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Motor Dev. > Final ch.9 > Flashcards

Final ch.9 Flashcards

1
Q

How many photoreceptors does the eye contain?

A

2: rods and cones

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2
Q

What is the point of best vision? And its location?

A

Fovea centrails; macula lutea

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3
Q

Macula lutea

A

Oval yellow spot at the center of the retina

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4
Q

Visual acuity

A

Degree of detail that can be seen in an object…

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5
Q

What influences shape of the eye lens

A

Ciliary muscle

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6
Q

relaxation of the ciliary muscles cause the lens to…

A

Flatten

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7
Q

Contraction of the ciliary muscles cause the lens to…

A

become more spherical

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8
Q

Rods are responsible for what kind of vision

A

low light (night vision)

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9
Q

cones are responsible for what kind of vision

A

color vision and visual acuity

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10
Q

fovea centralis and its location

A

Point of best vision; macula lutea, center of the retina.

  • cone cells are concentrated
  • & absence of rod cells
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11
Q

eye develops as an outgrowth of the… and part of the …body system.

A

forebrain; Central Nervous System (CNS)

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12
Q

hyperopic

A

light focused behind the retinal (blurred)

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13
Q

At birth the eye is…, causing blurrness.

A

hyperopic;

-contains mostly rod cells

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14
Q

At what age do cones appear

A

1 month

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15
Q

At what age does the macula mature

A

8 Months

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16
Q

Static visual acuity

A

when target and performers are stationary

-ex. 20/20 vision, you see at 20ft. what a person w normal vision sees at 20ft.

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17
Q

what can be used to determine visual acuity

A

the Snellen eye chart ( reading letters on a chart)

-can also be used with children who may not recognize letters

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18
Q

static visual acuity @ birth and 1 yr.

A
  • 20/200 &20/400

- 20/50

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19
Q

at what age is static visual acuity 20/20

A

4-5 yrs. old

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20
Q

Dynamic Visual Acuity

A
  • ability to see the detail in moving objects

- ability of the CNS to estimate an objects direction

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21
Q

Ocular Motor System

A

“to catch” and “to hold” an objects image on the eye’s Fovea long enough to see detail.

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22
Q

Dynamic Visual Acuity is highly correlated w

A
  • free throw shooting

- ball catching

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23
Q

How does one improve visual acuity

A
  • aerobic activities, up to 2 hrs post-excercise

- increased acuity due to increase in blood flow and oxygenation

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24
Q

what are the leading causes of loss of visual acuity

A

age related eye deseases (ARED)

25
Q

types of Age Related Eye Diseases (ARED)

A
  • Age related macular degeneration
  • glaucoma
  • cataracts: clouding of the lens
  • senile miosis
  • Diabetic retinopathy
  • presbyopia: inability to focus on near objects
26
Q

Age related macular degeneration

A

ARED
-loss of central vision

Dry form and Wet Form

27
Q

Glaucoma

A

ARED

  • Leading cause of loss in visual acuity and blindness
  • High pressure in eye
  • Loss of Peripheral vision
28
Q

Cataracts

A

ARED

-clouding of the eye lens

29
Q

Senile Miosis

A

ARED

  • normal loss of light restriction to the eye with age
  • decrease in resting diameter of the pupil
30
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy

A

ARED

  • complication of diabetes
  • vessels in the eye may hemorrhage
31
Q

Presbyopia

A

ARED

-inability to focus clearly on objects as one ages

32
Q

Binocular Vision

A

Coordinated eye movements

33
Q

Strabismus

A

misaligned eyes; common at birth but diminishes during the first week.

34
Q

Depth perception

A

a cerebral function based upon information sent by the eye to the brain

35
Q

the visual cliff

A

ability to judge distance of an object from the self; infants are capable of depth perception

36
Q

Field of Vision

A

refers to the entire extent of the environment that can be seen “w/o a change in fixation of the eye.”

37
Q

Normal lateral peripheral vision

A

90 degrees from straight ahead (180 degrees) total

38
Q

Normal vertical peripheral vision

A

47 degrees above and 65 degrees below visual midline

39
Q

What are causes that may cause a loss of depth perception/ field of vision with age

A
  • Change in facial structure
  • senile ptosis (drooping of the eyelids)
  • loss of fat tissue around orbital sockets
40
Q

eye dominance

A

the ability of one eye to lead the other in tasks involving visual tracking and visual fixation
-hole in card test

41
Q

unilateral dominance

A
  • right-eyed and right handed

- left-eyed and left handed

42
Q

crossed-laterals dominance

A
  • right eyed and left handed

- left eyed and right handed

43
Q

smooth pursuit system

A

matching of eye movement speed and speed of a projectile

44
Q

saccadic eye-movement system

A

corrects differences between projectile location and eye fixation

45
Q

tracking and object interception @ 40-52 weeks, 5-6 yrs, 8-9 yrs.

A
  • can track a 180 degree arc
  • can track objects in horizontal plane
  • can track balls that travel in arc
46
Q

blindness is based on…

A

distance vision; 20/200…80% loss of vision to total blindness

47
Q

a blind child is not visually motivated to explore because

A

vision curiosity elicits movement; curiosity encourages lifting head and trunk in sighted children

48
Q

Prehension

A

“using hands” grasping.

49
Q

proprioceptive system

A

ability to be aware of location and movements in space “w/o visual references.”

50
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A
  • muscle spindles
  • golgi tendon organs
  • joint receptors
  • vestibular apparatus
51
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Mechanoreceptors

  • can “guage the amount of tension within the muscle”
  • senses how the muscle is stretched
52
Q

Golgi Tendon organs

A

Mechanoreceptors

-moniters tension in the muscle

53
Q

Joint Receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors

  • limit detectors
  • signal the end of the flexion phase, most responsive to stretch
54
Q

Vestibular Apparatus

A 
Mechanoreceptors
-located in the inner ear
-rotational motion
"moniters head movement"
-Linnear acceleration
55
Q

Cutaneous system

A 
Tactile sensitivity (skin)
-responses to tactile stimulation
56
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Reflex response

57
Q

withdrawal response

A

move away from unpleasant or painful object

58
Q

apporoach response

A

response to kisses and hugs

Motor Dev. (6 decks)

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