Exam #2 Review

Question 1

What is the chemical make up of glucose?

Answer 1

C6H1206

Question 2

What is done to convert chemical energy into ATP?

Answer 2

Aerobic respiration

Question 3

What part of the cell is important for cellular respiration?

Answer 3

Mitochondria

Question 4

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

Answer 4

To produce ATP

Question 5

How do animal cells get their energy?

Answer 5

Aerobic respiration

Question 6

How do plant cells get their energy?

Answer 6

Photosynthesis and Aerobic respiration

Question 7

What are bi-products for cellular respiration?

Answer 7

CO2 and H2O( Also input for photosynthesis)

Question 8

What are outputs for photosynthesis?

Answer 8

C6H1206 & CO2 (Also input for cellular respiration)

Question 9

What are the thee main stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 9

Glycolysis, Citric Acid (Kerbs Cycle), Electron Transport Chain (E.T.C.)

Question 10

When breaking down a chemical reaction, what occurs?

Answer 10

HIGH energy electrons are released

Question 11

If you have 3 glucose molecules how many ATPs would be made through each stage of cellular respiration?

Answer 11

Glycolysis = 6 ATP (2 ATP per glucose chain)
Citric Acid Cycle= 6 ATP (2 ATP per glucose chain)
Electron Transport Chain= 84 ATP (28 ATP per glucose chain)

Question 12

Which makes the most ATP in cellular respiration?

Answer 12

Electron Transport Chain (ETP)

Question 13

What is the difference between NAD+ and NADH?

Answer 13

NAD+ is a empty electron carrier

NADH is full electron carrier

Question 14

The cool thing about electron carries is that they are….

Answer 14

Recycled

Question 15

How many phosphates are in ADP?

Answer 15

2

Question 16

What would happen if you added a phosphate onto ADP?

Answer 16

You’d make ATP

Question 17

What is the ultimate goal of the electron transport system?

Answer 17

To make ATP

Question 18

In what condition doe fermentation happen?

Answer 18

Aerobic condition

Question 19

What does aerobic mean?

Answer 19

Without oxygen

Question 20

Which of the three main parts to cellular respiration can occur in a aerobic condition?

Answer 20

Glycolysis

Question 21

What does heterotroph mean?

Answer 21

Cant make own food (us humans)

Question 22

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 22

Inside cytoplasm

Question 23

How is glucose broken down in glycolysis?

Answer 23

By adding 2 ATP molecules per glucose

Question 24

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Answer 24

In the matrix, the fluid of the mitochondria

Question 25

Where does ETC occur?

Answer 25

In the inner mitochondria membrane

Question 26

What negative effect can occur without ETC?

Answer 26

Death due to lack of ATP in the body

Question 27

What are the three components that make up 1 nucleotide?

Answer 27

Nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate group

Question 28

Sugar phosphate backbone (on DNA) are made up of what type of bonds?

Answer 28

Covalent bonds (strong)

Question 29

Base binding DNA double helix are made up of what bonds?

Answer 29

Hydrogen bonds

Question 30

What are the two components to DNA replication and their functions?

Answer 30

Helicase- unwinds+ unzips DNA double helix | DNA polymerases- Make daughter strand

Question 31

How do you identify a semiconservative process?

Answer 31

A daughter DNA molecule with one new DNA strand and one old

Question 32

Going from DNA to RNA is called.....

Answer 32

Transcription

Question 33

Going from RNA to protein is called.....

Answer 33

Translation

Question 34

What comes first in DNA function?

Answer 34

Transcription first! Translation second!

Question 35

Every 3 bases in RNA is called what? And what does it equal to?

Answer 35

a codon. It is equal to one amino acid

Question 36

Where does transcription and translation occur? What cells are they in?

Answer 36

Transcription occurs in nucleus Translation occurs in cytoplasm (Past cell membrane) Only in eukaryotic cells!! (BC HAS NUCLEUS)

Question 37

What is the beginning of a gene called?

Answer 37

Promoter

Question 38

An 'A' in DNA pairs with what letter in RNA? Why?

Answer 38

'U' | Because there is not T sugar in RNA

Question 39

When DNA copies itself RNA gets what on the ends?

Answer 39

5'cap, and 3'tail on either end

Question 40

What are introns and exons and their functions?

Answer 40

They make up DNA Introns dont hold encode for protein Exons do hold encode for protein

Question 41

Do introns or eons make it to final mRNA?

Answer 41

Exons

Question 42

What is the makeup of mRNA?

Answer 42

5'cap, exons, 3'cap

Question 43

What do ribosomes do during translation?

Answer 43

Helps bring mRNA and tRNA together

Question 44

What occurs in DNA replication? What are the steps to this?

Answer 44

DNA is copied Helicase unzips DNA DNA polymerases creates base-pairing covalent bonds in daughter strand

Question 45

What occurs in protein synthesis or DNA function?

Answer 45

DNA is translated into mRNA | mRNA leaves the double membrane

Question 46

What are the steps to transcription?

Answer 46

Transcription Initiation: DNA promoter is located through signaling RNA polymerases attaches to promoters RNA Elongation: RNA polymerases reads DNA and creates complementary base pairings for RNA (not T only U!!) Transcription Termination: RNA polymerases reaches terminator of DNA and stops transcribing

Question 47

After transcription what happens to mRNA?

Answer 47

It is processed before leaving. A 5' cap and 3' tail are added Introns are taken out for consolidation

Question 48

What is attached to tRNA?

Answer 48

1 amino acid

Question 49

What do ribosomes do in mRNA processing? And what bonds are involved?

Answer 49

Brings newborn mRNA and tRNA together | Peptide bonds

Question 50

After mRNA is processed in the ribosome it leaves the nucleus next. True or false

Answer 50

False! It must get processed first. A 5' cap and 3' tail is added. Introns are removed