Final Chapter 3: A&P of the Reproductive System Flashcards
A 28-year-old woman presents to the clinic for a routine gynecological exam. She is concerned about her fertility and asks the nurse how many eggs she has left. The nurse explains that women are born with a set number of oocytes, which decline over time. Based on the patient’s age, approximately how many follicles does she likely have remaining?
A. 1 million
B. 400,000
C. Between 100,000 and 200,000
D. Fewer than 100,000
C. Between 100,000 and 200,000
Rationale: The text states that by puberty, a woman has 200,000 to 400,000 follicles. Since ovulation occurs monthly over the reproductive lifespan, the number declines over time. By age 35, the follicular count drops below 100,000, meaning a 28-year-old likely has between 100,000 and 200,000 remaining.
During which phase of the ovarian cycle does the maturation of the graafian follicle occur?
A. Follicular phase
B. Ovulation phase
C. Luteal phase
D. Menstrual phase
A. Follicular phase
Rationale: The text states that the ovarian cycle begins when follicular cells swell and the maturation process starts. This occurs during the follicular phase, which prepares the graafian follicle for ovulation.
Which of the following statements about female oocytes are correct? (SATA)
A. Women are born with a single lifetime supply of oocytes.
B. By menopause, the follicular supply is nearly depleted.
C. A woman ovulates approximately 1,000 oocytes throughout her reproductive lifespan.
D. By puberty, only about 200,000 to 400,000 follicles remain.
E. More than one follicle matures to reach ovulation each month.
A. Women are born with a single lifetime supply of oocytes.
B. By menopause, the follicular supply is nearly depleted.
D. By puberty, only about 200,000 to 400,000 follicles remain.
Rationale:
* A: The text states that women are born with a single lifetime supply of oocytes.
* B: By menopause, the follicular supply is nearly depleted.
* D: By puberty, only about 200,000 to 400,000 follicles remain.
A nurse is teaching a group of women about the ovarian cycle. Which statement by one of the participants indicates an understanding of the teaching?
A. “I produce new eggs every month, just like men produce sperm daily.”
B. “By the time I reach puberty, I will have more follicles than I was born with.”
C. “My ovarian cycle begins with the swelling of follicular cells and the maturation of a follicle.”
D. “I ovulate multiple eggs each month during my reproductive years.”
C. “My ovarian cycle begins with the swelling of follicular cells and the maturation of a follicle.”
Rationale: The text states that the ovarian cycle begins when follicular cells swell and the maturation process starts, leading to the development of a graafian follicle.
A 37-year-old woman is undergoing fertility counseling. She is surprised to learn that her number of available follicles has significantly declined. Based on her age, how many follicles does she likely have remaining?
A. 400,000
B. Between 200,000 and 300,000
C. Fewer than 100,000
D. Nearly depleted
C. Fewer than 100,000
Rationale: The text states that by age 35, a woman has fewer than 100,000 follicles. Since the patient is 37, her follicular count is expected to be below this threshold.
Which of the following best describes the typical pattern of ovulation in a healthy woman?
A. One oocyte is ovulated per month for approximately 40 years.
B. Multiple oocytes are ovulated each month to maximize fertility.
C. A woman ovulates 1 million oocytes throughout her reproductive years.
D. Ovulation occurs randomly, with no predictable pattern.
A. One oocyte is ovulated per month for approximately 40 years.
Rationale: The text states that a woman ovulates one oocyte per month over an approximately 40-year reproductive lifespan, resulting in the loss of 400–500 follicles
A 30-year-old woman presents to the clinic with concerns about her irregular menstrual cycles. The nurse explains that variations in cycle length are most often due to which phase of the ovarian cycle?
A. Luteal phase
B. Ovulation phase
C. Menstrual phase
D. Follicular phase
D. Follicular phase
Rationale: The text states that the follicular phase is not consistent in duration due to variations in follicular development. These variations account for differences in menstrual cycle length.
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the ovary to produce multiple immature follicles during the follicular phase?
A. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
B. Progesterone
C. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
C. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Rationale: The text states that FSH is released by the pituitary gland and stimulates the ovary to produce 5 to 20 immature follicles during the follicular phase.
A nurse is teaching a patient about the function of estrogen during the follicular phase. Which statement by the patient indicates an understanding of this hormone’s role?
A. “Estrogen thickens my uterine lining to prepare for a potential pregnancy.”
B. “Estrogen causes my ovaries to release a mature egg.”
C. “Estrogen is responsible for the surge of luteinizing hormone (LH).”
D. “Estrogen inhibits follicular development during this phase.”
A. “Estrogen thickens my uterine lining to prepare for a potential pregnancy.”
Rationale: The text states that increasing estrogen levels during the follicular phase induce proliferation of the endometrium and myometrium, thickening the uterine lining to support implantation if pregnancy occurs.
Which of the following statements accurately describe events during the follicular phase? (SATA)
A. It begins on day 1 of the menstrual cycle.
B. It is consistent in duration for all women.
C. The hypothalamus initiates this phase.
D. The anterior pituitary releases LH to stimulate follicular growth.
E. The dominant follicle eventually ruptures, releasing a mature oocyte.
A. It begins on day 1 of the menstrual cycle.
C. The hypothalamus initiates this phase.
E. The dominant follicle eventually ruptures, releasing a mature oocyte.
Rationale:
* A: The text states that the follicular phase begins on day 1 of the menstrual cycle.
* C: The hypothalamus initiates this phase.
* E: The dominant follicle eventually ruptures and expels a mature oocyte.
Which gland releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to stimulate follicular development during the follicular phase?
A. Hypothalamus
B. Pituitary gland
C. Ovaries
D. Adrenal gland
B. Pituitary gland
Rationale: The text states that the pituitary gland releases FSH, which stimulates the ovary to produce multiple immature follicles.
A woman is undergoing fertility treatment and receives medication that mimics the natural surge of luteinizing hormone (LH). What is the intended purpose of this treatment?
A. To stimulate the growth of multiple immature follicles
B. To thicken the uterine lining for implantation
C. To trigger ovulation by rupturing the mature follicle
D. To maintain progesterone levels after ovulation
C. To trigger ovulation by rupturing the mature follicle
Rationale: The text states that a surge in LH is responsible for the final development and rupture of the mature follicle, leading to ovulation.
Which event occurs first in the follicular phase?
A. A surge in luteinizing hormone (LH)
B. The rupture of the mature follicle
C. The release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D. Thickening of the endometrium
C. The release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Rationale: The text states that the follicular phase is initiated by the hypothalamus, which prompts the pituitary gland to release FSH. This stimulates follicular development before any other events occur.
A nurse is teaching a patient about ovulation. Which statement accurately describes the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) in this process?
A. “LH stimulates follicle growth at the start of the cycle.”
B. “LH thickens the uterine lining to support pregnancy.”
C. “LH is released by the hypothalamus to regulate menstruation.”
D. “LH triggers the final development and rupture of the mature follicle.”
D. “LH triggers the final development and rupture of the mature follicle.”
Rationale: The text states that a surge in LH from the anterior pituitary gland is responsible for affecting the final development and subsequent rupture of the mature follicle, leading to ovulation.
A 28-year-old woman is trying to conceive and is tracking her ovulation. She asks the nurse about the hormonal changes that trigger ovulation. What is the best response by the nurse?
A. “Ovulation occurs due to a peak in estrogen levels, which directly causes follicular rupture.”
B. “A surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers both final oocyte maturation and follicular rupture.”
C. “Progesterone levels surge before ovulation, stimulating the release of a mature oocyte.”
D. “Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) directly triggers ovulation and releases the egg.”
B. “A surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers both final oocyte maturation and follicular rupture.”
Rationale: The text states that the LH surge from the pituitary gland is the trigger that sets in motion the final stages of oocyte maturation and follicular rupture, leading to ovulation.
A nurse is explaining the ovulation process to a patient. Which event occurs immediately before ovulation?
A. A significant drop in progesterone levels
B. A peak in luteinizing hormone (LH) levels
C. The onset of menstrual bleeding
D. Thickening of cervical mucus
B. A peak in luteinizing hormone (LH) levels
Rationale: The text states that ovulation takes place approximately 10 to 12 hours after the LH peak. The LH surge is the primary trigger for follicular rupture and oocyte release.
A nurse is counseling a woman with irregular cycles who wants to conceive. The woman asks how she can predict ovulation. The nurse explains that ovulation is most consistently timed by which factor?
A. Occurring exactly on day 14 of the menstrual cycle
B. Happening 24 to 36 hours after peak estrogen levels
C. Occurring exactly 14 days before menstruation, regardless of cycle length
D. Taking place at a fixed time, regardless of hormonal fluctuations
C. Occurring exactly 14 days before menstruation, regardless of cycle length
Rationale: The text states that ovulation consistently occurs at least 14 days before menstruation, regardless of whether a woman’s cycle is 28 days or 120 days.
Which physiological changes occur in the body during ovulation? (SATA)
A. A drop in estrogen levels
B. A surge in LH from the pituitary gland
C. Thick, opaque cervical mucus
D. Activation of the distal ends of the fallopian tubes
E. A decrease in vaginal lubrication
A. A drop in estrogen levels
B. A surge in LH from the pituitary gland
D. Activation of the distal ends of the fallopian tubes
Rationale:
* A: The text states that estrogen levels drop at the time of ovulation.
* B: The LH surge is the primary trigger for ovulation.
* D: The text states that the distal ends of the fallopian tubes become active, creating currents to help carry the ovum.
A nurse is teaching a couple about optimizing conception. The woman asks how long the ovum remains viable for fertilization after ovulation. What is the best response?
A. “The ovum remains viable for approximately 24 hours after ovulation.”
B. “The ovum remains viable for up to 12 hours after ovulation.”
C. “The ovum can survive for up to 48 hours after ovulation.”
D. “The ovum remains viable indefinitely until fertilization occurs.”
A. “The ovum remains viable for approximately 24 hours after ovulation.”
Rationale: The text states that the lifespan of the ovum is about 24 hours, and if it does not meet sperm within that time, it will die.
A nurse is assessing a woman who is tracking ovulation symptoms. Which finding would be most indicative that ovulation has occurred?
A. A significant drop in basal body temperature
B. A sensation of vaginal dryness
C. An increase in vaginal discharge with a stretchy, slippery consistency
D. A lack of lower abdominal cramping
C. An increase in vaginal discharge with a stretchy, slippery consistency
Rationale: The text states that during ovulation, the cervix produces thin, clear, stretchy, and slippery mucus to help sperm travel to the ovum.
A patient using basal body temperature tracking for conception asks the nurse what temperature change she should expect during ovulation. What is the best response?
A. “Your basal body temperature will drop significantly when ovulation occurs.”
B. “You will see a slight rise in your basal body temperature after ovulation.”
C. “Your basal body temperature remains unchanged throughout the cycle.”
D. “Your basal body temperature fluctuates unpredictably before and after ovulation.”
B. “You will see a slight rise in your basal body temperature after ovulation.”
Rationale: The text states that ovulation symptoms include a slight rise in basal body temperature.
A woman reports mid-cycle lower abdominal cramping, increased libido, and clear cervical mucus. What is the most likely explanation for these symptoms?
A. She is experiencing implantation.
B. She is entering the luteal phase.
C. She is currently ovulating.
D. She is in the follicular phase.
C. She is currently ovulating.
Rationale: The text states that ovulation symptoms include lower abdominal cramping, increased libido, and an increase in clear, stretchy cervical mucus.
A nurse is educating a patient about fertility tracking. The patient asks how long after estrogen peaks ovulation will occur. The nurse responds that ovulation typically occurs how long after the estrogen peak?
A. 6 to 8 hours
B. 12 to 18 hours
C. 24 to 36 hours
D. 48 to 72 hours
C. 24 to 36 hours
Rationale: The text states that ovulation occurs approximately 24 to 36 hours after estrogen levels peak.
A nurse is teaching a patient about basal body temperature (BBT) tracking. The patient asks how her temperature changes during the luteal phase. What is the best response by the nurse?
A. “Your temperature will remain low and stable throughout the luteal phase.”
B. “Your temperature will slightly increase by 0.5° to 1°F and stay elevated until a few days before menstruation.”
C. “Your temperature will fluctuate unpredictably throughout the luteal phase.”
D. “Your temperature will drop significantly immediately after ovulation and stay low until menstruation.”
B. “Your temperature will slightly increase by 0.5° to 1°F and stay elevated until a few days before menstruation.”
Rationale: The text states that progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum causes a temperature rise of 0.5° to 1°F, which remains elevated until three days before the onset of menstruation.
A patient undergoing fertility treatment is concerned about low progesterone levels. The nurse explains that progesterone plays a crucial role in which aspect of the luteal phase?
A. Stimulating follicular development for the next cycle
B. Suppressing the corpus luteum to prevent excessive hormone production
C. Preparing the endometrium for implantation by increasing secretory activity
D. Triggering ovulation and the release of a mature egg
C. Preparing the endometrium for implantation by increasing secretory activity
Rationale: The text states that progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum induces the endometrial glands to secrete glycogen, mucus, and other substances to prepare for implantation.
Which hormonal change occurs during the luteal phase in the absence of fertilization?
A. Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease, leading to endometrial involution
B. FSH and LH levels surge, maintaining the corpus luteum
C. Progesterone levels continue to rise, sustaining the endometrial lining
D. Estrogen levels spike, causing another ovulation event
A. Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease, leading to endometrial involution
Rationale: The text states that without fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a decrease in estrogen and progesterone, which causes the endometrium to undergo involution.
Which physiological changes occur during the luteal phase? (SATA)
A. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone
B. Basal body temperature remains elevated
C. The endometrial glands secrete glycogen and mucus
D. FSH and LH levels are at their peak
E. The follicle matures and prepares for ovulation
A. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone
B. Basal body temperature remains elevated
C. The endometrial glands secrete glycogen and mucus
Rationale:
* A: The corpus luteum forms after ovulation and secretes progesterone.
* B: The text states that progesterone causes a temperature rise that remains elevated.
* C: Progesterone induces the secretion of glycogen, mucus, and other substances from the endometrial glands.
A woman trying to conceive is tracking her hormonal changes. She asks why her FSH and LH levels are lower during the luteal phase. What is the best explanation?
A. “FSH and LH levels decrease because they are no longer needed once ovulation has occurred.”
B. “FSH and LH levels remain low due to progesterone and estrogen feedback inhibition.”
C. “FSH and LH are actively suppressed by the corpus luteum to maintain pregnancy.”
D. “FSH and LH levels drop to prevent a second ovulation event in the same cycle.”
B. “FSH and LH levels remain low due to progesterone and estrogen feedback inhibition.”
Rationale: The text states that FSH and LH are at their lowest levels during the luteal phase, suppressed by the negative feedback from progesterone and estrogen.
Which event marks the end of the luteal phase in a non-pregnant woman?
A. A second LH surge
B. A significant rise in progesterone levels
C. The onset of menstrual bleeding
D. The formation of the corpus luteum
C. The onset of menstrual bleeding
Rationale: The luteal phase lasts from ovulation until menstruation. When the corpus luteum degenerates and hormone levels drop, menstruation begins, marking the end of the luteal phase.
A nurse is reviewing a patient’s basal body temperature chart and notices a temperature rise of 0.7°F, which has remained elevated for 10 days. What does this indicate?
A. The patient is likely in the follicular phase
B. The patient has not yet ovulated
C. The patient is in the luteal phase
D. The patient is likely experiencing an anovulatory cycle
C. The patient is in the luteal phase
Rationale: The text states that after ovulation, progesterone causes a slight rise in temperature, which remains elevated during the luteal phase.
A woman who has been tracking her menstrual cycle reports that her temperature remained elevated beyond 14 days post-ovulation, and she has not experienced menstruation. What is the most likely explanation?
A. She has entered the follicular phase again
B. She is experiencing a hormonal imbalance preventing menstruation
C. She has likely conceived, and progesterone is maintaining her elevated temperature
D. She has an ovarian cyst that is producing excess progesterone
C. She has likely conceived, and progesterone is maintaining her elevated temperature
Rationale: If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone, keeping the temperature elevated to support pregnancy.
A patient undergoing fertility treatment is prescribed progesterone supplements during the luteal phase. The nurse explains that this treatment is primarily intended to:
A. Trigger ovulation and follicular rupture
B. Support the endometrium for possible implantation
C. Prevent an increase in basal body temperature
D. Stimulate the release of FSH and LH
B. Support the endometrium for possible implantation
Rationale: The text states that progesterone, secreted by the corpus luteum, prepares the endometrium for implantation by increasing secretory activity.
Which hormonal and physiological changes occur at the end of the luteal phase if fertilization does not occur? (SATA)
A. The corpus luteum degenerates
B. Progesterone and estrogen levels decrease
C. The endometrial lining undergoes involution
D. FSH and LH surge to prepare for ovulation
E. The basal body temperature remains elevated indefinitely
A. The corpus luteum degenerates
B. Progesterone and estrogen levels decrease
C. The endometrial lining undergoes involution
Rationale:
* A: In the absence of fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates.
* B: As the corpus luteum regresses, progesterone and estrogen levels drop.
* C: The endometrium undergoes involution due to the decrease in hormonal support.
A nurse is educating a group of adolescent girls about menarche. Which factor is the most significant in determining the age of menarche?
A. Nutrition
B. Geographic location
C. Social and cultural practices
D. Genetics
D. Genetics
Rationale: The text states that genetics is the most important factor influencing the age at which menarche begins, though other factors like nutrition, location, and cultural practices also play a role.
Which factors can influence the timing of menarche? (SATA)
A. General health
B. Educational level
C. Family environment
D. Height
E. Nutrition
A. General health
B. Educational level
C. Family environment
E. Nutrition
Rationale: The text states that factors such as general health, education, family environment, and nutrition can influence the timing of menarche. Height is not explicitly mentioned as a determining factor.
A 15-year-old girl has irregular menstrual cycles two years after menarche. Which condition should the nurse consider as a potential cause?
A. Normal menstrual cycle establishment
B. Type 2 diabetes
C. Ovulatory cycle regulation
D. Increased estrogen production
B. Type 2 diabetes
Rationale: The text mentions that irregular menses beyond two years after menarche may be linked to conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome, type 2 diabetes, thyroid disorders, and hormonal imbalances.
A 13-year-old girl has just experienced menarche. She asks the nurse if her periods will always be regular. What is the best response by the nurse?
A. “Your cycles may remain irregular for up to two years as your body adjusts.”
B. “Yes, your periods should always be regular from now on.”
C. “You will only have irregular cycles if you have a health condition.”
D. “It is not normal for menstrual cycles to be irregular after menarche.”
A. “Your cycles may remain irregular for up to two years as your body adjusts.”
Rationale: The text states that menstrual cycles may remain irregular for up to two years following menarche before a regular pattern is established.
Which conditions are associated with irregular menstruation? (SATA)
A. Polycystic ovary syndrome
B. Type 2 diabetes
C. Stress
D. Thyroid disorders
E. Early menopause
A. Polycystic ovary syndrome
B. Type 2 diabetes
C. Stress
D. Thyroid disorders
Rationale: The text states that irregular menses can be associated with polycystic ovary syndrome, type 2 diabetes, stress, thyroid disorders, and hormonal imbalances. Early menopause is not mentioned as a direct cause of irregular menses.
Which statement best describes the cultural perspectives on menstruation?
A. Menstruation is universally viewed as a sacred event.
B. Cultural beliefs about menstruation have no impact on symptom management.
C. Menstrual attitudes vary across cultures, influencing symptom expression and treatment-seeking behavior.
D. All societies view menstruation as a negative and unclean time.
C. Menstrual attitudes vary across cultures, influencing symptom expression and treatment-seeking behavior.
Rationale: The text states that different cultures have varying attitudes toward menstruation, affecting symptom expression and healthcare-seeking behaviors.
A mother asks the nurse how she can help her daughter develop a positive attitude toward menstruation. What should the nurse recommend?
A. Encourage discussions with her peers rather than family.
B. Teach her that menstruation is a private matter not to be discussed.
C. Avoid discussing menstruation until she experiences her first period.
D. Provide accurate information and support open conversations.
D. Provide accurate information and support open conversations.
Rationale: The text states that nurses and family members can shape positive menstrual attitudes through education and discussions.
Which statement about menarche is correct?
A. The average age of menarche in the U.S. is 10 years old.
B. Menarche typically occurs about 4 years after the first signs of puberty.
C. The age of menarche is primarily influenced by genetics.
D. Menarche always results in immediate cycle regularity.
C. The age of menarche is primarily influenced by genetics.
Rationale: The text states that genetics is the most important factor in determining when menarche occurs.
A nurse is discussing menstrual health with a group of teenagers. Which statement is correct?
A. “Menstrual cycles should be the same length each month starting with menarche.”
B. “Most women will experience approximately 100 menstrual cycles in their lifetime.”
C. “Irregular menstruation can be linked to conditions such as thyroid disorders and stress.”
D. “The sequence of puberty is unpredictable and varies widely among all females.”
C. “Irregular menstruation can be linked to conditions such as thyroid disorders and stress.”
Rationale: The text states that irregular menstruation can be associated with stress, thyroid disorders, and other conditions.
A nurse is discussing the role of nurses in menstrual education. Which action is most appropriate?
A. Provide accurate information to help girls develop positive attitudes.
B. Avoid discussing menstruation unless asked.
C. Encourage young girls to research menstruation on their own.
D. Advise parents to avoid discussing menstruation with their daughters.
A. Provide accurate information to help girls develop positive attitudes.
Rationale: The text emphasizes the importance of nurses providing menstrual education to shape positive attitudes and improve self-image.
A nurse is educating a client about the menstrual cycle. Which of the following statements by the client indicates a correct understanding of LH’s role?
A. “LH is responsible for producing estrogen during the luteal phase.”
B. “Low LH levels lead to the secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum.”
C. “LH inhibits the production of estrogen during the follicular phase.”
D. “LH surge triggers ovulation and stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum.”
D. “LH surge triggers ovulation and stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum.”
Rationale: The text describes that the LH surge causes ovulation and the subsequent formation of the corpus luteum, which produces estrogen and progesterone.
Which event triggers ovulation in the menstrual cycle?
A. Decrease in estrogen
B. Surge in LH
C. Rise in progesterone
D. Inhibition of LH production
B. Surge in LH
Rationale: The text specifies that ovulation occurs after an LH surge, which leads to the release of the egg from the follicle.
Which hormones are primarily involved in regulating the menstrual cycle? (SATA)
A. Estrogen
B. Progesterone
C. FSH
D. LH
E. Testosterone
A. Estrogen
B. Progesterone
C. FSH
D. LH
Rationale: The key hormones involved in regulating the menstrual cycle, as described in the text, are estrogen, progesterone, and LH. FSH is involved early in follicle maturation but is not highlighted in this summary, and testosterone is not mentioned.
What is the role of estrogen during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
A. To stimulate the corpus luteum
B. To inhibit the secretion of LH
C. To promote ovulation
D. To cause the degeneration of the corpus luteum
B. To inhibit the secretion of LH
Rationale: The text explains that rising estrogen levels inhibit LH secretion during the follicular phase.
What happens to the corpus luteum if there is a lack of LH secretion?
A. It becomes more active and increases estrogen production.
B. It continues producing progesterone without any changes.
C. It degenerates, leading to a decline in estrogen and progesterone.
D. It starts producing more LH.
C. It degenerates, leading to a decline in estrogen and progesterone.
Rationale: The text mentions that the lack of LH promotes the degeneration of the corpus luteum, leading to a decrease in estrogen and progesterone.
A 30-year-old woman has irregular menstrual cycles. Laboratory testing shows low levels of LH. Which of the following is most likely occurring?
A. Ovulation is occurring normally.
B. The corpus luteum is functioning properly.
C. There is insufficient LH to maintain the corpus luteum.
D. Estrogen and progesterone levels are abnormally high.
C. There is insufficient LH to maintain the corpus luteum.
Rationale: The text notes that LH is essential for maintaining the corpus luteum. A lack of LH would prevent the corpus luteum from functioning properly.
Which statement best describes the relationship between estrogen and LH in the menstrual cycle?
A. Estrogen suppresses the secretion of LH when levels are high.
B. Estrogen stimulates LH secretion to trigger ovulation.
C. LH is required for the production of estrogen by the follicle.
D. Estrogen and LH have no influence on each other.
A. Estrogen suppresses the secretion of LH when levels are high.
Rationale: The text indicates that high levels of estrogen inhibit the secretion of LH, playing a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle.
The surge in LH during the menstrual cycle is primarily responsible for which event?
A. Maturation of the follicle
B. Secretion of estrogen from the corpus luteum
C. Ovulation
D. Endometrial thickening
C. Ovulation
Rationale: The LH surge triggers ovulation, as the text indicates, by damaging estrogen-producing cells and causing the release of the egg.
What occurs immediately after the LH surge?
A. Estrogen levels decline, and the corpus luteum is established.
B. The corpus luteum degenerates, and progesterone levels rise.
C. Ovulation is triggered, followed by the establishment of the corpus luteum.
D. Estrogen secretion is increased, leading to menstruation.
C. Ovulation is triggered, followed by the establishment of the corpus luteum.
Rationale: According to the text, the LH surge triggers ovulation and leads to the formation of the corpus luteum.
What happens to estrogen and progesterone levels after the corpus luteum degenerates?
A. Estrogen and progesterone levels rise again to prepare for a new cycle.
B. Estrogen levels remain high, but progesterone declines.
C. Both hormones continue to rise in the absence of LH.
D. Estrogen and progesterone levels decline, leading to menstruation.
D. Estrogen and progesterone levels decline, leading to menstruation.
What is the primary role of progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
A. Stimulate ovulation
B. Promote uterine contractions
C. Induce swelling and increased secretion of the endometrium
D. Inhibit the secretion of estrogen
C. Induce swelling and increased secretion of the endometrium
Rationale: The text states that progesterone induces swelling and increased secretion in the endometrium during the luteal phase, preparing the uterus for possible implantation.
Which of the following is a characteristic of progesterone secretion after ovulation?
A. Progesterone levels peak 5 to 7 days after ovulation.
B. Progesterone levels drop immediately after ovulation.
C. Progesterone is secreted by the pituitary gland.
D. Progesterone is secreted by the ovaries during the follicular phase.
A. Progesterone levels peak 5 to 7 days after ovulation.
Rationale: According to the text, progesterone levels increase before ovulation and peak 5 to 7 days after ovulation during the luteal phase.
A 28-year-old woman is experiencing difficulties maintaining a pregnancy. Laboratory results show low progesterone levels during the luteal phase. Which of the following is most likely the cause of her difficulty in maintaining pregnancy?
A. Inadequate secretion of estrogen
B. Low progesterone levels preventing proper uterine preparation
C. High levels of LH inhibiting progesterone production
D. Insufficient LH surge to trigger ovulation
B. Low progesterone levels preventing proper uterine preparation
Rationale: Progesterone is essential for preparing the endometrium to maintain pregnancy, and insufficient progesterone can lead to difficulties maintaining a pregnancy, as mentioned in the text.
Why is progesterone often referred to as the “hormone of pregnancy”?
A. It stimulates ovulation.
B. It reduces uterine contractions, allowing pregnancy to be maintained.
C. It triggers menstruation.
D. It supports the growth of the follicle.
B. It reduces uterine contractions, allowing pregnancy to be maintained.
Rationale: The text refers to progesterone as the “hormone of pregnancy” because of its calming effect on the uterus, reducing contractions and helping to maintain pregnancy.
At what point in the menstrual cycle do progesterone levels typically peak?
A. Just before ovulation
B. 5 to 7 days after ovulation
C. At the beginning of menstruation
D. During the follicular phase
B. 5 to 7 days after ovulation
Rationale: The text notes that progesterone levels peak 5 to 7 days after ovulation during the luteal phase.
If a woman experiences a deficiency in progesterone during the luteal phase, which of the following is most likely to occur?
A. Early menstruation due to insufficient endometrial buildup
B. A delay in ovulation
C. Increased uterine contractions leading to a higher risk of miscarriage
D. Excessive secretion of estrogen
C. Increased uterine contractions leading to a higher risk of miscarriage
Rationale: The text highlights that progesterone has a calming effect on the uterus, and its deficiency can result in increased uterine contractions, which can raise the risk of miscarriage.
What is the primary function of estrogen during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
A. Stimulate ovulation
B. Inhibit the secretion of progesterone
C. Induce proliferation of the endometrial glands
D. Increase uterine contractions
C. Induce proliferation of the endometrial glands
Rationale: The text specifies that estrogen plays a key role in inducing the proliferation of the endometrial glands, which prepares the uterus for potential implantation.
Which of the following occurs as estrogen levels drop after ovulation?
A. Estrogen levels remain elevated to maintain the uterine lining.
B. Progesterone levels decrease and estrogen becomes dominant.
C. Progesterone dominates and estrogen levels sharply decrease.
D. The endometrium proliferates rapidly due to increased estrogen.
C. Progesterone dominates and estrogen levels sharply decrease.
Rationale: The text notes that after ovulation, estrogen levels drop sharply, and progesterone takes over as the predominant hormone during the luteal phase.
Which of the following is a direct effect of estrogen on the uterus?
A. Decreases blood supply to the uterus
B. Reduces uterine size and weight
C. Promotes uterine contractions during pregnancy
D. Increases glycogen, amino acids, electrolytes, and water in the uterus
D. Increases glycogen, amino acids, electrolytes, and water in the uterus
Rationale: The text highlights that estrogen causes the uterus to increase in size and weight, including increased glycogen, amino acids, electrolytes, and water.
How does estrogen contribute to the development of the follicle?
A. It prevents the release of luteinizing hormone (LH).
B. It stimulates the endometrial glands to secrete progesterone.
C. It causes the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone.
D. It is crucial for the development and maturation of the follicle.
D. It is crucial for the development and maturation of the follicle.
Rationale: Estrogen is secreted by the ovaries and is crucial for the development and maturation of the follicle, as noted in the text.
Which phase of the menstrual cycle is estrogen predominantly active?
A. Secretory phase
B. Luteal phase
C. Proliferative phase
D. Menstruation
C. Proliferative phase
Rationale: According to the text, estrogen is predominant at the end of the proliferative phase, just before ovulation.
A 32-year-old woman presents with infertility and irregular menstrual cycles. Lab results show low levels of estrogen. What effect might this deficiency have on her menstrual cycle?
A. Inhibition of ovulation and lack of endometrial proliferation
B. Excessive endometrial proliferation and difficulty maintaining pregnancy
C. Elevated progesterone levels leading to abnormal luteal phase
D. Insufficient secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH)
A. Inhibition of ovulation and lack of endometrial proliferation
Rationale: Estrogen is crucial for follicular development and endometrial proliferation. Low estrogen levels would likely inhibit ovulation and prevent proper endometrial proliferation, leading to infertility and irregular cycles, as described in the text.
What is the primary role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the menstrual cycle?
A. Stimulate the release of progesterone from the corpus luteum
B. Induce ovulation by triggering the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge
C. Promote the maturation of the ovarian follicle
D. Regulate the thickness of the endometrial lining
C. Promote the maturation of the ovarian follicle
Rationale: FSH is primarily responsible for the maturation of the ovarian follicle, as stated in the text.
During which phase of the reproductive cycle is FSH secretion highest?
A. Luteal phase
B. Menstruation
C. First week of the follicular phase
D. Ovulation
C. First week of the follicular phase
Rationale: FSH secretion is highest and most important during the first week of the follicular phase, as noted in the text.
Which gland secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
A. Hypothalamus
B. Anterior pituitary gland
C. Ovaries
D. Posterior pituitary gland
B. Anterior pituitary gland
Rationale: FSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, as stated in the text.
What would be the effect of decreased FSH levels in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
A. Delayed maturation of the ovarian follicle
B. Increased ovulation frequency
C. Decreased progesterone secretion
D. Rapid development of the endometrial lining
A. Delayed maturation of the ovarian follicle
Rationale: Since FSH is responsible for the maturation of the ovarian follicle, decreased FSH levels would delay the maturation process, as outlined in the text.
What is the primary function of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the menstrual cycle?
A. Stimulate the growth of the ovarian follicle
B. Trigger ovulation and luteinization of the ruptured follicle
C. Increase estrogen secretion by the ovaries
D. Promote endometrial thickening
B. Trigger ovulation and luteinization of the ruptured follicle
Rationale: LH is required for the final maturation of preovulatory follicles and luteinization of the ruptured follicle, as described in the text.
What occurs when luteinizing hormone (LH) levels surge during the menstrual cycle?
A. The corpus luteum begins to degenerate
B. Estrogen levels increase significantly
C. Progesterone secretion is inhibited
D. The mature follicle ruptures, releasing the egg
D. The mature follicle ruptures, releasing the egg
Rationale: The LH surge is responsible for triggering ovulation, which includes the rupture of the mature follicle and the release of the egg, as indicated in the text.
How does luteinizing hormone (LH) affect estrogen and progesterone levels after ovulation?
A. LH increases estrogen and decreases progesterone
B. LH causes estrogen to decrease and progesterone to increase
C. LH causes both estrogen and progesterone to decrease
D. LH has no effect on estrogen or progesterone levels
B. LH causes estrogen to decrease and progesterone to increase
Rationale: Following ovulation, LH leads to a decline in estrogen and a rise in progesterone, as stated in the text.
Which gland secretes luteinizing hormone (LH)?
A. Hypothalamus
B. Ovaries
C. Posterior pituitary gland
D. Anterior pituitary gland
D. Anterior pituitary gland
Rationale: LH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, as noted in the text.
What is the primary role of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
A. To secrete estrogen and stimulate follicular development
B. To secrete progesterone and prepare the endometrium for implantation
C. To stimulate the release of luteinizing hormone (LH)
D. To initiate the menstrual cycle
B. To secrete progesterone and prepare the endometrium for implantation
Rationale: The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which is essential for maintaining the endometrial lining and preparing it for implantation, as described in the text.
If fertilization does not occur, what happens to the corpus luteum?
A. It degenerates, leading to a decrease in progesterone and estrogen levels
B. It continues to secrete estrogen
C. It continues to secrete progesterone, preventing menstruation
D. It increases the production of luteinizing hormone (LH)
A. It degenerates, leading to a decrease in progesterone and estrogen levels
Rationale: If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, causing a decrease in progesterone and estrogen, which leads to the onset of menstruation, as stated in the text.
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum play a crucial role?
A. Follicular phase
B. Ovulation phase
C. Luteal phase
D. Menstruation phase
C. Luteal phase
Rationale: The corpus luteum is most active during the luteal phase, where it secretes progesterone to support the endometrium, as noted in the text.
What hormone is primarily secreted by the corpus luteum to maintain the uterine lining?
A. Estrogen
B. Luteinizing hormone
C. Progesterone
D. Follicle-stimulating hormone
C. Progesterone
Rationale: The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which is essential for maintaining the uterine lining and preparing it for potential implantation of a fertilized egg, as described in the text.
If pregnancy occurs, how does the corpus luteum function?
A. It secretes more estrogen and progesterone to maintain the pregnancy until the placenta takes over
B. It stops secreting progesterone, and estrogen levels increase
C. It secretes luteinizing hormone (LH) to stimulate the ovaries
D. It decreases progesterone and estrogen, leading to the end of the pregnancy
A. It secretes more estrogen and progesterone to maintain the pregnancy until the placenta takes over
Rationale: If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen to maintain the uterine lining until the placenta can take over hormone production, as implied in the text.
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization and implantation of an embryo do not occur?
A. It continues to function, supporting the pregnancy
B. It degenerates, and hormone levels decrease
C. It forms a cyst and secretes high levels of progesterone
D. It remains inactive, and menstruation is delayed
B. It degenerates, and hormone levels decrease
Rationale: If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a decrease in progesterone and estrogen levels, triggering the start of menstruation, as noted in the text.
What is the primary function of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during early pregnancy?
A. To stimulate the release of estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries
B. To maintain the corpus luteum and progesterone production
C. To promote the maturation of the ovarian follicle
D. To inhibit the development of the placenta
D. To inhibit the development of the placenta
Rationale: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy, which continues to secrete progesterone, preventing menstruation and supporting the early stages of pregnancy.
When is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) typically detected in the blood after fertilization?
A. Within 24-48 hours
B. 3-4 days after fertilization
C. 6-12 days after fertilization
D. 14-21 days after fertilization
B. 3-4 days after fertilization
Rationale: hCG is typically detectable in the blood 6-12 days after fertilization, when the embryo implants in the uterine lining and begins secreting the hormone.
Which of the following is a clinical use of measuring hCG levels?
A. Determining the start of the menstrual cycle
B. Confirming pregnancy and monitoring its progress
C. Diagnosing ovarian cysts
D. Evaluating the function of the pituitary gland
B. Confirming pregnancy and monitoring its progress
Rationale: The primary use of measuring hCG levels is to confirm pregnancy, as hCG is produced by the placenta after implantation and is a key indicator of pregnancy. It is also used to monitor the progression of pregnancy.
Which statement about human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is accurate?
A. hCG levels increase significantly only if a pregnancy is viable
B. hCG levels are typically highest during the second trimester
C. hCG is responsible for the formation of the placenta
D. hCG production is exclusively from the corpus luteum
A. hCG levels increase significantly only if a pregnancy is viable
Rationale: hCG levels typically rise steadily in early pregnancy if the pregnancy is viable. Abnormally low or decreasing hCG levels can indicate issues such as an ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage.
What effect does human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) have on the ovaries during early pregnancy?
A. It stimulates the ovaries to continue producing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B. It inhibits ovulation and the development of new follicles
C. It promotes the secretion of estrogen to support the menstrual cycle
D. It helps mature the ovarian follicles in preparation for the next cycle
B. It inhibits ovulation and the development of new follicles
Rationale: hCG helps prevent ovulation during early pregnancy by inhibiting the development of new follicles, thus maintaining the corpus luteum and ensuring progesterone production.
Which of the following would cause an abnormally high level of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?
A. Ectopic pregnancy
B. Hydatidiform mole (gestational trophoblastic disease)
C. Miscarriage
D. Low progesterone levels
B. Hydatidiform mole (gestational trophoblastic disease)
Rationale: A hydatidiform mole, or gestational trophoblastic disease, often leads to very high levels of hCG, as the abnormal tissue secretes large amounts of the hormone.
Which of the following is the most common symptom of endometriosis?
A. Irregular menstrual cycles
B. Severe pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea
C. Vaginal bleeding between periods
D. Unexplained weight loss
B. Severe pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea
Rationale: The most common symptom of endometriosis is pelvic pain, often associated with dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation). This pain is typically worse during menstruation and may also occur between periods.
Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of endometriosis?
A. Obesity
B. Family history of endometriosis
C. Use of oral contraceptives
D. Age over 40 years
B. Family history of endometriosis
Rationale: A family history of endometriosis is a known risk factor for developing the condition, as there may be a genetic predisposition to it.
Which of the following is most commonly associated with endometriosis?
A. Infertility
B. Ectopic pregnancy
C. Ovarian cysts
D. Uterine fibroids
A. Infertility
Rationale: Endometriosis is frequently associated with infertility due to the anatomical and physiological changes it causes in the reproductive system, such as adhesions and scarring of the fallopian tubes.
Which diagnostic test is most commonly used to confirm a diagnosis of endometriosis?
A. Pap smear
B. Pelvic ultrasound
C. Laparoscopy
D. Endometrial biopsy
C. Laparoscopy
Rationale: Laparoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosing endometriosis, as it allows direct visualization of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus.
A 30-year-old woman with endometriosis reports experiencing pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea. Which of the following interventions would the nurse most likely recommend to manage her symptoms?
A. Regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
B. Immediate initiation of hormone therapy
C. Surgical removal of the uterus
D. Increased fluid intake and high-fiber diet
A. Regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Rationale: NSAIDs are commonly used to manage pain in women with endometriosis, as they reduce inflammation and alleviate pain during menstruation.
Which of the following is the primary reason for infertility in women with endometriosis?
A. Scarring and adhesions that block the fallopian tubes
B. Abnormal uterine lining that prevents implantation
C. Abnormal cervical mucus preventing sperm entry
D. Decreased estrogen production
A. Scarring and adhesions that block the fallopian tubes
Rationale: Scarring and adhesions caused by endometriosis can block the fallopian tubes, preventing the egg from traveling to the uterus and impairing fertilization.
Which of the following treatments is commonly used to manage endometriosis-related infertility?
A. Laparoscopic surgery to remove lesions and adhesions
B. Long-term use of oral contraceptives
C. Intrauterine device (IUD) placement
D. Radiation therapy
A. Laparoscopic surgery to remove lesions and adhesions
Rationale: Laparoscopic surgery to remove endometrial lesions and adhesions is a common treatment to improve fertility outcomes in women with endometriosis.
Which of the following medications is typically used to suppress the growth of endometriosis lesions?
A. GnRH agonists
B. Estrogen therapy
C. Progestin-only birth control
D. Antidepressants
A. GnRH agonists
Rationale: GnRH agonists are commonly used to suppress ovarian hormone production, reducing the growth of endometriosis lesions and providing symptom relief.
A patient with endometriosis is prescribed a GnRH agonist. Which of the following side effects is the nurse most likely to observe?
A. Weight gain
B. Increased libido
C. Hot flashes and decreased bone density
D. Increased menstrual flow
C. Hot flashes and decreased bone density
Rationale: GnRH agonists can cause symptoms similar to menopause, including hot flashes and decreased bone density due to reduced estrogen levels.
Which of the following is a common complication of untreated endometriosis?
A. Pelvic inflammatory disease
B. Menorrhagia
C. Ovarian cancer
D. Chronic pelvic pain
D. Chronic pelvic pain
Rationale: Chronic pelvic pain is a common complication of untreated endometriosis due to the persistent inflammation, scarring, and adhesions caused by the condition.
A 28-year-old woman with endometriosis asks the nurse about the long-term effects of the condition. Which of the following should the nurse include in the teaching?
A. Endometriosis can lead to a higher risk of breast cancer.
B. Endometriosis may cause persistent symptoms even after menopause.
C. Endometriosis can cause permanent infertility.
D. Endometriosis typically resolves with age.
B. Endometriosis may cause persistent symptoms even after menopause.
Rationale: Although symptoms may improve after menopause due to lower hormone levels, some women with endometriosis continue to experience symptoms even after their reproductive years.
Which of the following lifestyle changes would most likely benefit a patient with endometriosis?
A. Increased physical activity to reduce pain
B. A high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet
C. A diet rich in dairy products to reduce inflammation
D. Smoking cessation and stress management techniques
D. Smoking cessation and stress management techniques
Rationale: Smoking and high stress levels can exacerbate endometriosis symptoms, so smoking cessation and stress management are key lifestyle changes that can benefit patients with the condition.
Which of the following physical findings is most likely to be seen in a patient with endometriosis?
A. Thickening of the cervix
B. Tenderness on pelvic examination, especially during menstruation
C. Non-tender and smooth ovaries
D. Enlarged uterine fibroids
B. Tenderness on pelvic examination, especially during menstruation
Rationale: Women with endometriosis often experience pelvic tenderness, especially during menstruation, due to the inflammation and adhesions caused by the condition.
Which of the following is an important consideration when counseling a patient with endometriosis about the impact on her fertility?
A. Fertility is always impaired, and pregnancy is not possible.
B. Fertility treatments will not be effective if the condition is not surgically treated first.
C. Pregnancy is generally possible, but fertility may take longer than usual.
D. Most women with endometriosis will need an egg donor to become pregnant.
C. Pregnancy is generally possible, but fertility may take longer than usual.
Rationale: While endometriosis can cause infertility, many women with the condition are still able to conceive, although they may experience difficulty or a longer time to become pregnant.
Which of the following should be included in the teaching plan for a patient who is undergoing surgery for endometriosis?
A. The procedure is usually a hysterectomy.
B. Postoperative pain should subside within 24 hours.
C. The goal of surgery is to remove as much endometrial tissue as possible.
D. Hormonal therapy is no longer needed after surgery.
C. The goal of surgery is to remove as much endometrial tissue as possible.
Rationale: The goal of surgery for endometriosis is to remove as much endometrial tissue as possible to reduce symptoms and improve fertility, although the procedure is not necessarily a hysterectomy.
When describing the menstrual cycle to a group of young women, the nurse explains that estrogen levels are highest during which phase of the endometrial cycle?
A) Menstrual
B) Proliferative
C) Secretory
D) Ischemic
B) Proliferative
After teaching a group of pregnant women about breast-feeding, the nurse determines that the teaching was successful when the group identifies which hormone as important for the production of breast milk after childbirth?
A) Placental estrogen
B) Progesterone
C) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
D) Prolactin
D) Prolactin
When describing the ovarian cycle to a group of students, which phase would the instructor include?
A) Luteal phase
B) Proliferative phase
C) Menstrual phase
D) Secretory phase
A) Luteal phase
The nurse is explaining the events that lead up to ovulation. Which hormone would the nurse identify as being primarily responsible for ovulation?
A) Estrogen
B) Progesterone
C) Follicle-stimulating hormone
D) Luteinizing hormone
D) Luteinizing hormone
A woman comes to the clinic complaining that she has little sexual desire. As part of the clients evaluation, the nurse would anticipate the need to evaluate which hormone level?
A) Progesterone
B) Estrogen
C) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
D) Testosterone
D) Testosterone
When describing the hormones involved in the menstrual cycle, a nurse identifies which hormone as responsible for initiating the cycle?
A) Estrogen
B) Luteinizing hormone
C) Progesterone
D) Prolactin
B) Luteinizing hormone
A nursing instructor is describing the hormones involved in the menstrual cycle to a group of nursing students. The instructor determines the teaching was successful when the students identify follicle-stimulating hormone as being secreted by which of the following?
A) Hypothalamus
B) Anterior pituitary gland
C) Ovaries
D) Corpus luteum
B) Anterior pituitary gland
A client comes to the clinic with abdominal pain. Based on her history the nurse suspects endometriosis. The nurse expects to prepare the client for which of the following to confirm this suspicion?
A) Pelvic examination
B) Transvaginal ultrasound
C) Laparoscopy
D) Hysterosalpingogram
C) Laparoscopy
Which finding would the nurse expect to find in a client with endometriosis?
A) Hot flashes
B) Dysuria
C) Fluid retention
D) Fever
B) Dysuria
When reviewing the medical record of a client diagnosed with endometriosis, which of the following would the nurse identify as a risk factor for this woman?
A) Low fat in the diet
B) Age of 14 years for menarche
C) Menstrual cycles of 24 days
D) Short menstrual flow
C) Menstrual cycles of 24 days
A client who has come to the clinic is diagnosed with endometriosis. Which of the following would the nurse expect the physician to prescribe as a first-line treatment?
A) Progestins
B) Antiestrogens
C) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues
D) NSAIDs
D) NSAIDs
