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Bio 105 > Exam #1 Review > Flashcards

Exam #1 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of metabolism?

A

total of all the chemical reactions in your body

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2
Q

How many elements are essential to humans?

A

25

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3
Q

Which elements make up 96% of the weight in the human body?

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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4
Q

What charge do protons have?

A

Positive

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5
Q

What charge do electrons have?

A

Negative

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6
Q

What charge do neutrons have?

A

Neutral

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7
Q

What is the atom’s nucleus made up of?

A

Protons and neutrons

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8
Q

Where are electrons located in the atom?

A

They orbit the nucleus

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9
Q

Define atomic number

A

The number of protons in an atom and gives the atom it’s identity in the periodic table

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10
Q

Where is the atomic number found on the periodic table?

A

Above the element symbol

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11
Q

Where is the atomic mass found on the periodic table?

A

Below the element symbol

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12
Q

Define atomic mass

A

The number of protons plus neutrons

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13
Q

How do you calculate how many neutrons are in an element when looking at the periodic table?

A

Subtract the atomic mass with the atomic number

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14
Q

Define isotopes

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but have different number of neutrons

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15
Q

Normal elements that are not isotopes have…

A

The same number of protons, electrons, and neutrons

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16
Q

When the atomic mass changes we know we are dealing with…

A

Isotopes

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17
Q

What are the types of chemical bonds?

A

Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

Defined chemical bonds

A

Attractions that hold atoms close together

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19
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Attraction between oppositely charged ions

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20
Q

What is an ion?

A

Adams that are electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons

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21
Q

When an atom loses electrons it becomes _______

A

Positively charged

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22
Q

When an atom gains an electron it becomes ______

A

Negatively charged

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23
Q

An easy way to point out an ion is if____

A

The charge is stated

Na+) or (Cl-

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24
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Attractions that hold items together

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25
Q

Which is stronger a hydrogen bond or a covalent bond?

A

Covalent bond

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26
Q

If the electrons are shared that means its a _________

A

Covalent bond

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27
Q

How many electrons are shared in a single covalent bond? And how is this written?

A

2 electrons

H-H

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28
Q

how many electrons are shared in a double covalent bond? And how is this written?

A

Four electrons

O=O

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29
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Weak attractions by hydrogen atoms

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30
Q

Define polar molecule. And give an example of one

A

Uneven distribution of charge that creates two poles, one positive pole and one negative pole

Water is a polar molecule containing hydrogen bonds between neighboring water molecules

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31
Q

When an electron is shared in a molecule what kind of bonds are found?

A

Covalent. Because electrons are shared

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32
Q

Define reactants

A

The starting materials

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33
Q

Define products

A

The end materials

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34
Q

How much water are our cells composed of?

A

70–95%

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35
Q

What are molecules stick together as a result of_____

A

Hydrogen bonding

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36
Q

What are water special properties?

A
  1. It’s cohesion (stickiness)
  2. Its strong resistance to temperature change
  3. Ice floats
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37
Q

Water molecules move ______ when forming ice creating a ____ bond

A

Apart

Stable hydrogen bond (water molecules are far apart)

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38
Q

What is the difference between a solvent and a solute?

A

A solvent is the dissolving agent (the liquid)

A solute is the dissolved substance (the solid)

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39
Q

Water is the _____ to life

A

Solvent

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40
Q

Define aqueous solution

A

When water is the solvent

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41
Q

What is a acid?

A

A chemical compound that releases H+ into a solution

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42
Q

What happens to hydrogen ions in an acidic solution?

A

They are taken away

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43
Q

What is the pH scale used for?

A

To describe the acidity of a solution

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44
Q

The lower pH the more______ a solution is

A

Acidic

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45
Q

The higher the pH the more _____ a solution is

A

Basic

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46
Q

What does one need equal parts of in order to have a balanced solution?

A

Hydrogen ions and hydroxides

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47
Q

There are more______ than _____ in an unbalanced acidic solution

A

More Hydrogen ions than hydroxides

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48
Q

What is the purpose of a proton?

A

Determines the element

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49
Q

What is the purpose of a electron?

A

Participates in forming chemical bonds

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50
Q

What is the purpose of a neutron?

A

Determines the isotopes

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51
Q

What are the two characteristics of a radioactive isotope?

A

There is a change in the number of neutrons, it is not stable, it’s atomic mass is different

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52
Q

The ability of an atom to chemically react mostly depends on the number of____

A

Electrons in the outer electron shell of the atom

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53
Q

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds because

A

The water molecule is polar

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54
Q

6CO2 + 6 H2O ———> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

In this equation above, what are the reactants?

A

CO2 and H2O

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55
Q

Define organic compound and one characteristic of them

A

Carbon-based molecules

Contains a carbon carbon backbone

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56
Q

Define functional groups

A

The group of atoms in organic compounds involved in chemical reactions

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57
Q

What is the difference between a single in a double bond?

A

In a single bond only one pair of electrons is shared

In a double bond two pairs of electrons are shared

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58
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Very large molecules

59
Q

What are types of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid

60
Q

Define monomer

A

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules in order to form a polymer

Essentially building blocks

61
Q

What is a polymer made up of

A

Identical monomers

62
Q

A dehydration reaction involves…

A

The removal of water through a building reaction

63
Q

Dehydration reaction helps link monomers together to make a polymer by…

A

Removing a molecule of water between the monomers

64
Q

What does a hydrolysis reaction consist of?

A

Breaking a bond by taking apart polymers turning them back into monomers through adding a molecule of water between the monomers

65
Q

Digestion is a form of a _______reaction

A

Hydrolysis

66
Q

Why/when would we want to break down macromolecules?

A

We need to digest macromolecules to make their monomers available to our cells

67
Q

Define carbohydrates

A

Includes sugars and polymers of sugars

68
Q

What is the monomer for carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharide

69
Q

In animals carbohydrates are a primary source of_______

A

Dietary energy

70
Q

What are some examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose fructose and galactose

71
Q

What are isomers? Give two examples…

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures

Glucose and fructose

72
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

73
Q

What is a disaccharide? And what is essential to form it?

A

Two monosaccharides linked together by a dehydrated reaction

Carbon carbon backbone is essential

74
Q

What are some examples of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose Maltos and lactose

75
Q

Define polysaccharides

A

Long chains of sugar polymers of monosaccharides

Polysaccharides also means many sugars

76
Q

Give three examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch Glaswegian and cellulose

77
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

In liver and muscle cells

78
Q

What is a plant cell wall made up of?

A

Cellulose

79
Q

What is one polysaccharide that humans cannot break down?

A

Cellulose

80
Q

What is cellulose made up of?

A

Many linked glucose monomers

81
Q

What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic means water loving

Hydrophobic means water fearing

82
Q

What substance is hydrophilic?

What substance is hydrophobic?

A

Carbohydrates

Lipids

83
Q

What makes lipids special?

A

Lipids are made up of different molecular building blocks

They are not macromolecules bc it does not have monomers or identical links

Yet they are organic compounds because they have the carbon carbon backbone

84
Q

What is a necessary characteristic of a organic compound?

A

A carbon carbon backbone

85
Q

What are some essential functions fat performs in the human body?

A

Energy storage, cushioning, insulation

86
Q

When looking at a carbon skeleton of a fatty acid chain we know that it is a macromolecule or not based off of what fact?

A

Wether there are monomers or not (identical sets)

87
Q

When looking at a carbon skeleton of a fatty acid with three chains branding off the head, how many need to be unsaturated for it to be considered unsaturated?

A

One

88
Q

How do you point out an unsaturated lipid within a carbon skeleton of a fatty acid chain?

A

There will be a double bond

CH2-CH=OI-CH2

89
Q

How do you know if the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid link is saturated?

A

There will be ONLY single bonds

CH2-CH2-CH2

90
Q

A saturated fat. has all three of its fatty acids______

A

Saturated

91
Q

How many links does carbon need to have in a fatty acid?

A

four links
C-CH2-CH
| | |
1 2 1

92
Q

What is a main physical difference of saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated fats are liquid

unsaturated fats are solids

93
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

94
Q

What are the major types of proteins and their uses?

A
  1. Structural proteins -provide support
  2. Storage proteins- provide amino acids for growth
  3. Contractile proteins- help movement (muscles)
  4. Transport proteins- help transport substances
  5. Enzymes - help chemical reactions
95
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Monomers (building blocks) to proteins

96
Q

How do amino acids form proteins?

A

By linking together in a bead manor then twisting and coiling together to create a ball of protein

97
Q

What are three structural aspects to make an amino acid?

A

Carboxyl, amino, hydrogen

98
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

Bonds that join amino acids by dehydration reactions!

99
Q

In what shape is protein functional?

A

In 3-D ball

100
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

Long chains of amino acids

the stage before the roiling up

101
Q

Does the shape of a protein matter?

A

Yes, the structure of the protein enables its functions

102
Q

What are ways to alter a proteins function/shape?

A

Mutation (by one abnormal amino acid), temperature, and PH level

103
Q

What are the monomers of carbs?

A

Monosaccharides

104
Q

*RNA contains a copy of _____

A

DNA

105
Q

A specific sequence of DNA is called a _____

A

Gene

106
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

Store information, and provide instructions for building proteins

107
Q

*What makes up a nucleotide?

A

Sugar, phosphate, and base

108
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

RNA and DNA

109
Q

*What are chromosomes made up of?

A

DNA

110
Q

What are the monomers (building blocks) of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

111
Q

what are the three parts of each nucleotide?

A
  1. Five carbon sugar
  2. Phosphate groups
  3. Nitrogen-containing base
112
Q

What is an important element to a nucleotide?

A

A sugar-phosphate backbone

113
Q

What differentiates each nucleotide?

A

Its base

114
Q

What are the four possible bases for nucleotides?

A

Adenine,
Guanine,
Thymine,
Cystosine

115
Q

What is the ‘base pairing rule’?

A

A only pairs with T

G only pairs with C

116
Q

If one DNA strands has the sequence ACTGGT, what is the sequence of the other strand?

A

TGACCA

117
Q

*What are three major difference between RNA and DNA?

A
  1. The RNA sugar is ribose and the DNA sugar is deoxyribose
  2. RNA’s base is uracil (u) (no T base!)
  3. RNA is found in a single stand, DNA is found in a double strand
118
Q

What are the three domains biologists classify all of life into? And what type of cells are they each?

A

Bacteria -Prokaryotic cell
Archaea- Prokaryotic cell
Eukarya- Eukaryotic cell

119
Q

*What are the main difference of a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell? And which is larger?

A

A prokaryotic cell is smaller and has no membrane bound organelles
A eukaryotic cell is larger and has membrane bound organelles (a nucleus!)

120
Q

What do chromosomes do?

A

Carry genes made up of DNA

121
Q

*What is the plasma membrane? And what is it made up of?

A

Barrier between the inside and outside of the cell (boundary/boarder of cell)
made up of phospholipids

122
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Synthesize (make) proteins

123
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Main component of plasma membrane or cell membrane

124
Q

*What are the parts of a phospholipid and its characteristics? and how are they arranged

A

Phospholipid has a head and a tail.

The head is hydrophilic so it faces the cytoplasm inside the cell, and the tail is hydrophobic.

Phospholipids are arranged into a two-layer sheet

125
Q

Where are hydrophilic amino acids in a cell?

A

On the top and bottom of the cell facing the cytoplasm

126
Q

What does peptidoglycan refer to?

A

The cell wall of prokaryotic cells

127
Q

What do flagella do?

A

Move prokaryotic cell though liquid

a propeller

128
Q

*What is chloroplast?

A

Sight of photosynthesis, green in color

129
Q

What type cells are plant and animal cells?

A

Eukaryotic

130
Q

What are three characteristics of plant cells?

A

Contains:
chloroplast,
cell wall surrounding cell membrane,
central vacuole (helps with water pressure in cell)

131
Q

What are two characteristics of animal cells?

A

Contains:
centrosomes (for mitosis)
lysosomes

132
Q

Ribosomes are found in both ____ and ____ cells.

A

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic

133
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Make proteins

134
Q

How do ribosomes make proteins?

A

By collecting data from mRNA translating its message to a protein

135
Q

Where are ribosomes made?

A

In the nucleus

136
Q

How is a protein made

A

DNA copies half itself to make an mRNA in order to deduce its size.

mRNA travels out of nucleus through nuclear pore into cytoplasm

in the cytoplasm mRNA binds to a ribosome

DNA–> mRNA–>Protein

137
Q

Which cell contains DNA and which cell contains ribosomes, a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell?

A

They both contain both DNA and ribosomes

138
Q

Which organisms contain a prokaryotic cell?

A

Bacteria and archaea

139
Q

Which organisms contain a eukaryotic cell?

A

Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protists

140
Q

Which cell contains a nucleus a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell? Which contain a membrane-bound organelle?

A

A eukaryotic cell contains a membrane-bound organelle (an example of this is a nucleus)

141
Q

What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotes?

A
  1. Cocci =spherical
  2. Bacilli=rod-shaped
  3. Spirochetes=spiral or curved
142
Q

What are the two classifications of bacteria?

A

Gram-positive bacteria- thick peptidoglycan layer, looks purple after staining

Gram-negative bacteria- thin peptidoglycan layer, looks pink after staining (bc can retain the color due to such a thin outer layer)

143
Q

What are two ways in which bacteria can eat?

A

Autotrophs- “self feeders” make their own food ( plants self feed through sunlight through photosynthesis)
Heterotrophs- “other feeders” rely on others living organisms to provide the with food (we are heterotrophs)

Bio 105 (5 decks)

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