Final (evolution) Class Flashcards
Music survival advantage, mating calls,
K
Cultural evolution distinct from natural selection, recent histroy changes in style, too recent, not part of evolution history. Cultural evolution faster than other evolutions, .
Music goes by about million time yrs, back.
Why did music emerge?
Tail spinning q
What is music?
Hard to say, difficult ot observe.
Silence is music! So music in Bsence of sound, is music.
Suggs should not treat it monolithic ally. Think evolutionary time scale. Lots of components to music, therefore different adaptive ness. Synchro beat, hit pitch etc.
Proto-music behaviours, nucleus of common properties.
Melodic contour, sycnhro stimulus, relative pitch. Consonnances dissonance, unique to our species.
Break up into methods of production, vocal, vs instrumental.
Vocal, song, complex learned
Instrumental music, limbs drum used to make sound.
Is music prevalent?
Cross cultural studies
Phylogenetic rela between species
In our species, definitely, all human culture have it.
Potential music universals: octave similarity. Unique to our species
Some scale, limited degrees to it, pitch hierarchy,
Consonance dissonance, synchro to pulse. Pentatonic
Comparative studies:
Phylogeny: species comparison
Homologous: not far from tree, trait two species, same time used, gotten ancestry.
Analogous,: far apart tree, genetic tree that is. Birds bats, reptile never flew.
Useful, says something about pressures, functional in some way. So birdsong same argument. Share trait, analogous.
Phyogenetic
Rheasus Monkeys show octave genealizTion somewhat,
Not for individual pitches,
Only for meldoy in diatonic scale, transposed up an octave, might encode relative pitch, demonstrating hierarchy in pitch.
Prefer consonant intervals, monkeys,me when trained,
No evidence, that Tamara’s prefer consonant.
Song birds, can discriminate, consonant and dissonant with training,
Snowball synchronize to a beat. With training, seals can and other species. Elephants can drunk steady beat.
Suggests pronto musical behaviours evident I other species, not entirely unique to humans.
Song, predates language, complex learned focalization. Expressively communicate primitively. Danger or happy ex.
Bird song,
Most sophisticated vocal chords, mating, and danger defense function.
Period which they learn these songs, sub song period, babbling period. Hierarchically organized.
Some birds use scale, or transposition.
Whale song:
Analogous traits here like in birdsong,
Hierarchy structure, phrases and themes and songs,
Mate selection theory.
Remain relatively unchanged, cognition needed then.
Instrumental: gorilla beat chest, chimp. Tree,
Non human primates, no vocalize tion.
Is music old?
Archeological
Paleontology, few artifacts,
Only bone instruments, left,m vocal folds not fossilized.
Larger thoracic vertebral canal, no earlier than homo recetuss
Greater control of breath, speech music impact
Instruments, bone flute, Germany, 37000 yrs ago.
Probably making instruments well before that, minimal age 40 000.
Flute pentatonic scale. Bio linguist, language, abstract meaning in word, originate around same time as music, but music might have come first, as bone flute from Neanderthal, 43 000 yrs ago suggests.
What purpose might music serve
Functional accounts
Two: adaptive accounts, adaptation selective pressure
Non-adaptive: recruits other adaptive trait. Exaptation
Spandrel: music byproduct of other adaptations
Caution: just so stories, un verified or falsified, exaptation should be a null hypothesis.
Pinker, non–adaption accounts
Music not maladjustment behaviour, no pressure against it.
Spandrel hypothesis
Early primate singing system,
Weaknesses, neurosciencitfic studies.
Is evidence of brain specialization, also evidence for shared.
Language for music first, big circle.
Common origins, musi language,
Fitch, evolved, song birds whales , humans, languages appeared only in humans. Music primmitve.
Sexual selection: original function
Many weakness, dimorphism, one gender does more. Males.
Music as don’t have higher reproductive success.
Social bonding hypo.
Replace Individual grooming, improve group cohesion,
No empirical evidence,
Mother infant bonding
Parent offspring communication, motherese
Infant directed speech
Preference for song instead of speech for infants, if infants prefer, must be adaptive. Need this bonding for protection,
Conclusion
Hard to falsify, so spinning wheels,
Functions are labile or flexible, ear Bones evolved.
Functional q other can be used.
