final days push

Question 1

hyperplastic polyps are _______. they are generally located in ________.

Answer 1

non neoplastic

rectosigmoid area

Question 2

hamartomatous polyps are generally ________solitary lesions

Answer 2

non neoplastic

Question 3

adenomatous polyps are __________ and arise through mutations in _____ and _______

Answer 3

neoplastic

APC, KRAS

Question 4

_______ and ________ are the two histological types of adenomatous polyps. Which one is more likely to be malignant? They usually present with ____________.

Answer 4

tubular and villous
villous has MORE malignant potential (its the villain)
occult bleeding

Question 5

serrated polyps are _______. They arise via and ___________pathyway with microsatellite instability and mutations in ____________. What pattern is seen in crypts?

Answer 5

premalignant
CpG hypermethylation
BRAF
Sawtooth

Question 6

what is the order of andenomatous porgression to cancer?

Answer 6

tubular < tubulovillous < villous

Question 7

cirrhosis is characterized by _________ and _________. Fibrosis is mediated by ___________ from _________ cells that line the sinusoids.

Answer 7

fibrous bands and regenerative nodules of hepatocytes

TGFb, stellate cells

Question 8

mallory bodies are seen in __________. They are composed of __________

Answer 8

alcohol related hepatitis

damaged intermediate fillaments

Question 9

early changes of cell damage/ ischemia are characterized by ___________

late/ irreversible changes include ________

Answer 9

cell swelling (think dysfx of ATPase pump),

organelle membrane damage, nuclear damage (pyknosis, karyorexis),

Question 10

gallbladder adenomacarcinoma

Answer 10

porcelain gallbladder
older woman
chronic inflammation –> gallstones

Question 11

electrolyte abnormality commonly assoc with acute panc

Answer 11

hypocalcemia

Question 12

pancreatic pseudocysts are a complication of ________. they are line by ___________, not epithelium.

Answer 12

acute panc

granulation tissue

Question 13

acronym from VIPoma: WDHA

what does it inhibits? What inhibits VIP

Answer 13

watery diarrhea
hypokalemia
achlorhydria
(due to loss of Cl, takes Na, H2O and K with it)

Inhibits: gastrin
Inhibited by: somatostatin

Question 14

nerves that go through cavernous sinus.

cs thrombosis presents with?

Answer 14

iii, iv, v1, vi, v2
VI is most susceptible to injury
opthalmoplegia, horners,

Question 15

fibroadenoma age? fibrocystic change age?

Answer 15

fibroadenoma and < 35, cystic change is > 35

Question 16

rule of 2s for meckel diverticula

Answer 16

TRUE diverticula
2 inches long
2 feet from ileocecal valve
2x as likely in males
2 types of ectopic tissue (acid secreting, pancreatic)

Question 17

abd pain that increase with stress and releaved by BM? treat with what?

Answer 17

IBS

loperamide

Question 18

lungs do hypoxic vasoconstriction through what mechniasm?

Answer 18

increase receptor expression of ENDOTHELIN 1

thats why bosentan works

Question 19

MLF connects what with what?

Answer 19

IPSILATERAL LR with CONTRA MR

Question 20

chiari I

Answer 20

downward herniation of cerebellar tonsils into foramen magnum

syringomelia compresses CROSSING FIBERS (pain and temp)

Question 21

gastric erosions are different from ulcers in that?

Answer 21

they penetrate only into the musculoaris mucosa (top layer)

Ulcers can penetrate into submucosa

Question 22

how does diabetic mononeuropatyh effect CNIII

Answer 22

somatic component on inside, parasymp component on outside

central ischemia causes down and out palsy, but will still be reactive to light

Question 23

what component of an atherosclerotic plaque forms the fibrous cap? how does it become vulnerable?

Answer 23

VSCM endothelial cells

maturity of plaque causes remodeling of collagenous matrix and leads to VSMC death –> rupture palque

Question 24

how is action potential effected in myastehnia gravis?

Answer 24

decreased number of N-Ach receptors available –> decreased end plate potential –> more difficult to achive AP

Question 25

differentiate histology of hashimotos and subaqcute thydroiditis

Answer 25

ALWAYS SAY SUBACUTE DEQUERVIAN GRANULOMATOUS –> you will see granumloas

hashimotos= anti-TPO –> mononuclear infiltrate with GCs with hurthle cells (oxyphilic follicular cells undergoing metastatic change)

Question 26

PH due to LHF

Answer 26

• pulmonary venous congestion
• decrease NO
• increased endothelin
• vasoconstriction

Question 27

carcinoid heart syndrome

Answer 27

increased serotonin metabolism –> leads to fibrotic deoposition of RIGHT SIDE OF HEART and deposits on tricupsid to cause triscupid regurg

-5HIAA gets broken down in lungs by MAO so you dn’t see effects on left side

Question 28

wpw triaad

Answer 28

shortened PR (skip it)
delta wave
increased QT (second to delta wave)

Question 29

difference between ringed sideroblasts and basophilic stippling?

Answer 29

ringed sideros are ONLY IN BM

Question 30

beta blockers increase the PR interval by…

Answer 30

slowing AV nodal conduction

Question 31

can campy be transmitted from animals to humans?

Answer 31

yes.

Question 32

lichen planus

Answer 32

assoc with hep c

sawtooth pattern at dermal epidermal jx

Question 33

why can HPV (6/11) land on TRUE vocal cords?

Answer 33

it likes STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIA.

found in anus, vagina, cervix and vocal cords