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Bio 105 > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four organic compounds, their monomer and their importance?

A

1.Carbohydrates:
-Source of dietary energy
-Raw material for making other organic compounds
Monomers= monosaccaride

  1. Amino Acids:
    - Monomers to proteins

3.Proteins:
-provide support
-provide amino acid growth
-helps movement
-transports substances
Monomers= amino acids

  1. Lipids:
    - Energy storage
    - Cushioning
    - Insulation
    * NO MONOMERS
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2
Q

Give examples of the different types of organic compounds

A

Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids

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3
Q

How are organic molecules built?

A

identical monomers are bonded together to form polymers through dehydration reaction

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4
Q

How are organic molecules broken down?

A

polymers are broken down into monomer though hydrolysis reaction

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5
Q

Why is the 3D shape so important for proteins?

A

In order for a protein to function properly it must be in a 3D shape.. many polypeptide chains twisted

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6
Q

What are the 3 components to a Nucleotide? (DNA)

A
  1. Five carbon sugar
  2. Phosphate group
  3. Nitrogen-containing base
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7
Q

What are the differences between a Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell?

A

Prokaryotic Cells:

  • Bacteria and Archaea
  • Small
  • NO membrane bound organelles
  • No nucleus

Eukaryotic Cells:

  • Animals, Fungi, Plants, Protists
  • Large
  • Have membrane bound organelles
  • Have nucleus
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8
Q

What is an Organelle, what is an example of one?

A

Structures within a cell (membrane enclosed) ex: nucleus, mitochondria, ER…etc

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9
Q

What is the Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane made of?

A

Phospholipids

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10
Q

What are differences between the Animal and Plant cell?

A

plant cells have chloroplast, water bubble, and ridged cell wall.

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11
Q

What is the difference between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria?

A

Gram-negative:

  • Thin peptidoglycan layer
  • Pink

Gram-positive:

  • Thick peptidoglycan layer
  • Purple
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12
Q

What is ATP and why is it important in the cell?

A

Energy carrying molecules that cells use to power energy-requiring functions.
Without ATP we would die

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13
Q

What are Enzymes and why are they important in the cell?

A

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Allow cell to respond to environment through regulation

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14
Q

What is an example of a type of Membrane Transport in the cell?

A

Active Transport: solutes are pumped from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

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15
Q

What happens to cells if they are in an Isotonic, Hypertonic, or Hypotonic solution?

A

Hypertonic: Higher concentration of solute. Will gain water

Isotonic: Equal concentration of solute. No change.

Hypotonic: Lower concentration of solute. Will lose water

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16
Q

What is the purpose of Cellular Respiration? What are the starting and ending components?

A

To produce ATP
Starting is O2
Ending is CO2

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17
Q

Why is cellular respiration also called Aerobic Respiration?

A

aerobic= it require oxygen

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18
Q

What Organelle is important for cellular respiration?

A

mitochondria

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19
Q

What is the overall purpose of Glycolysis?

A

To produce NADH and 2 ATP

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20
Q

What is the overall purpose of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

To produce NADH and FADH2 and 2 ATP

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21
Q

What is the overall purpose of the Electron Transport Chain?

A

To produce 28 ATP

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22
Q

What occurs if there is a lack of oxygen? Why is Oxygen so important for making ATP?

A

Not enough ATP will be produced for the cells to function properly. Without oxygen only 2 ATP will be made

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23
Q

What is the purpose of Photosynthesis? What are the starting and ending components?

A

To transform light into chemical energy

CO2 + H20—–> C6H12O6 + O2

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24
Q

What type of organisms perform Photosynthesis? Why don’t all organisms perform Photosynthesis?

A

Autotrophic organisms. Not all organisms are autotrophic

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25
Q

What Organelle is important for photosynthesis?

A

Cholorophyll

26
Q

What is Chlorophyll and why is it important for photosynthesis?

A

A green pigment, light absorbing molecule, helps convert solar energy in to chemical energy

27
Q

What is the overall purpose of the Light Reactions?

A

“photo” part of photosynthesis

Light energy is converted into chemical energy

28
Q

What is the overall purpose of the Calvin Cycle?

A

“synthesis” part of photosynthesis

C6H12O6 is made from CO2

29
Q

Why is photosynthesis considered to be the “opposite” of cellular respiration?

A

Photosynthesis takes in CO2 and releases O2 vs cellular respiration takes in O2 and releases CO2

30
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA

  • Adenine,Thymine,Cytosine,Guanine bases
  • Double stranded
  • Deoxyribose = sugar

RNA

  • Adenine,Thymine,Uracil,Guanine bases
  • Single stranded
  • Ribose = sugar
31
Q

What types of bonds are found in DNA (and where are they located)?

A

Hydrogen bonds- between bases (WEAK)

Covalent bonds - in sugar phosphate backbone (STRONG)

32
Q

What is Complementary Base-Pairing?

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine

Cytosine pairs with Guanine

33
Q

What is the overall purpose of DNA Replication and when does it occur?

A

To produce daughter DNA

occurs during S phase of interphase in mitosis and meiosis

34
Q

Why is DNA replication considered a Semi-Conservative process?

A

Because in a daughter strand there is one old strand and one new one

35
Q

What is a component involved in DNA Replication?

A

Helicase, unzips DNA double helix

36
Q

What is the overall purpose of Transcription?

A

To copy DNA into mRNA

37
Q

What is a component involved in Transcription?

A

RNA polymerase- reads DNA and creates base paring for mRNA

38
Q

What is the overall purpose of Translation?

A

To transform mRNA into a polypeptide chain

39
Q

What is a component involved in Translation?

A

Ribosome, tRNA

40
Q

What is a mutation? Are all mutations harmful?

A

Mutation is a change in DNA sequence.

Doesn’t always have to be harmful (Substitution Silent)

41
Q

What is the overall purpose of Mitosis?

A

To produce identical copies of cell

42
Q

What is the main purpose of Interphase in Mitosis? What occurs during the S phase?

A

Interphase: cell prepares for division (LONGEST PHASE)

DNA is replicated in S phase

43
Q

What is PMAT? What is occurring during PMAT?

A

Prophase:

  • Mitotic spindle appears
  • Nucleus dissolves
  • Chromosomes condense

Metaphase:

  • Chromosomes line up in middle of cell on top of each other
  • Mitotic spindle attached to sister chromatids

Anaphase:
-Sister chromatids move towards opposite poles

Telophase:

  • Nuclear envelope reforms
  • Mitotic spindle disappears
  • Chromosomes decondenses
44
Q

What is the main purpose of Cytokinesis?

A

Separates cells ensuring each has one nucleus

45
Q

What are the differences between Mitosis and Meiosis?

A

Mitosis:
-Produces two identical diploid cells

Meiosis:

  • Produces four nonidentical haploid cells
  • Makes gametes
46
Q

How is Genetic Variation achieved through Meiosis?

A

Independent assortment

Crossing over

47
Q

What is a Gene and what are Alleles?

A

Gene: Specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA
Allele: Alternative versions of genes

48
Q

What is the difference between Genotype and Phenotype?

A

Genotype: Genetic makeup
Phenotype: Physical appearance

49
Q

What does Homozygous Dominant, Heterozygous, and Homozygous Recessive mean?

A

Homozygous Dominant: Two dominant alleles for a gene (RR)
Heterozygous: One dominant and one recessive allele for a gene (Rr)
Homozygous Recessive: Two recessive alleles for a gene (rr)

50
Q

What is a Punnett Square used for?

A

Shows possible combinations of gametes

51
Q

What are Homologous Chromosomes?

A

two pieces of DNA within a diploid organism which carry the same genes. 23 chromosomes are given from each parent which encode the same gene

52
Q

What is Gene Expression?

A

The appearance in a phenotype of a characteristic or attribute

53
Q

Why do our genes need to be regulated (Gene Regulation)?

A

Allows for specialization of cells within the body

54
Q

What are the three Domains of Life?

A

Eukaryote, Bacteria, Archaea

55
Q

What is evidence for Evolution?

A

Fossils, fossil records in rocks

56
Q

What is a Phylogenetic Tree?

A

illustration of patterns of decent, shows ancestors

57
Q

What are sources of Genetic Variation in a population leading to evolution?

A

Mutations

58
Q

What is Genetic Drift?

A

Change in a gene pool of a small population due to chance

59
Q

What is Gene Flow?

A

Genetic exchange with another population

60
Q

What is Natural Selection? What is a type of Natural Selection?

A

Evolutions that results in organisms better suited to their environment

Directional Selection:
Shifts overall makeup of population, favors ONE phenotype

61
Q

What are the four Eukaryotic Kingdoms?

A

Protists,
Animals,
Fungi,
Plants

62
Q

How did Plants evolved to form the four different types of Plants?

A

First terrestrial adaptation (cuticle, moss)

Origin of vascular tissue = height(ferns)

Origin of seeds= pine cones

Origin of flowers= Fruits

Bio 105 (5 decks)

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