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50
Q

seratonin

A

-neurotransmitter

Hunger, arousal, mood, sleep (HAMS)

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51
Q

people with depression often how low levels of____.

A

seratonin

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52
Q

norepinephrine

A
  • nuerotransmitter

- alertness and arousal

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53
Q

endorphins

A
  • neurotransmitter

- influence perception of pain or pleasure

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54
Q

____ and ____ can affect communication at the synapse which affects behavior

A

drugs; chemicals

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55
Q

agonist

A

excite by mimicking a particular neurotransmitter or blocking its reuptake

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56
Q

antagonist

A

inhibit by blocking a neurotransmitter or diminishing their release

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57
Q

when is an antagonist prescribed?

A

when a body is making too much of a certain neurotransmitter

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58
Q

nervous system

A

all neuron’s communicating

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59
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain/spinal cord

-

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60
Q

Peripheral nervous system connects ____________.

A

CNS to the rest of the body

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61
Q

breakdown of the PNS

A
  • PNS-> Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
  • Autonomic nervous system-> parasympathetic and sympathetic
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62
Q

somatic nervous system

A

movement in muscles; voluntary

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63
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

organs (involuntary)

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64
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest/digest

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65
Q

sympathetic

A

fight/flight

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66
Q

endocrine system

A

glands and tissues that secrete hormones

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67
Q

adrenal glands

A

release epinephrine and norepinephrine

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68
Q

pituitary glands

A

regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

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69
Q

When is the pituitary gland released?

A

during sleep

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70
Q

the limbic system is associated with ________.

A

emotion and drives

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71
Q

The limbic system includes:

A

Hippocampus- memory
amygdala- agression/fear
hypothalamus- eating, drinking, and body temperature

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72
Q

frontal lobe

A

personality, impulse control, planning, judgement

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73
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory

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74
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual information

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75
Q

parietal

A

integrates all senses

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76
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain

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77
Q

what is the corpus callosum made of?

A

axon fibers

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78
Q

the corpus callosum allows:

A

both hemispheres to integrate informaiton

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79
Q

plasticity

A

our brain can modify itself

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80
Q

neurogenesis

A

some neurons can regenerate (new nerve growth)

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81
Q

genotype

A

complete set of genes in an individual

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82
Q

phenotype

A

observed characteristics of an individual

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83
Q

nature

A

genes, biological predispositions, heredity

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84
Q

nurture

A

enviornmental factors, experiences, etc

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85
Q

epigenetics

A

enviornmental factors effect genes/genetic expression

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86
Q

temperament

A

individual differences in emotional, motor, attention reactivity and self regulation

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87
Q

personality

A

combo of temperament and life experiences

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88
Q

Rosenweig’s study examined?

A

rats raised in solitary confiments vs communal play

  • same mother, same genes
  • rats in the enriched enviroment had more developed brains
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89
Q

regular siblings have _____ similar genes, and ____ pregnancies.

A

50%, different

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90
Q

fraternal twins have _____ similar genes, and ____ pregnancies.

A

50%, same pregnancy

*raised in same environment

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91
Q

indentical twins have _____ similar genes, and ____ pregnancies.

A

100%, same pregnancy

*grow up in same environment

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92
Q

dizygotic

A

fraternal twins

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93
Q

monozygotic

A

indentical twins

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94
Q

biological sex

A

DNA, external genitalia

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95
Q

gender

A

the way we present ourselves, behavior

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96
Q

gender indentity

A

perception of self as psychologically male or female

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97
Q

cisgender

A

gender identity that matches biological sex

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98
Q

transgender

A

gender identity that does not match biological sex

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99
Q

women go throught puberty ____ years earlier

A

2

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100
Q

gender roles

A

expectations about the way men and women should behave

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101
Q

sensation

A

sensory receptors/nervous system receive and represent info from the enviornment

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102
Q

perception

A

organizing and interpreting sensory info

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103
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

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104
Q

signal detection theory

A

predicts how/when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid the background stimulation (noise)

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105
Q

difference threshold

A

(just noticable difference)

the minimum difference a person can detect between any 2 stimulus 50% of the time

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106
Q

Weber’s law

A

to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

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107
Q

sensory adaptation

A

our diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

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108
Q

selective attention

A

at any given moment, we focus our attention on only a limited aspect of all that we are capale of experiencing

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109
Q

light waves enter the eye through the ______ and then pass through the _____.

A

cornea, pupil

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110
Q

iris

A

colored muscle that surrounds the pupil; regulates pupil (constricts and dilates)

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111
Q

lens

A

transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina

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112
Q

retina

A 
light-sensitive inner surface of the eye
contains rods (black and white) and cones (color)
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113
Q

optic nerve

A

carries nerve impuses from the eye to the brain

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114
Q

parallel processing

A

ability of brain to process different types of info at once

e.g- color, motion, form, depth

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115
Q

blindsight

A

ability to respond to something not consciously seen

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116
Q

eardrum

A

tight membrane that vibrates with the sound waves

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117
Q

middle ear

A

chamber between eardrum and cochlea

-contains the hammer, anvil, and stirrup

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118
Q

inner ear

A

innermost part of ear

-contains cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

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119
Q

cochlea

A

coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear

  • basilar membrane
  • sound waves trigger nerve impuses
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120
Q

stereophonic hearing

A

we hear in 3D

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121
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

problems with mechanical system that conducts waves to the cochlea

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122
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

damage to the cochlea’s hair receptors or their associated nerves
-loud eventaully causes this

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123
Q

sense of touch is a mix of 4 distinct skin senses:

A

pressure, warmth, cold, pain

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124
Q

gate-control theory

A

the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass the brain

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125
Q

small nerve fiber vs large nerve fiber

A

small: send “pain” to brain
large: other sensory signals can “override” pain signals
- can be physical or psychological

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126
Q

what makes up taste?

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, unami

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127
Q

kinesthesis

A

ability to sense body’s positions and movement of individual body parts

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128
Q

vestibular sense

A

the sense of the body movements and positions, including balance
-located in the inner ear

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129
Q

sensory interaction

A

one sense can influence another

e.g- taste and smell

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130
Q

embodied cognition

A

the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements

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131
Q

synethesia

A

when one sense is activated, another sense is activated

e.g- see letters or numbers in color OR taste words

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132
Q

figure ground

A

organization of visual field into objects that stand out of their surroundings

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133
Q

figure ground is _____.

A

partly innate

e.g- visual cliff experiment

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134
Q

binocular cues

A

both eyes; close objects

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135
Q

monocular cues

A

one eye; further objects

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136
Q

relative height

A

we perceive objects higher in our field of vision as further away

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137
Q

relative size

A

if two objects are similar in size, the one that casts the smaller retinal image is perceived as farther away

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138
Q

interposition

A

if one object partially blocks another, we perceive it as closer

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139
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to converge with distance

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140
Q

perceptual constancy

A

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images chage

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141
Q

color constancy

A

familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

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142
Q

shape/size constancy

A

perceiving objects as having the same shape/size even while retinal images of them change
-door stays a rectangle even when seen at different angles while closing

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143
Q

figure ground and color perception are learned or innate?

A

innate

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144
Q

perceptual set

A

mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

-experiences, assumptions, and expectations greatly influence what we perceive

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145
Q

wavelength

A

distance from one wave peak to the next

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146
Q

wavelength determines ____

A

hue: the color we experience

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147
Q

amplitude

A

a light wave’s height

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148
Q

amplitude determines ______.

A

intensity: amount of energy the wave contains

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149
Q

intensity influences_____.

A

brightness.

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150
Q

frequency

A

of complete wavelengths that can pass a point in a given time

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151
Q

shorter wavelength=

A

higher frequency

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152
Q

more light=

A

iris constricts

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153
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

A

eye has 3 types of color receptors: green, red, and blue

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154
Q

Hering’s Opponent-process theory:

A

color vision must involve two additional color processes, one responsivle for RED VS GREEN perception and one responsible for BLUE VS YELLOW perception.

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155
Q

2 steps of color processing:

A
  1. retina’s red-, blue-, and green- sensitive cones respond in varrying degrees to different color stimuli (young)
  2. the cone’s responses are then processed by oponent-process cells (hering)
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156
Q

consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

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157
Q

selective attention

A

focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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158
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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159
Q

change blindness

A

failing to note changes in the enviornent

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160
Q

circadian rhythm

A

body’s biological clock

  • regulates body rhytms that occur on a 24 hour cycle
  • signals when it’s time to sleep
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161
Q

stages of sleep

A

Light sleep, moderate sleep, deep sleep, and rem sleep

162
Q

cycle of sleep:

A

every 90 minutes we cycle through 4 distinct stages of sleep

163
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement

  • dreams
  • sleep paralysis
  • no sleep walking
  • more time in REM sleep
164
Q

insomnia

A
  • most common sleeping disorder
  • can stem from circadian rhytm issues
  • difficulty falling alseep, remaining asleep, or acheiving resorative sleep
165
Q

narcolepsy

A

sudden, irresistible episodes of sleep

-immediately enter rem sleep

166
Q

Freud believed that dreams:

A

are key to understanding inner confidence

167
Q

manifest content

A

actual material of the dream

168
Q

latent content

A

what the dream symbolizes

169
Q

info processing

A

help sift, sort, and fix day’s experiences in memory

170
Q

physiological function of dreams

A

develop and preserve neural pathways

171
Q

activation synthesis

A

dreams are the minds efforts to make sense of the brain’s activity

172
Q

learning

A

process of aquiring through new and relatively enduring info or behaviors

173
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events go together

174
Q

conditioning

A

process of learnin associations

175
Q

classical conditioning

A

learn to associate 2 previously unpaired stimuli

176
Q

Pavlov studied:

A

classical conditioning in dogs

177
Q

unconditioned stim

A

a stim that unconditionally triggers a response (food)

178
Q

unconditioned response

A

an unlearned response to the UCS (salivating)

179
Q

conditioned stim

A

originally irrelevant stim that, after association with an UCS, comes to trigger a response (tone)

180
Q

conditioned response

A

a learned response to the CS

-same response as to the unconditioned response (drooling)

181
Q

extinguished

A

diminishing of a conditioned response

182
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

reapperence, after a rest period, of an extinguished response

183
Q

generalization

A

stim similar to the CS can elicit a similar response

184
Q

discrimination

A

learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stim

185
Q

John watson’s study:

A

Little Albert Study

-conditioned to be scared of mice

186
Q

applications of classical conditioning

A

drug cravings, food cravings, food aversions

187
Q

operant conditioning

A

associating behavior with the consequence

188
Q

reinforcer

A

strengthens a behavior

189
Q

punishment

A

diminishes a behavior

190
Q

B.F Skinner

A

-created operant chamber
-press lever for food
used shaping and successive approximations

191
Q

shaping

A

procedure when reinforcers gradually guide an animal’s behavior toward a desired behavior

192
Q

successive approximations

A

reward responses close to a final desired behavior and ignore all other responses

193
Q

positive reinforcement

A

strengthens a response by presenting a rewarding stimulus after a response

194
Q

negative reinforcer

A

strengthens a response by reducing/removing an aversive stim

195
Q

primary reinfocer

A

an innate reinforcing stim

196
Q

conditioned reinforcer examples

A

money, points etc

197
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

198
Q

partial reinforcement

A

reinforcing the desired response only part of the time

199
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

behavior is reinforced after a set # of responses

e.g- buy 10 drinks for 1 free drink

200
Q

variable ratio schedule

A

behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of responses
e.g- slot machines

201
Q

fixed interval schedule

A

behavior reinforced after specific amount of time

202
Q

variable interval schedule

A

bahavior reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time

203
Q

punishment

A

event that decreases the behavior it follows

204
Q

positive punishment

A

decreases a behavior by adding an aversive stim

205
Q

negative punishment

A

decreases a behavior by removing a rewarding stim

206
Q

example of positive punishment

A

spanking, yelling, chores

207
Q

example of negative punishment

A

take away phone, grounded

208
Q

intrinsic

A

how it makes me feel

209
Q

extrinsic

A

do something because of an outside motivation

210
Q

modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

e.g- Bandura’s Bobo doll

211
Q

memory

A

persistance of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info

212
Q

types of memory:

A
  1. sensory
  2. short term
  3. long term
    * working memory
213
Q

sensory memory

A

immediate, initial recording of sensory info

214
Q

short term mem

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before info is stored or forgotten

215
Q

long term memroy

A

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

216
Q

working memory

A

new term emphasizing processing (work) and storage

217
Q

3 stages of memory

A
  1. encoding- processing of info into the mem system
  2. storage- retention of encoded info over time
  3. retreival- process of getting info our of storage
218
Q

Clive Wearing did not have the ability to?

A

encode new info

219
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental info

220
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

221
Q

rehearsal

A

the conscious repetition of info either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

222
Q

spacing effect

A

better to spread out study sessions

223
Q

serial position effect

A

tendency to remember the first and last items on list

224
Q

mneumonics

A

techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

225
Q

chunking

A

organize items into manageable chunks

226
Q

storage

A

retaining info

227
Q

iconic memory

A

momentary sensory memory of visual stim

228
Q

echoic memory

A

momentary sensory memory for auditory stim

229
Q

short term memory can store _____ units of memory

A

7 (+/- 2)

230
Q

explicit (declarative) memory

A

conscious recall (stored in hippocampus)

231
Q

two types of explicit memory?

A
  1. episodic- specific memories from past

2. semantic- general knowledge of the world

232
Q

two types of long term memory

A

explicit (declaritive) memory

implicit (procedural) memory

233
Q

implicit (procedural) memory

A

memory for skills

e. g- riding bike
* processed in the cerebellum

234
Q

recall

A

ability to retrieve info not in conscious awareness

235
Q

recognition

A

measure of memory in which you need only to identify previously learned items

236
Q

priming

A

activation of, often unconscious, of particular associations in memory

237
Q

Spearmen

A

General intelligence

238
Q

Thurstone

A

Different subcategories of intelligence, BUT his research ended up supporting Spearmen’s theory

239
Q

Sternberg’s theory

A

3 categories of intelligence:

  1. analytical
  2. creative
  3. practical
240
Q

Gardener’s theory of multiple intelligences:

A
  1. logical
  2. linguistic
  3. visual/spatial
  4. bodily
  5. musical.
  6. interpersonal (others)
  7. intrapersonal (self)
  8. naturalistic
  9. existential
241
Q

emotional intelligence

A

ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

242
Q

alfred binet

A

each child has a mental age

created IQ score

243
Q

puberty

A

biological changes that enable reproduction

244
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

relates directly with reproduction

245
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

visible changes that occur

246
Q

kholberg’s levels of moral thinking

A
  1. preconventional morality- focused on punishement/what one can gain
  2. conventional morality- focused on rules/laws/expectations
  3. post-conventional morality- requires abstract thinking
247
Q

babies are born with a basic sense of ____ and ____.

A

right and wrong

248
Q

Erikson created the?

A

Psychosocial stages of development

249
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development:

A
  1. Trust vs mistrust
  2. Autonomy vs shame and doubt
  3. initiative vs guilt
  4. industry vs inferiority
  5. identity vs role diffusion
  6. intimacy vs isolation
  7. generativity vs stagnation
250
Q

trust vs mistrust

A

while depending on caregivers, babies learn to trust or not.

251
Q

autonomy vs shame/doubt

A

feel like they can do something themselves vs feeling like everything is done for them

252
Q

initiative vs guilt

A

able to make decisions for self without feeling guilty for their choice

253
Q

industry vs inferiority

A

comparing self to others

254
Q

brain atrophy

A

gradual loss of brain cells

255
Q

crystalized intelligence

A

accumulated knowledge

256
Q

fluid intelligence

A

ability to answer quickly/abstractly (declines w/ age)

257
Q

generativity

A

feeling fulfilment

258
Q

person-situation controversy

A

do people actually behave the same in dif situations?

259
Q

personality traits are _____ but specific behaviors ______.

A

relatively stable; vary from one situation to the next

260
Q

personality can predict

A

morality, divorce, and occupational attainment

261
Q

trait perspective

A

describes behavior, but doesn’t explain why

262
Q

humanistic perspective

A

focuses on the potential for healthy growth

263
Q

carl roger focused on enviornments that promote ___.

A

growth

264
Q

Carl Roger’s 3 neccesities for a growth promoting enviornment:

A

genuineness, unconditional positive regard, empathy

265
Q

self esteem

A

one’s feelings of high/low self worth

266
Q

psychological disorder

A

syndromes marked by clinically significant distrubances in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

267
Q

DSM5 pros

A

insurance will pay if they meet the criteria

268
Q

DSM5 cons

A

if only meet 5/7 criteria, insurance won’t pay

-adds to the stigma about mental health

269
Q

Rosemhan’s hypothesis

A

mental health professionals can’t tell the difference between crazy and not crazy

270
Q

Rosenhan’s study found:

A

it is hard to accurately diagnose someone

271
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

272
Q

normal anxiety

A

worried thoughts, nervous, etc

273
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

at least 6 months of persistent and excessive anxiety

-vague but intense

274
Q

panic disorder

A

recurrent unexpected panic attacks

-much more intense than anxiety

275
Q

personality

A

a person’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

276
Q

psychodynamic theories

A
  • Freud

- human behavior is a dynamic interaction between the conscious and unconscious

277
Q

Mind is made up of the?

A
  • conscious- awareness
  • preconscious- not in conscious awareness, but easily retrievd
  • unconscious- unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and actions
278
Q

Freud’s personality theory is made up of the?

A

Id, Superego, and Ego

279
Q

Id

A

basic sexual and aggressive drives

280
Q

superego

A

internalized ideals and standards for judgement

281
Q

ego

A

mediates demands of the id and superego

282
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development.?

A
  1. Oral
  2. Anal
  3. Phallic
  4. Latent
  5. Genital
283
Q

oral

A

babies derive pleasure by putting things in their mouths

284
Q

anal

A

pleasure is derived from eliminating from bladder/bowels

285
Q

phallic

A

derive pleasure from genitals

286
Q

latent

A

healthy period with no fixations or fixations have been repressed

287
Q

genital

A

if there are no fixations on earlier stages, personality will not be affected.

288
Q

Freud’s theory of defense mechanism:

A
  1. repression
  2. regression
  3. reaction formation
  4. projection
  5. rationalization
  6. displacement
  7. sublimation
  8. denial
289
Q

repression

A

banish anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
*underlies all other defense mechanism

290
Q

regression

A

retreat to an earlier, more infantile, state of development

291
Q

reaction formation

A

ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses to their opposites

292
Q

projection

A

disguise own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

293
Q

rationalization

A

unconsciouslly generate self-justifying explanation to hide self from real reason of action

294
Q

displacement

A

shift sexual/aggressive impulses toward more appropriate/less threatening objects

295
Q

sublimation

A

rechannel unacceptable impulses toward socially acceptable activities

296
Q

denial

A

refusal to accept true nature of threat

297
Q

trait

A

dimension of personality used to categorize people accoring to the degree to which they manifest a particular characteristic

298
Q

personality is made up of ____, which ____ behavior

A

traits, guide

299
Q

traits are ___ ______ across situations

A

relatively stable

300
Q

Gordon Allport

A
  • interested in describing, but not explaining, behavior

- descrived personality in terms of fundamental traits

301
Q

Eysenk’s personality dimensions

A

Nueroticism vs. extroversion

^depending on this, you will fall into one of 4 categories

302
Q

O.C.E.A.N

A

openess, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

303
Q

Phobias

A

fears related to a specific object, person, or situation that are disproportional to the threat posed by them

304
Q

specific phobias

A

persistent, excessive fear of a specific object/situation

305
Q

social phobias

A

fear or social or performance situations in which embarassment may occur

306
Q

most effectively treatable disorder?

A

phobias

307
Q

OCD

A

recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions

308
Q

obsessions

A

thoughts/impulses/images that are intrusive/inappropriate/cause anxiety

309
Q

compulsion

A

repetitive behaviors/mental acts that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession

310
Q

mood disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

311
Q

Major depresssive disorder (MDD)

A

2(+) weeks of depressed mood, feelings of worthlesness, and anhedonia

312
Q

most common disorder?

A

MDD

313
Q

anhedonia

A

loss of interest/pleasure in activities

314
Q

learning to be depressed study was done by ?

A

Seligman

315
Q

Persistent depressive disorder

A

depressed mood most of the day, more days than not, for at least 1 year

316
Q

PDD is ________ compared to ______ but more ______.

A

more mild compared to MDD, but more chronic

317
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

1 or more manic episodes accompanied by 1 or more major depressive episodes

318
Q

manic episode

A

distinct period during which the predominant mood is abnormally elevated or irritable for at least one week

319
Q

symptoms of mania

A
  1. inflated self-esteem
  2. decreased need for sleep
  3. increased talkativeness
  4. racing thoughts
  5. easily distracted
  6. hyperactive
  7. excessive involvement in pleasurable activities
320
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

the person exhibits 2 or more distinct and altering personalities
-extremely rare

321
Q

schizophrenia is a _____ disorder

A

psychotic

322
Q

Schizophrenia

A

disorganized/delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions/actions

323
Q

delusions

A

beliefs that the rest of society would generally disagree with or view as a misinterpretation of society

324
Q

hallucinations

A

disturbance in perception, can involve any sensory modality

325
Q

positive symptoms

A

excess (seeing/hearing things that are not there)

326
Q

negative symptoms

A

deficit (inappropriate emotions/or not making sense)

327
Q

Biggest risk factor for an eating disorder?

A

body dissatisfaction

328
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

distorted body image and excessive dieting that leads to severe weight loss with a pathological fear of becoming fat

329
Q

the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder?

A

Anorexia

330
Q

Bulimia

A

recurrent episodes of binge eating and inappropriate compensatory methods to prevent weight gain

331
Q

binge

A

abnormally large amounts of food are consumed with a sense of lack of control

332
Q

compensating methods

A

vomiting, laxatives, diaretics, exercise

333
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

use of medications to treat psychological disturbances

334
Q

psychoanalysis

A

patients gain insight into problems through therapists interpretation of free association or hypnosis
-NOT empirically supported

335
Q

transference

A

client transfers onto therapists feelings/attitudes toward people in their lives

336
Q

humanistic therapy

A

focus on the inherent potential for self-actualization

-focus on present/future

337
Q

client-centered therapy

A

therapists use techniques such as active listening with a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate growth

338
Q

active listening involves

A

paraphrasing, invite clarification, reflect feelings

339
Q

Bahavior therapy applies…

A

learning principles to modify behavior

340
Q

Operant/classical conditioning can be used in ____ therapy

A

behavior

341
Q

flooding/exposure

A

expose clients to feared stimuli all at once

342
Q

aversive conditioning

A

associates unpleasant state with an unwatned behavior

343
Q

aversive conditioning is _______ effective.

A

not very

344
Q

cognitive therapy focuses on…

A

replacing irrational beliefs or negative thinking with more rational/positive ways of thinking

345
Q

ABC Model

A

Activating, Belief, Consequences

346
Q

cognitive behavior therapy

A

simultaneously challenges irrational beleifs and works on problematic behavior

347
Q

eclectic therapy

A

utilizes techniques from a variety of therapies

348
Q

social psychology

A

scientifically study how we think about, infleunce, and relate to one another

349
Q

attribution theory

A

explains behavior by crediting either: the situation or the person’s disposition

350
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situations

351
Q

Example of attribution errror in the way we view poverty

A

disposition- they are lazy, on drugs, etc

situation- they lost home in fire, went through hard times, etc

352
Q

central route to persuasion

A

focus on the argumets and respond with favorable thoughts

353
Q

peripheral route to persuasion

A

the tendency to be influenced by incidental cues (packaging, attractive sales person, easy)

354
Q

which persuasion route is more long lasting?

A

the central route

355
Q

foot in the door technique

A

tendency for poeple who agree to small actions to comply later with a larger one

356
Q

role

A

set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those positions ought to behave.

357
Q

when taking a new role, we can feel like an ____.

A

imposter

358
Q

stanford (Zimbardo’s) prison experiment

A
  • simulated a prison
  • randomly assigned participants a role: guard or prisoner
  • situation became so real that the experiment had to be called off
359
Q

conformity

A

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group or a standard

360
Q

normative social influence

A

desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

361
Q

Asch’s study: hyp, method, and results

A

hypothesis: ppl would conform even if they thought the group was wrong
method: ask participants which 2 lines were the same length. There was only 1 real participant, the rest were confederates.
results: participants gave wrong answer in order to fit in

362
Q

Milgram’s study examined

A

how far people would go in order to obey an authoritative figure

363
Q

Milgram’ study used ______.

A

foot in the door technique (small shock to great shock)

364
Q

results of milgram’s study

A

65% of participants would have killed the learner

365
Q

How did the Nazi’s use the foot in the door technique?

A

Had civilians start by doing paperwork

366
Q

social facilitation

A

stronger responses on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others
OR
on tougher tasks, you do worse when people are watching

367
Q

group polarization

A

the more time spent with like minded group, the more polarized your beliefs will become

368
Q

altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of others (doing things for others without getting anything in return)

369
Q

mere exposure effect

A

repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking for them

370
Q

passionate love

A

involves physical arousal and cognitive appraisal

-largely western

371
Q

companionate love

A

the deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

372
Q

bystander effect

A

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

373
Q

prejudice

A

an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members

374
Q

scapegoat theory

A

when things go wrong, we find a target to blame for our anger

375
Q

discrimination

A

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

376
Q

Prejudice= _______

Discrimination=_____

A 
prejudice= beliefs/attitudes
discrimination= actual treatment
377
Q

is anger a healthy emotion?

A

In short amounts, yes.

not if it is chronic

378
Q

managing anger:

A
  • wait: calm down before addressing anger
  • find a healthy distraction or support
  • distance yourself: remove self from situation/relationship
379
Q

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

A

we are more likely to do good if we feel good

380
Q

how is happiness protective?

A

happy people can fight off illness better than those who are not

381
Q

can money buy happiness?

A

For low income families, yes. But once you reach a certain threshold, more money will not make you happier.

382
Q

adaptation level phenomenon

A

we quickly adapt to what’s around us. So for a while, new things make us happy, but we quickly adapt to it so it’s no longer enough

383
Q

relative deprivation

A

more likely to compare ourselves to someone who has more than us, than someone who has less.

384
Q

health psychology

A

study of how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors combine to physical health and illness.(intersection of health and behavior)

385
Q

Obesity example in health psychology

A

In the US, obesity is viewed as a health problem. In other parts of the world where large bodies are celebrated, there are not the same health problems as in the US.

386
Q

stress

A

process of appraising and responding to threatening/challenging events

387
Q

stress is more related to_______ than _____.

A

how we appraise events rather than the actual events themselves

388
Q

positive stressors

A

short lived stressors or stressors perceived as challenges

389
Q

negative stressors

A

extreme and prolonged stress

-lead to poor mental/physical health

390
Q

3 types of stressors

A
  1. catastrophes
  2. significant life changes
  3. daily hassles
391
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

the body’s adaptive response to stress

392
Q

how does stress trigger immune suppression?

A

Stress reduces the body’s release of disease fighting lymphocytes
e.g- surgical wounds heal slower in stressed ppl

393
Q

gender differences in response to stress?

A

men- withdraw, distract
women- tend and befriend (talk about it, journal)
*can be negative if you keep wallowing in stress

394
Q

problem focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress directly

e.g- change stress or interact with stressor

395
Q

emotion focused coping

A

attempts to alleviate the stress by avoiding/ignoring the stressor and attending to emotional needs related to the stressor reaction

396
Q

examples of emotion focused coping

A

crying, ice cream, being angry

397
Q

coping is influenced by ?

A
  1. personal control
  2. explanatory style
  3. social support
398
Q

personal control (coping)

A
  • learned helplessness: you feel like there is nothing you can do, but there is!
  • internal vs external locus of control: I am in control vs fate
399
Q

explanatory style (coping)

A
  • optimism vs pessimism

- related to success in school, immune system, recovering from surgery

400
Q

transference stems from:

A

psychoanalysis

401
Q

token economy is an example of

A

operant conditioning

402
Q

exposure is a type of

A

behavior therapy

Psychology 210 (9 decks)

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