FINAL EXAM Flashcards
What are the four organic compounds, their monomer and their importance?
1.Carbohydrates:
-Source of dietary energy
-Raw material for making other organic compounds
Monomers= monosaccaride
- Amino Acids:
- Monomers to proteins
3.Proteins:
-provide support
-provide amino acid growth
-helps movement
-transports substances
Monomers= amino acids
- Lipids:
- Energy storage
- Cushioning
- Insulation
* NO MONOMERS
Give examples of the different types of organic compounds
Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids
How are organic molecules built?
identical monomers are bonded together to form polymers through dehydration reaction
How are organic molecules broken down?
polymers are broken down into monomer though hydrolysis reaction
Why is the 3D shape so important for proteins?
In order for a protein to function properly it must be in a 3D shape.. many polypeptide chains twisted
What are the 3 components to a Nucleotide? (DNA)
- Five carbon sugar
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogen-containing base
What are the differences between a Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell?
Prokaryotic Cells:
- Bacteria and Archaea
- Small
- NO membrane bound organelles
- No nucleus
Eukaryotic Cells:
- Animals, Fungi, Plants, Protists
- Large
- Have membrane bound organelles
- Have nucleus
What is an Organelle, what is an example of one?
Structures within a cell (membrane enclosed) ex: nucleus, mitochondria, ER…etc
What is the Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane made of?
Phospholipids
What are differences between the Animal and Plant cell?
plant cells have chloroplast, water bubble, and ridged cell wall.
What is the difference between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria?
Gram-negative:
- Thin peptidoglycan layer
- Pink
Gram-positive:
- Thick peptidoglycan layer
- Purple
What is ATP and why is it important in the cell?
Energy carrying molecules that cells use to power energy-requiring functions.
Without ATP we would die
What are Enzymes and why are they important in the cell?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
Allow cell to respond to environment through regulation
What is an example of a type of Membrane Transport in the cell?
Active Transport: solutes are pumped from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
What happens to cells if they are in an Isotonic, Hypertonic, or Hypotonic solution?
Hypertonic: Higher concentration of solute. Will gain water
Isotonic: Equal concentration of solute. No change.
Hypotonic: Lower concentration of solute. Will lose water
What is the purpose of Cellular Respiration? What are the starting and ending components?
To produce ATP
Starting is O2
Ending is CO2
Why is cellular respiration also called Aerobic Respiration?
aerobic= it require oxygen
What Organelle is important for cellular respiration?
mitochondria
What is the overall purpose of Glycolysis?
To produce NADH and 2 ATP
What is the overall purpose of the Citric Acid Cycle?
To produce NADH and FADH2 and 2 ATP
What is the overall purpose of the Electron Transport Chain?
To produce 28 ATP
What occurs if there is a lack of oxygen? Why is Oxygen so important for making ATP?
Not enough ATP will be produced for the cells to function properly. Without oxygen only 2 ATP will be made
What is the purpose of Photosynthesis? What are the starting and ending components?
To transform light into chemical energy
CO2 + H20—–> C6H12O6 + O2
What type of organisms perform Photosynthesis? Why don’t all organisms perform Photosynthesis?
Autotrophic organisms. Not all organisms are autotrophic
What Organelle is important for photosynthesis?
Cholorophyll
What is Chlorophyll and why is it important for photosynthesis?
A green pigment, light absorbing molecule, helps convert solar energy in to chemical energy
What is the overall purpose of the Light Reactions?
“photo” part of photosynthesis
Light energy is converted into chemical energy
What is the overall purpose of the Calvin Cycle?
“synthesis” part of photosynthesis
C6H12O6 is made from CO2
Why is photosynthesis considered to be the “opposite” of cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis takes in CO2 and releases O2 vs cellular respiration takes in O2 and releases CO2
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA
- Adenine,Thymine,Cytosine,Guanine bases
- Double stranded
- Deoxyribose = sugar
RNA
- Adenine,Thymine,Uracil,Guanine bases
- Single stranded
- Ribose = sugar
What types of bonds are found in DNA (and where are they located)?
Hydrogen bonds- between bases (WEAK)
Covalent bonds - in sugar phosphate backbone (STRONG)
What is Complementary Base-Pairing?
Adenine pairs with Thymine
Cytosine pairs with Guanine
What is the overall purpose of DNA Replication and when does it occur?
To produce daughter DNA
occurs during S phase of interphase in mitosis and meiosis
Why is DNA replication considered a Semi-Conservative process?
Because in a daughter strand there is one old strand and one new one
What is a component involved in DNA Replication?
Helicase, unzips DNA double helix
What is the overall purpose of Transcription?
To copy DNA into mRNA
What is a component involved in Transcription?
RNA polymerase- reads DNA and creates base paring for mRNA
What is the overall purpose of Translation?
To transform mRNA into a polypeptide chain
What is a component involved in Translation?
Ribosome, tRNA
What is a mutation? Are all mutations harmful?
Mutation is a change in DNA sequence.
Doesn’t always have to be harmful (Substitution Silent)
What is the overall purpose of Mitosis?
To produce identical copies of cell
What is the main purpose of Interphase in Mitosis? What occurs during the S phase?
Interphase: cell prepares for division (LONGEST PHASE)
DNA is replicated in S phase
What is PMAT? What is occurring during PMAT?
Prophase:
- Mitotic spindle appears
- Nucleus dissolves
- Chromosomes condense
Metaphase:
- Chromosomes line up in middle of cell on top of each other
- Mitotic spindle attached to sister chromatids
Anaphase:
-Sister chromatids move towards opposite poles
Telophase:
- Nuclear envelope reforms
- Mitotic spindle disappears
- Chromosomes decondenses
What is the main purpose of Cytokinesis?
Separates cells ensuring each has one nucleus
What are the differences between Mitosis and Meiosis?
Mitosis:
-Produces two identical diploid cells
Meiosis:
- Produces four nonidentical haploid cells
- Makes gametes
How is Genetic Variation achieved through Meiosis?
Independent assortment
Crossing over
What is a Gene and what are Alleles?
Gene: Specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA
Allele: Alternative versions of genes
What is the difference between Genotype and Phenotype?
Genotype: Genetic makeup
Phenotype: Physical appearance
What does Homozygous Dominant, Heterozygous, and Homozygous Recessive mean?
Homozygous Dominant: Two dominant alleles for a gene (RR)
Heterozygous: One dominant and one recessive allele for a gene (Rr)
Homozygous Recessive: Two recessive alleles for a gene (rr)
What is a Punnett Square used for?
Shows possible combinations of gametes
What are Homologous Chromosomes?
two pieces of DNA within a diploid organism which carry the same genes. 23 chromosomes are given from each parent which encode the same gene
What is Gene Expression?
The appearance in a phenotype of a characteristic or attribute
Why do our genes need to be regulated (Gene Regulation)?
Allows for specialization of cells within the body
What are the three Domains of Life?
Eukaryote, Bacteria, Archaea
What is evidence for Evolution?
Fossils, fossil records in rocks
What is a Phylogenetic Tree?
illustration of patterns of decent, shows ancestors
What are sources of Genetic Variation in a population leading to evolution?
Mutations
What is Genetic Drift?
Change in a gene pool of a small population due to chance
What is Gene Flow?
Genetic exchange with another population
What is Natural Selection? What is a type of Natural Selection?
Evolutions that results in organisms better suited to their environment
Directional Selection:
Shifts overall makeup of population, favors ONE phenotype
What are the four Eukaryotic Kingdoms?
Protists,
Animals,
Fungi,
Plants
How did Plants evolved to form the four different types of Plants?
First terrestrial adaptation (cuticle, moss)
Origin of vascular tissue = height(ferns)
Origin of seeds= pine cones
Origin of flowers= Fruits
