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Bio 105 > Biology Exam #3 > Flashcards

Biology Exam #3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the purpose of cell division?

A

FOR MAINTENANCE!
To replace damaged cells,
growth for asexual reproduction (bacteria reproduces by dividing itself in half, humans dont)

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2
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Structure that contains most of the cells DNA

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3
Q

What is asexual reproduction? How many partners does it need?

A

Reproducing by dividing in half
Creating genetically identical off spring (creates clone)
No mate

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4
Q

What kind of cell division is required in sexual reproduction?

A

Meiosis

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5
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

To produce gametes —-> sex cells (egg and sperm)

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6
Q

All animals have the same # of chromosomes T or F?

A

False chromosome # is specific to each species

Humans have 46

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7
Q

What is chromatin made up of?

A

Made of DNA and protein

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8
Q

What is the purpose of chromatin?

A

To condense DNA to fit into the nucleus

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9
Q

DNA wraps around _____ creating _____.

A

Histones. Nucleosomes

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10
Q

What happens just before a cell divides?

A

All its chromosomes must be duplicated by DNA replication

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11
Q
  • what is a homologous chromosome?
A

A matching pair of chromosomes carrying genes with the same characteristics (tt, TT)

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12
Q

Are sex cells somatic cells? And why?

A

No! Somatic cells are all cells except sex cells

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13
Q

What is a diploid?

A

A pair of somatic cells

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14
Q

What is a haploid?

A

Gametes (sex cells) single chromosome set

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15
Q

What set of chromosomes determines a persons sex? Where are they located in karyotypes?

A

Sex chromosomes
Last set in karyotype
XY= male
XX= female

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16
Q

** what are sister chromatids?

A

Each side of one duplicated chromosome

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17
Q

***What connects sister chromatids?

A

A centromere

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18
Q

What are the three stages of cell cycle?

A
  1. interface
  2. mitosis
  3. Cytokinesis
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19
Q

Which part of the cell cycle is the longest?

A

Interphase

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20
Q

**What are the four stages in order of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

PMAT

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21
Q

What are the three stages of interphase? And what occurs during each?

A
  1. G1 - Cell growth
  2. Synthesis - DNA replication and chromosome duplication
  3. G2 - Cell growth
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22
Q

What does the process of fertilization involves during the human life cycle?

A

A haploid sperm fuses with a haploid egg

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23
Q

What is the resulting fertilized egg called?

A

Zygate

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24
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

To make haploid gametes

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25
Q

“crossing over” occurs during which prophase of meiosis?

A

First

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26
Q
  • What occurs during anaphase 1 of meiosis?
A

Homologous chromosomes are separated

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27
Q

*What occurs during anaphase 2 of meiosis?

A

Sister chromatids separate

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28
Q
  • What is the main difference between metaphase in meiosis and mitosis?
A

In meiosis- Chromosomes line up next to each other

In mitosis- Chromosomes line up on top of each other

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29
Q

*What is an important outcome of meiosis haploid gametes?

A

Genetic variation

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30
Q

*How does meiosis produce genetic variation? And during which phase do they occur?

A

Through:
Independent assortment –> Occurs during metaphase one
AND
Crossing over —> Occurs during prophase one

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31
Q

What occurs during crossing-over that produces genetic variation?

A

Chromosomes line up next to each other randomly

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32
Q

What occurs during independent assortment that produces genetic variation?

A

Chromosomes line up next to each other randomly

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33
Q

What is “nondisjunction”? When can it occur in meiosis ?

A

Can occur in meiosis 1 or 2!

Chromosome pairs fail to separate at anaphase, producing gametes with abnormal #s of chromosomes

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34
Q

What does trisomy 21 mean?

A

In chromosome set #21 there are 3 chromosomes (instead of 2)

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35
Q

A person with trisomy 21 has what condition?

A

Down syndrome

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36
Q

What are the differences between diploid and haploid cells?

A

Diploids have 43 chromosomes - 2 per set

Haploid has 23 chromosomes - 1 per set

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37
Q

What type of cells are produced in mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis - produces diploid cells

Meiosis- produces haploid cells

38
Q

What is a gene?

A

A specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA

39
Q

Define hereditary

A

The transmission of traits from one generation to the next

40
Q

What is the study of hereditary card?

A

Genetics

41
Q
  • what is character?
A

A heretical feature that varies among individuals

Ex; flower color

42
Q

Define trait

A

A variant of a character

43
Q

Who is the “father of genetics”?

A

Gregor Mendel

44
Q

What is stamens?

A

Email reproductive part of a flower

45
Q

What is the result of cross-fertilization?

A

Hybrids

46
Q

Does cross-fertilization occur in meiosis or mitosis?

A

Only meiosis because haploid are made

47
Q

What is an allele?

A

Alternative versions of jeans

48
Q

What is homologous?

A

An organism that has two identical alleles (RR or rr)

49
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

An organism that has two different alleles (Rr)

50
Q

What is the difference between dominant and recessive allele?

A

Dominant allele: determines organisms appearance

Recessive allele: no noticeable affect is an organisms appearance

51
Q

An uppercase letter represents…

A

A dominant allele (R)

52
Q

A lowercase letter represents

A

A recessive allele (r)

53
Q

How many alleles are carried in a sperm and egg? Why?

A

Only one, due to meiosis

54
Q

Define locus

A

A specific location on a gene along a chromosome

55
Q

Where are genes located?

A

Specific positions or loci on chromosomes

56
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Physical appearance

Purple flower, head shape

57
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Genetic makeup (Heterozygous or homozygous)

58
Q

How many sets of chromosomes are in gametes question

A

One

59
Q

Where does independent assortment happen?

A

Metaphase one

60
Q

What is “wild type”?

A

Traits that are seen most often in nature (not necessarily dominant)

61
Q

When reading a Pedegree how do you know if there’s a male or female?

A 
Male = []
Female = 0
62
Q

What is a carrier?

A

Individuals who have the recessive allele but appear normal

63
Q

What are the two types of disorders?

A

Dominant disorder, and recessive disorder

64
Q

Define incomplete dominance

A

F1 hybrids have an appearance between the parent phenotype (Parent flowers are red and white. Baby flowers pink)

65
Q

How many alleles are involved in ABO blood groups?

A

3

66
Q

And heterozygous individuals, when to dominant alleles are expressed this is called…

A

Codominant (ex: AB blood type)

67
Q

Which sex chromosomes identify male and female?

A 
XY= male
XX= Female
68
Q

What are autosomes?

A

All chromosomes other than sex chromosome

69
Q

How many autosomes and chromosomes do humans have?

A

44 autosomes

46 Chromosomes

70
Q

A gene located on a sex chromosome is called…

A

Sex linked genes

71
Q

Where are sex linked genes located?

A

On X chromosome

72
Q

Does the male or female determine child sex?

A

Male

The sperm will either be X or Y which fertilize the egg( X)

73
Q

Every cell in our body has the same DNA? True or false

A

True

74
Q

What contains every gene?

A

All somatic cells

75
Q

What is gene regulation?

A

Mechanisms that turn on certain genes while other genes remain turned off

76
Q

What is gene expression?

A

The overall process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins

77
Q

What is the promoter?

A

Site where enzyme attaches and initiates transcription

78
Q

What acts as a switch to turn on/off depending on whether a specific protein is bound there?

A

The operator

79
Q

What happens when operator is switch on/off? And what determines the switch?

A

On= coding for protein
Lactose is present

Off= not coding for protein
Lactose is absent

80
Q

The operator and promoter are located where on the gene?

A

Upstream

81
Q

Promoter operator and genes are in_______?

A

DNA

82
Q

What is a repressor? What does it do?

A

A protein

It finds DNA, binds to operator in DNA gene and blocks access to promoter. Genes aren’t expressed

83
Q

When lactose binds to repressor protein it becomes _______?

A

Inactive

84
Q

Lactose is a________ to the gene. Why?

A

A bodyguard!

When present it fights off repressor so it won’t block expression

85
Q

Where does X chromosome inactivation occur?

A

In female mammals

86
Q

How does DNA allow proteins in?

A

By Decondensing them

87
Q

What is the most important stage for regulating gene expression?

A

Transcription initiation

88
Q

What does the DNA protein assembly promote?

A

The binding of RNA polymerase to promoters

89
Q

What do enhancers do?

A

Control the DNA sequence

90
Q

What do enhancers bind to?

A

Two types of proteins called transcription factors

91
Q

What do silencers bind to?

A

Proteins called repressors

92
Q

Housekeeping genes are important for _____.

A

Respiration

Bio 105 (5 decks)

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