Ch. 12: social psychology Flashcards
Fritz Heider
Fundamental attribution error
what affects our attributions?
Culture: Westerners attribute traits while Asians look at situation.
Whose: our own vs others
attitudes
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people and events
attitudes affect ____
actions
when you adopt a new role
you strive to follow the social prescriptions
cognitive dissonance theory
- Festinger
- we bring our attitudes into line with our past actions
peripheral route to persuasion
uses attention getting cues to trigger emotion based judgements
central route to persuasion
offers evidence and arguments that trigger careful thinking
norms
rules for expected and accepted behavior
social contagion
natural mimicry- allows us to empathize
conformity
adjusting our behavior/thinking toward a group standard
Solomon Asch Conformity study
which line is the same?
normative social influence
influence resulting from a desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
when we accept others’ opinions about reality
collectivism
emphasizes group standards
individualism
emphasizes an independent self
Stanley Milgram
Shock study:
- 65% went all the way
- women obeyed at similar rates to men
obedience is highest when
- person giving orders is nearby and perceived as legit authority
- authority is supported by a powerful institution
- victim is in another room
- no other “teachers” disobeyed
social facilitation
what we do well, we do better when ppl are watching
what we are bad at, we do worse when ppl are watching
social loafing
put less effort when in a group
deindividuation
losing self awareness/ self restraint, when in a group
group polarization
beliefs and attitudes we bring to a group grow stronger as we discuss them w like-minded others
groupthink
when the desire for harmony in group decision-making overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
prejudice
unjustifiably NEGATIVE ATTITUDE toward a group and its members
The three ingredients to prejudice
- negative emotions
- stereotypes
- predisposition to discriminate
discrimination
ACT in negative and unjustifiable was towards members of a group
anti gay attitudes are most common among?
men, older adults, and those who are unhappy, unemployed, and less educated.
just-world phenomenon
good is rewarded and evil is punished
problem with the just-world phenomenon
enables the rich to see their own wealth and the poor’s misfortune as just
in-group
“us”- people with whom we share a common identity
in-group bias
tendency to favor our own group
outgroup
“them”- those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
discrimination is triggered more by in-group or out-group?
triggered less by outgrip hostility than by in-group networking and mutual support
scapegoat theory
when things go wrong, finding someone to blame can provide a target for our negative emotions
evidence for the scapegoat theory comes in two forms
- social trends- economically frustrated ppl often express more prejudice, and during economic downturns, racial prejudice intensifies
- experiments- temporarily frustrating ppl intensifies their prejudice
outgrip homogeneity
uniformity of attitudes, personality, and appearance.
other-race effect
tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races
when does other-race effect emerge?
between 3 and 9 months of age
heuristics
mental shortcuts that enable snap judgements
availability heuristic
tendency to estimate the frequency of an event by how readily it comes to mind
aggression
any physical of verbal behavior intended to harm someone
Biology influences aggression in 3 ways
genetic, neural, and biochemical
People with low _____ gene expression tend to behavior aggressively.
MAOA
Which chromosome is a good indicator of aggressive behavior?
The Y chromosome
in the frontal lobes are damaged, inactive, or disconnected…
aggression may be more likely
an electrode in the ____ can cause people to be extremely aggressive
amygdala
The hormone _____ circulates the bloodstream and influences the neural systems that control aggression
testosterone
drug that unleashes aggressive responses to frustration
alcohol
alcohol is a disinhibitor
it slows the brain activity that controls judgement and inhibitions
aversive stimuli can
can evoke hostility
frustration-aggression principle
frustration creates anger, which can spark aggression
social scripts
culturally provided mental files for how to act in certain situations
violent video game playing predicts
physical violence over time
prosocial behavior
behavior that intends to help or benefit someone
friendship’s most powerful predictor
proximity
mere exposure effect
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking for them
_____ influences first impressions
attractiveness
face or body is the better predictor of physical attractiveness?
face
reward theory of attraction
we will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us, including those who are both able an willing to help us achieve our goals
two-factor theory of emotion
-emotions have two ingredients- physical arousal and cognitive appraisal
companionate love
a deep, affectionate attchment
passion-facilitating hormones
testosterone, dopamine, adrenaline
oxytocin
hormone that supports feelings of calm, trust, and bonding
equity
when both partners receive in proportion to what they give
altruism
unselfish concern for the welfare of others
social exchange theory
our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
reciprocity norm
we should return help, not harm, to those who have helped us
social responsibility norm
expectation that we should help those who need our help even if the costs outweigh the benefits
social trap
situation in which the conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior
mirror image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting parties (both view self as ethical and other as evil)
superordinate goals
shared goals tat could be achieved only through cooperation
Sherif used shared predicament and goals to turn
enemies into friends
Charles Osgoof advocated GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction
