Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Research Methods > FINAL: Chapter 10 Simple Experiemnts > Flashcards

FINAL: Chapter 10 Simple Experiemnts Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three criteria for causation?

A

Covariation, Temporal Precedence, Internal Validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Covariation in criteria for causation

A

The measured variable (our “outcome variable”) must change as the causal variable changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Temporal Precedence in criteria for causation

A

The causal variable must come first and the outcome variable after

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Internal Validity in criteria for causation

A

Alternative causal explanations must be ruled out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of experiments?

A

Empirical/Objective approach, Manipulation of variables, and keeping other factors constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the Empirical/Objective approach?

A

Gathering info through the use of your senses during systematic hypothesis testing. Hypotheses are specific predictions that can be tested.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Manipulation of variables (in reference to characteristics of experiments)

A

In experiments, the hypothesized causal variable is manipulated by the researcher and the resulting outcome is measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In the characteristics of experiments, what does it mean by “keeping all other factors constant”?

A

(internal validity: the ability to rule out alternative explanations for a causal relationship) (control variables: variables that the experimenter holds constant on purpose. Potential third variable that the researcher wants to rule out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which variable to we manipulate in an experiment? Which do we measure?

A

We manipulate the causal/independent, and measure the dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do experiments show internal validity?

A

Show this by manipulating the IV while holding all other factors constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do experiments show temporal precedence?

A

Manipulating the hypothesized cause and measuring its subsequent effect on outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do experiments show covariation?

A

The IV is systematically manipulated, and then we look to see if the DV is also changed systematically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Do we always need an IV in an experiment? If so, how many?

A

At least one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Do we always need a manipulated IV? If so, how many?

A

At least one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of IV is not manipulated?

A

Subject Variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a subject variable?

A

Characteristics of the subjects themselves that determine the assignment to a particular group can only be measured. Must have at least one other IV that is manipulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a between-subjects design?

A

Different groups in each level of the IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What keywords indicate that there is a between-subjects design?

A

“randomly assigns __ to either..” “ to __ or __”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a within-subject design?

A

Same groups experience each level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What keywords indicate that there is a within-subjects design?

A

“__ and __”

20
Q

What are the 3 types of manipulations?

A

Environmental, Instructional, Invasive

21
Q

What is an environmental type of manipulation?

A

Changing the social/physical environment (EX: Do people perform differently when others are watching?)

22
Q

What is an Instructional type of manipulation?

A

Changing instruction given to one vs another (EX: Does venting your anger decrease aggressive behavior?)

23
Q

What is an Invasive type of manipulation?

A

Creating physical changes in participants (EX: Does this pill make you smarter?)

24
Q

What is a manipulation check?

A

It is used to see if the manipulation of IV worked. It is concerned with construct validity.

25
Q

What makes a good DV?

A

Reliable and valid, sensitive, no ceiling/floor effects

26
Q

What does it mean if a DV is reliable and valid?

A

How well the researchers measured the DVW

27
Q

What does it mean if a DV is sensitive?

A

Does the measure pick up on subtle differences in the outcome of interest (EX: 5kg vs. 1kg vs. 0.5kg)

28
Q

What is a ceiling effect?

A

Everyone scores on the high end of the DV. Usually means the test or measure was too easy or not sensitive enough

29
Q

What is a floor effect?

A

Everyone scores on low end of the DV. Usually means

30
Q

What are control variables?

A

They are variables that the experiment holds constant on purpose potential third variable research wants to rule out

31
Q

What are comparison groups?

A

Groups in an experiment whose levels of the IV differ from those of another group in some meaningful way

32
Q

What is a control group?

A

The group intended to represent “no treatment”

33
Q

What is a placebo group?

A

A group that believes they receive something when they don’t

34
Q

What is a design confound?

A

Confound introduced due to design of an experiment

34
Q

What are selection effects?

A

When the kinds of participants in one level of the IV are systematically different from those in the other (introduces confounds)

35
Q

How do we avoid selection effects?

A

Random Assignment, Matched group design

36
Q

What is random assignment?

A

Each participant has an equal chance of being in each of the IV conditions

37
Q

What is a matched group design?

A

Design that attemps to measure a potential confounding variable in participants, match up participants w/ similar levels on that variable, randomly puts one subject from each pair in separate groups

38
Q

What are the two types of between-subject designs?

A

Post-test Only + Pretest/Posttest

39
Q

What is a post-test-only design in a between-subject design?

A

Participants are randomly assigned to IV groups, then DV is measured once

40
Q

What is a pretest/posttest design in a between-subject design?

A

Participants are randomly assigned to IV conditions and DV is measured TWICE! Once before exposure, once after

41
Q

What are the two types of within-subjects design?

A

Repeated measures + Concurrent measures

42
Q

What is a repeated measure in a within-subject design?

A

Participants are measured on DV more than once (after exposure to each level of IV)

43
Q

What is a concurrent measure in a within-subject design?

A

Participants exposed to all levels of IV at roughly the same time. The DV is only measured once

44
Q

What are the advantages of using a within design over a between?

A

1). You know subjects in thte 2 groups are the same in terms of subject variables, because they are the same subjects! 2). Less statical noise (due to difference in people) -> more precise estimates -> more powerful. 3). Requires fewer participants (EX: You have a w/n subjects IV w/ 3 levels. You want 50 participants in each level. How many part. do you need total? 50! If it was b/w it would be 150)

45
Q

What are the disadvantages of using a w/n subjects design?

A

Not always practical or possible, order effects

46
Q

What are order effects?

A

When being exposed to one condition changes how participants perform on later conditions. Prevent by counterbalancing (preventing levels on IV in different sequences)

47
Q
A

Research Methods (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions