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Bio 105 > Exam #2 Review > Flashcards

Exam #2 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the chemical make up of glucose?

A

C6H1206

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2
Q

What is done to convert chemical energy into ATP?

A

Aerobic respiration

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3
Q

What part of the cell is important for cellular respiration?

A

Mitochondria

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4
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

To produce ATP

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5
Q

How do animal cells get their energy?

A

Aerobic respiration

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6
Q

How do plant cells get their energy?

A

Photosynthesis and Aerobic respiration

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7
Q

What are bi-products for cellular respiration?

A

CO2 and H2O( Also input for photosynthesis)

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8
Q

What are outputs for photosynthesis?

A

C6H1206 & CO2 (Also input for cellular respiration)

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9
Q

What are the thee main stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Citric Acid (Kerbs Cycle), Electron Transport Chain (E.T.C.)

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10
Q

When breaking down a chemical reaction, what occurs?

A

HIGH energy electrons are released

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11
Q

If you have 3 glucose molecules how many ATPs would be made through each stage of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis = 6 ATP (2 ATP per glucose chain)
Citric Acid Cycle= 6 ATP (2 ATP per glucose chain)
Electron Transport Chain= 84 ATP (28 ATP per glucose chain)

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12
Q

Which makes the most ATP in cellular respiration?

A

Electron Transport Chain (ETP)

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13
Q

What is the difference between NAD+ and NADH?

A

NAD+ is a empty electron carrier

NADH is full electron carrier

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14
Q

The cool thing about electron carries is that they are….

A

Recycled

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15
Q

How many phosphates are in ADP?

A

2

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16
Q

What would happen if you added a phosphate onto ADP?

A

You’d make ATP

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17
Q

What is the ultimate goal of the electron transport system?

A

To make ATP

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18
Q

In what condition doe fermentation happen?

A

Aerobic condition

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19
Q

What does aerobic mean?

A

Without oxygen

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20
Q

Which of the three main parts to cellular respiration can occur in a aerobic condition?

A

Glycolysis

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21
Q

What does heterotroph mean?

A

Cant make own food (us humans)

22
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Inside cytoplasm

23
Q

How is glucose broken down in glycolysis?

A

By adding 2 ATP molecules per glucose

24
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

In the matrix, the fluid of the mitochondria

25
Q

Where does ETC occur?

A

In the inner mitochondria membrane

26
Q

What negative effect can occur without ETC?

A

Death due to lack of ATP in the body

27
Q

What are the three components that make up 1 nucleotide?

A

Nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate group

28
Q

Sugar phosphate backbone (on DNA) are made up of what type of bonds?

A

Covalent bonds (strong)

29
Q

Base binding DNA double helix are made up of what bonds?

A

Hydrogen bonds

30
Q

What are the two components to DNA replication and their functions?

A

Helicase- unwinds+ unzips DNA double helix

DNA polymerases- Make daughter strand

31
Q

How do you identify a semiconservative process?

A

A daughter DNA molecule with one new DNA strand and one old

32
Q

Going from DNA to RNA is called…..

A

Transcription

33
Q

Going from RNA to protein is called…..

A

Translation

34
Q

What comes first in DNA function?

A

Transcription first! Translation second!

35
Q

Every 3 bases in RNA is called what? And what does it equal to?

A

a codon. It is equal to one amino acid

36
Q

Where does transcription and translation occur? What cells are they in?

A

Transcription occurs in nucleus
Translation occurs in cytoplasm (Past cell membrane)
Only in eukaryotic cells!! (BC HAS NUCLEUS)

37
Q

What is the beginning of a gene called?

A

Promoter

38
Q

An ‘A’ in DNA pairs with what letter in RNA? Why?

A

‘U’

Because there is not T sugar in RNA

39
Q

When DNA copies itself RNA gets what on the ends?

A

5’cap, and 3’tail on either end

40
Q

What are introns and exons and their functions?

A

They make up DNA
Introns dont hold encode for protein
Exons do hold encode for protein

41
Q

Do introns or eons make it to final mRNA?

A

Exons

42
Q

What is the makeup of mRNA?

A

5’cap, exons, 3’cap

43
Q

What do ribosomes do during translation?

A

Helps bring mRNA and tRNA together

44
Q

What occurs in DNA replication? What are the steps to this?

A

DNA is copied
Helicase unzips DNA
DNA polymerases creates base-pairing covalent bonds in daughter strand

45
Q

What occurs in protein synthesis or DNA function?

A

DNA is translated into mRNA

mRNA leaves the double membrane

46
Q

What are the steps to transcription?

A

Transcription Initiation:
DNA promoter is located through signaling
RNA polymerases attaches to promoters

RNA Elongation:
RNA polymerases reads DNA and creates complementary base pairings for RNA (not T only U!!)

Transcription Termination:
RNA polymerases reaches terminator of DNA and stops transcribing

47
Q

After transcription what happens to mRNA?

A

It is processed before leaving.
A 5’ cap and 3’ tail are added
Introns are taken out for consolidation

48
Q

What is attached to tRNA?

A

1 amino acid

49
Q

What do ribosomes do in mRNA processing? And what bonds are involved?

A

Brings newborn mRNA and tRNA together

Peptide bonds

50
Q

After mRNA is processed in the ribosome it leaves the nucleus next. True or false

A

False! It must get processed first. A 5’ cap and 3’ tail is added. Introns are removed

Bio 105 (5 decks)

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