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Bio 105 > Biology Exam #3 > Flashcards

Biology Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of cell division?

A

FOR MAINTENANCE!
To replace damaged cells,
growth for asexual reproduction (bacteria reproduces by dividing itself in half, humans dont)

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2
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Structure that contains most of the cells DNA

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3
Q

What is asexual reproduction? How many partners does it need?

A

Reproducing by dividing in half
Creating genetically identical off spring (creates clone)
No mate

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4
Q

What kind of cell division is required in sexual reproduction?

A

Meiosis

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5
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

To produce gametes —-> sex cells (egg and sperm)

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6
Q

All animals have the same # of chromosomes T or F?

A

False chromosome # is specific to each species

Humans have 46

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7
Q

What is chromatin made up of?

A

Made of DNA and protein

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8
Q

What is the purpose of chromatin?

A

To condense DNA to fit into the nucleus

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9
Q

DNA wraps around _____ creating _____.

A

Histones. Nucleosomes

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10
Q

What happens just before a cell divides?

A

All its chromosomes must be duplicated by DNA replication

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11
Q
  • what is a homologous chromosome?
A

A matching pair of chromosomes carrying genes with the same characteristics (tt, TT)

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12
Q

Are sex cells somatic cells? And why?

A

No! Somatic cells are all cells except sex cells

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13
Q

What is a diploid?

A

A pair of somatic cells

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14
Q

What is a haploid?

A

Gametes (sex cells) single chromosome set

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15
Q

What set of chromosomes determines a persons sex? Where are they located in karyotypes?

A

Sex chromosomes
Last set in karyotype
XY= male
XX= female

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16
Q

** what are sister chromatids?

A

Each side of one duplicated chromosome

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17
Q

***What connects sister chromatids?

A

A centromere

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18
Q

What are the three stages of cell cycle?

A
  1. interface
  2. mitosis
  3. Cytokinesis
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19
Q

Which part of the cell cycle is the longest?

A

Interphase

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20
Q

**What are the four stages in order of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

PMAT

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21
Q

What are the three stages of interphase? And what occurs during each?

A
  1. G1 - Cell growth
  2. Synthesis - DNA replication and chromosome duplication
  3. G2 - Cell growth
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22
Q

What does the process of fertilization involves during the human life cycle?

A

A haploid sperm fuses with a haploid egg

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23
Q

What is the resulting fertilized egg called?

A

Zygate

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24
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

To make haploid gametes

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25
“crossing over” occurs during which prophase of meiosis?
First
26
* What occurs during anaphase 1 of meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes are separated
27
*What occurs during anaphase 2 of meiosis?
Sister chromatids separate
28
* What is the main difference between metaphase in meiosis and mitosis?
In meiosis- Chromosomes line up next to each other | In mitosis- Chromosomes line up on top of each other
29
*What is an important outcome of meiosis haploid gametes?
Genetic variation
30
*How does meiosis produce genetic variation? And during which phase do they occur?
Through: Independent assortment --> Occurs during metaphase one AND Crossing over ---> Occurs during prophase one
31
What occurs during crossing-over that produces genetic variation?
Chromosomes line up next to each other randomly
32
What occurs during independent assortment that produces genetic variation?
Chromosomes line up next to each other randomly
33
What is "nondisjunction"? When can it occur in meiosis ?
Can occur in meiosis 1 or 2! | Chromosome pairs fail to separate at anaphase, producing gametes with abnormal #s of chromosomes
34
What does trisomy 21 mean?
In chromosome set #21 there are 3 chromosomes (instead of 2)
35
A person with trisomy 21 has what condition?
Down syndrome
36
What are the differences between diploid and haploid cells?
Diploids have 43 chromosomes - 2 per set | Haploid has 23 chromosomes - 1 per set
37
What type of cells are produced in mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis - produces diploid cells | Meiosis- produces haploid cells
38
What is a gene?
A specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA
39
Define hereditary
The transmission of traits from one generation to the next
40
What is the study of hereditary card?
Genetics
41
* what is character?
A heretical feature that varies among individuals | Ex; flower color
42
Define trait
A variant of a character
43
Who is the “father of genetics”?
Gregor Mendel
44
What is stamens?
Email reproductive part of a flower
45
What is the result of cross-fertilization?
Hybrids
46
Does cross-fertilization occur in meiosis or mitosis?
Only meiosis because haploid are made
47
What is an allele?
Alternative versions of jeans
48
What is homologous?
An organism that has two identical alleles (RR or rr)
49
What is heterozygous?
An organism that has two different alleles (Rr)
50
What is the difference between dominant and recessive allele?
Dominant allele: determines organisms appearance Recessive allele: no noticeable affect is an organisms appearance
51
An uppercase letter represents…
A dominant allele (R)
52
A lowercase letter represents
A recessive allele (r)
53
How many alleles are carried in a sperm and egg? Why?
Only one, due to meiosis
54
Define locus
A specific location on a gene along a chromosome
55
Where are genes located?
Specific positions or loci on chromosomes
56
What is a phenotype?
Physical appearance | Purple flower, head shape
57
What is a genotype?
Genetic makeup (Heterozygous or homozygous)
58
How many sets of chromosomes are in gametes question
One
59
Where does independent assortment happen?
Metaphase one
60
What is “wild type”?
Traits that are seen most often in nature (not necessarily dominant)
61
When reading a Pedegree how do you know if there’s a male or female?
``` Male = [] Female = 0 ```
62
What is a carrier?
Individuals who have the recessive allele but appear normal
63
What are the two types of disorders?
Dominant disorder, and recessive disorder
64
Define incomplete dominance
F1 hybrids have an appearance between the parent phenotype (Parent flowers are red and white. Baby flowers pink)
65
How many alleles are involved in ABO blood groups?
3
66
And heterozygous individuals, when to dominant alleles are expressed this is called…
Codominant (ex: AB blood type)
67
Which sex chromosomes identify male and female?
``` XY= male XX= Female ```
68
What are autosomes?
All chromosomes other than sex chromosome
69
How many autosomes and chromosomes do humans have?
44 autosomes | 46 Chromosomes
70
A gene located on a sex chromosome is called…
Sex linked genes
71
Where are sex linked genes located?
On X chromosome
72
Does the male or female determine child sex?
Male | The sperm will either be X or Y which fertilize the egg( X)
73
Every cell in our body has the same DNA? True or false
True
74
What contains every gene?
All somatic cells
75
What is gene regulation?
Mechanisms that turn on certain genes while other genes remain turned off
76
What is gene expression?
The overall process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins
77
What is the promoter?
Site where enzyme attaches and initiates transcription
78
What acts as a switch to turn on/off depending on whether a specific protein is bound there?
The operator
79
What happens when operator is switch on/off? And what determines the switch?
On= coding for protein Lactose is present Off= not coding for protein Lactose is absent
80
The operator and promoter are located where on the gene?
Upstream
81
Promoter operator and genes are in_______?
DNA
82
What is a repressor? What does it do?
A protein | It finds DNA, binds to operator in DNA gene and blocks access to promoter. Genes aren’t expressed
83
When lactose binds to repressor protein it becomes _______?
Inactive
84
Lactose is a________ to the gene. Why?
A bodyguard! | When present it fights off repressor so it won’t block expression
85
Where does X chromosome inactivation occur?
In female mammals
86
How does DNA allow proteins in?
By Decondensing them
87
What is the most important stage for regulating gene expression?
Transcription initiation
88
What does the DNA protein assembly promote?
The binding of RNA polymerase to promoters
89
What do enhancers do?
Control the DNA sequence
90
What do enhancers bind to?
Two types of proteins called transcription factors
91
What do silencers bind to?
Proteins called repressors
92
Housekeeping genes are important for _____.
Respiration

Bio 105 (5 decks)

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