Exam #2 Review Flashcards
What is the chemical make up of glucose?
C6H1206
What is done to convert chemical energy into ATP?
Aerobic respiration
What part of the cell is important for cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
To produce ATP
How do animal cells get their energy?
Aerobic respiration
How do plant cells get their energy?
Photosynthesis and Aerobic respiration
What are bi-products for cellular respiration?
CO2 and H2O( Also input for photosynthesis)
What are outputs for photosynthesis?
C6H1206 & CO2 (Also input for cellular respiration)
What are the thee main stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Citric Acid (Kerbs Cycle), Electron Transport Chain (E.T.C.)
When breaking down a chemical reaction, what occurs?
HIGH energy electrons are released
If you have 3 glucose molecules how many ATPs would be made through each stage of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis = 6 ATP (2 ATP per glucose chain)
Citric Acid Cycle= 6 ATP (2 ATP per glucose chain)
Electron Transport Chain= 84 ATP (28 ATP per glucose chain)
Which makes the most ATP in cellular respiration?
Electron Transport Chain (ETP)
What is the difference between NAD+ and NADH?
NAD+ is a empty electron carrier
NADH is full electron carrier
The cool thing about electron carries is that they are….
Recycled
How many phosphates are in ADP?
2
What would happen if you added a phosphate onto ADP?
You’d make ATP
What is the ultimate goal of the electron transport system?
To make ATP
In what condition doe fermentation happen?
Aerobic condition
What does aerobic mean?
Without oxygen
Which of the three main parts to cellular respiration can occur in a aerobic condition?
Glycolysis
What does heterotroph mean?
Cant make own food (us humans)
Where does glycolysis occur?
Inside cytoplasm
How is glucose broken down in glycolysis?
By adding 2 ATP molecules per glucose
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
In the matrix, the fluid of the mitochondria
Where does ETC occur?
In the inner mitochondria membrane
What negative effect can occur without ETC?
Death due to lack of ATP in the body
What are the three components that make up 1 nucleotide?
Nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate group
Sugar phosphate backbone (on DNA) are made up of what type of bonds?
Covalent bonds (strong)
Base binding DNA double helix are made up of what bonds?
Hydrogen bonds
What are the two components to DNA replication and their functions?
Helicase- unwinds+ unzips DNA double helix
DNA polymerases- Make daughter strand
How do you identify a semiconservative process?
A daughter DNA molecule with one new DNA strand and one old
Going from DNA to RNA is called…..
Transcription
Going from RNA to protein is called…..
Translation
What comes first in DNA function?
Transcription first! Translation second!
Every 3 bases in RNA is called what? And what does it equal to?
a codon. It is equal to one amino acid
Where does transcription and translation occur? What cells are they in?
Transcription occurs in nucleus
Translation occurs in cytoplasm (Past cell membrane)
Only in eukaryotic cells!! (BC HAS NUCLEUS)
What is the beginning of a gene called?
Promoter
An ‘A’ in DNA pairs with what letter in RNA? Why?
‘U’
Because there is not T sugar in RNA
When DNA copies itself RNA gets what on the ends?
5’cap, and 3’tail on either end
What are introns and exons and their functions?
They make up DNA
Introns dont hold encode for protein
Exons do hold encode for protein
Do introns or eons make it to final mRNA?
Exons
What is the makeup of mRNA?
5’cap, exons, 3’cap
What do ribosomes do during translation?
Helps bring mRNA and tRNA together
What occurs in DNA replication? What are the steps to this?
DNA is copied
Helicase unzips DNA
DNA polymerases creates base-pairing covalent bonds in daughter strand
What occurs in protein synthesis or DNA function?
DNA is translated into mRNA
mRNA leaves the double membrane
What are the steps to transcription?
Transcription Initiation:
DNA promoter is located through signaling
RNA polymerases attaches to promoters
RNA Elongation:
RNA polymerases reads DNA and creates complementary base pairings for RNA (not T only U!!)
Transcription Termination:
RNA polymerases reaches terminator of DNA and stops transcribing
After transcription what happens to mRNA?
It is processed before leaving.
A 5’ cap and 3’ tail are added
Introns are taken out for consolidation
What is attached to tRNA?
1 amino acid
What do ribosomes do in mRNA processing? And what bonds are involved?
Brings newborn mRNA and tRNA together
Peptide bonds
After mRNA is processed in the ribosome it leaves the nucleus next. True or false
False! It must get processed first. A 5’ cap and 3’ tail is added. Introns are removed
