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Psychology 210 > Ch. 12: social psychology > Flashcards

Ch. 12: social psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Fritz Heider

A

Fundamental attribution error

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2
Q

what affects our attributions?

A

Culture: Westerners attribute traits while Asians look at situation.
Whose: our own vs others

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3
Q

attitudes

A

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people and events

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4
Q

attitudes affect ____

A

actions

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5
Q

when you adopt a new role

A

you strive to follow the social prescriptions

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6
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A
  • Festinger

- we bring our attitudes into line with our past actions

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7
Q

peripheral route to persuasion

A

uses attention getting cues to trigger emotion based judgements

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8
Q

central route to persuasion

A

offers evidence and arguments that trigger careful thinking

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9
Q

norms

A

rules for expected and accepted behavior

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10
Q

social contagion

A

natural mimicry- allows us to empathize

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11
Q

conformity

A

adjusting our behavior/thinking toward a group standard

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12
Q

Solomon Asch Conformity study

A

which line is the same?

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13
Q

normative social influence

A

influence resulting from a desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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14
Q

informational social influence

A

when we accept others’ opinions about reality

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15
Q

collectivism

A

emphasizes group standards

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16
Q

individualism

A

emphasizes an independent self

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17
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

Shock study:

  • 65% went all the way
  • women obeyed at similar rates to men
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18
Q

obedience is highest when

A
  • person giving orders is nearby and perceived as legit authority
  • authority is supported by a powerful institution
  • victim is in another room
  • no other “teachers” disobeyed
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19
Q

social facilitation

A

what we do well, we do better when ppl are watching

what we are bad at, we do worse when ppl are watching

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20
Q

social loafing

A

put less effort when in a group

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21
Q

deindividuation

A

losing self awareness/ self restraint, when in a group

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22
Q

group polarization

A

beliefs and attitudes we bring to a group grow stronger as we discuss them w like-minded others

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23
Q

groupthink

A

when the desire for harmony in group decision-making overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

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24
Q

prejudice

A

unjustifiably NEGATIVE ATTITUDE toward a group and its members

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25
Q

The three ingredients to prejudice

A
  1. negative emotions
  2. stereotypes
  3. predisposition to discriminate
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26
Q

discrimination

A

ACT in negative and unjustifiable was towards members of a group

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27
Q

anti gay attitudes are most common among?

A

men, older adults, and those who are unhappy, unemployed, and less educated.

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28
Q

just-world phenomenon

A

good is rewarded and evil is punished

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29
Q

problem with the just-world phenomenon

A

enables the rich to see their own wealth and the poor’s misfortune as just

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30
Q

in-group

A

“us”- people with whom we share a common identity

31
Q

in-group bias

A

tendency to favor our own group

32
Q

outgroup

A

“them”- those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

33
Q

discrimination is triggered more by in-group or out-group?

A

triggered less by outgrip hostility than by in-group networking and mutual support

34
Q

scapegoat theory

A

when things go wrong, finding someone to blame can provide a target for our negative emotions

35
Q

evidence for the scapegoat theory comes in two forms

A
  1. social trends- economically frustrated ppl often express more prejudice, and during economic downturns, racial prejudice intensifies
  2. experiments- temporarily frustrating ppl intensifies their prejudice
36
Q

outgrip homogeneity

A

uniformity of attitudes, personality, and appearance.

37
Q

other-race effect

A

tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races

38
Q

when does other-race effect emerge?

A

between 3 and 9 months of age

39
Q

heuristics

A

mental shortcuts that enable snap judgements

40
Q

availability heuristic

A

tendency to estimate the frequency of an event by how readily it comes to mind

41
Q

aggression

A

any physical of verbal behavior intended to harm someone

42
Q

Biology influences aggression in 3 ways

A

genetic, neural, and biochemical

43
Q

People with low _____ gene expression tend to behavior aggressively.

A

MAOA

44
Q

Which chromosome is a good indicator of aggressive behavior?

A

The Y chromosome

45
Q

in the frontal lobes are damaged, inactive, or disconnected…

A

aggression may be more likely

46
Q

an electrode in the ____ can cause people to be extremely aggressive

A

amygdala

47
Q

The hormone _____ circulates the bloodstream and influences the neural systems that control aggression

A

testosterone

48
Q

drug that unleashes aggressive responses to frustration

A

alcohol

49
Q

alcohol is a disinhibitor

A

it slows the brain activity that controls judgement and inhibitions

50
Q

aversive stimuli can

A

can evoke hostility

51
Q

frustration-aggression principle

A

frustration creates anger, which can spark aggression

52
Q

social scripts

A

culturally provided mental files for how to act in certain situations

53
Q

violent video game playing predicts

A

physical violence over time

54
Q

prosocial behavior

A

behavior that intends to help or benefit someone

55
Q

friendship’s most powerful predictor

A

proximity

56
Q

mere exposure effect

A

repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking for them

57
Q

_____ influences first impressions

A

attractiveness

58
Q

face or body is the better predictor of physical attractiveness?

A

face

59
Q

reward theory of attraction

A

we will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us, including those who are both able an willing to help us achieve our goals

60
Q

two-factor theory of emotion

A

-emotions have two ingredients- physical arousal and cognitive appraisal

61
Q

companionate love

A

a deep, affectionate attchment

62
Q

passion-facilitating hormones

A

testosterone, dopamine, adrenaline

63
Q

oxytocin

A

hormone that supports feelings of calm, trust, and bonding

64
Q

equity

A

when both partners receive in proportion to what they give

65
Q

altruism

A

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

66
Q

social exchange theory

A

our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

67
Q

reciprocity norm

A

we should return help, not harm, to those who have helped us

68
Q

social responsibility norm

A

expectation that we should help those who need our help even if the costs outweigh the benefits

69
Q

social trap

A

situation in which the conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior

70
Q

mirror image perceptions

A

mutual views often held by conflicting parties (both view self as ethical and other as evil)

71
Q

superordinate goals

A

shared goals tat could be achieved only through cooperation

72
Q

Sherif used shared predicament and goals to turn

A

enemies into friends

73
Q

Charles Osgoof advocated GRIT

A

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction

Psychology 210 (9 decks)

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