Exam 4 Flashcards
Similar anatomical signs that point to a common ancestor is called what?
Homology
What is convergent evolution?
Similar structures but came from different ancestors
What evolves over time as adaptive traits become more common?
Population
A change in a nucleotide sequence is a _______.
Mutation
What are the three random components of sexual reproduction?
Independent assortment, crossing over, fertilization
______ is the unit of evolution
Population
Does the population or individual within a population evolve?
Population
What is a gene pool?
All the possibilities of alleles for all genes within population
What can change a genre pool? Which is the most important? Why?
Genetic drift
Gene flow
***Natural selection- MOST IMPORTANT- bc only process that promotes adaptation
What are the two types of genetic drift?
The bottleneck effect
The founder effect
Describe “the bottleneck effect” and its results
BASED OFF CHANCE
A drastic reduction in population size
Result =Loss of individual variation
Describe “the founder effect”
A few individuals colonize and in isolated habitat (Amish in Pennsylvania)
What is the result of “the founder effect”?
High frequency of certain inherited disorders (due to incest)
Describe “ gene flow”
Genetic exchange with another population
Evolution that results in organisms better suited to their environment is _____
Natural selection
What are the two types of natural selection? Describe them….
Relative Fitness = If individual is more fit they will live longer and their kids will contribute more to the gene pool
Sexual Selection = Individuals with certain traits are more likely than others to obtain mates
What are the 3 modes of Natural Selection? Which is most common?
Directional selection
Disruptive selection
*Stabilizing selection= most common
Describe “Disruptive Selection”
Environment stress causes change to population to evolve ——> in favor of one extreme phenotype
What does “Disruptive Selection” lead to?
A balance between two or more contrasting phenotypes
What does stabilizing selection favor? Where does it occur?
Intermediate phenotypes
Occurs in stable environment
What are antibiotics?
Drugs that kill infectious microorganisms
A species is ______
A group of populations whose members have the potential to inter breed with one another
What is a “reproductive barrier”?
Anything that prevents individuals of species from interbreeding
Exaptations are_____
Structures (ex: feathers) that evolve in one context but becomes used for another function
What are the 4 different kingdoms in domain eukarya?
Protists
Plantae
Fungi
Animals
What are protozoans?
Aquatic protists that live by ingesting food
What do slime molds eat?
Dead plant material
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O–LIGHT ENERGY—-> C6H1206 + O2
What adapted to living on land?
Plants
What is symbiosis?
Two organisms living close together, both benefit from relationship
What is an example of symbiosis?
Mycorrihzae “Fungus roots”
What are the parts if the plant above and below the ground called?
Above ground= Shoots
Below ground= Root System
What is the main photosynthetic organs of most plants?
Leaves
What are stomata? What do they do?
Microscopic pores on leaves, helps with gas exchange CO2 in O2 out
- What is a cuticle? What does it do?
Waxy layer on leaves, helps plant retain water
What is vascular tissue? What does it do?
Branching network of tube shaped cells transports materials/water between roots & shoots
What are the four major periods of plant evolution?
- Terrestrial Adaptations (cuticles)
- Vascular Tissues
- Seeds
- Flowers
Plant life cycle is called______
Alternation of Generation
Mosses gave 2 distinct forms called:
Gametophyte & Sporophyte
What occurs in mitosis of plant life cycle?
Gametophytes produce gametes (haploid n ) that unite to form diploid zygotes (2n) which develop into sporophytes
What occurs in meiosis of plant life cycle?
Sporophytes produce haploid spores (n) that make more gametophytes
What is the difference of gametophytes in moss vs. ferns?
They are dominant in moss and recessive in ferns
What is the difference between sporophytes in moss vs. ferns?
They’re recessive in moss and dominant in ferns
Seeds develop from ____. What does it contain?
Ovules, female gametophytes
When a seed is not protected it is called_____.
A naked seed
What are the male and female parts of a flower?
Anther and filament make up stamps =male
Stigma, style and ovary = female
Name the plant diversities in order and give examples
- Bryophytes -moss
- Ferns -fern
- Gymnosperms- pine trees (cones)
- Angiosperms - flowering plants
What are the 3 domains of life?
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
*What do fungi act as?
Decomposers
Are fungi autotrophs or heterotrophs? How do they gain nutrient?
Heterotrophs/ absorption
