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Motor Dev. > Final Ch. 13 > Flashcards

Final Ch. 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Walking

A

characterized by a progressive alteration of leading legs and continuous contact with the support surface

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2
Q

Gait or walking Cycle

A

distance covered by heel strikes of the same foot

- distance covered from when one foot touches the ground to when the same foot touches the ground again

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3
Q

phases of the gait cycle

A
  • swing phase
  • support phase
  • dbl support phase
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4
Q

Swing Phase (gait cycle)

A
  • begins when foot of one leg leaves support surface

- ends when foot touches surface

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5
Q

Support Phase (gait cycle)

A
  • time when balance is maintained on one foot

- right foot in swing phase while left foot in support phase

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6
Q

Double Support Phase (gait cycle)

A

when both feet are in contact with the ground

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7
Q

what are the main factors that allow a child to walk independently?

A
  • leg strength

- equilibrium

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8
Q

Immature Walker

A
  • walks with “high guard-arm position”
  • “wide base” of support
  • “flat-footed” contact
  • “toeing out”
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9
Q

Walking:Dynamic Base

A
  • change in the width of the base of support from wide (immature walking) to narrow (mature walking)
  • base of support “narrows”, arms are “lowered” and work in opposition to the legs, and the toes point “more in a forward direction”
  • a “heel strike” is exhibited in mature walking
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10
Q

Walking: Foot Angle

A
  • toeing out during 1st 4 yrs.

- toeing is considered abnormal

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11
Q

Walking: Walking Speed

A
  • determined by the length of stride and the speed of stepping movements
  • step frequency decreases w advancing age during childhood years
  • Stride dynamics may not be “mature completely by age 7”
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12
Q

Walking: External Loads

A
  • complaints of back and shoulder pain from carrying book bags forces children to walk with improper mechanics and movement patterns
  • book bags should not exceed 10-20% of body weight in young children
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13
Q

Running

A

-natural extension of walking
-characterized by an:
alternate support phase,
flight face,
recovery phase
-

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14
Q

Running: Requirements

A
  • adequate lower limb strength to propel body through air, and to handle the additional force encountered when the “airborne” foot strikes the supporting surface
  • improved motor coordination to control the moving legs
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15
Q

Running: Immature Running

A

similar to immature walking

  • wide base of support
  • arms held high guard position
  • flat-footed contact w floor
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16
Q

Running: Pattern

A

Phases- support, flight, recovery

Arm action is important

17
Q

Running: Support and Flight phases

A
  • legs absorb the impact of the striking foot; supports the body; and maintains forward motion while accelerating the body’s COG as the leg provides thrust to propel the body forward
  • inexperienced runners run flat-footed
18
Q

Running: Recovery Phase

A
  • back leg is brought forward quickly
  • experienced runners flex the knee so the recovery foot comes close to hitting the buttocks
  • inexperienced runners have very little knee and hip “flexion”
19
Q

Running: Arm Action

A
  • Beginning: arms are flexed and held high in guard position
  • More adult-like: arms are lowered and hang free, but do not help with running speed
  • Experienced: arms are in opposition to the legs, elbows flexed at 90 degrees, vigorous pumping action toward midline (not across)
20
Q

what are the two approaaches in the analysis of loco-motor movement?

A
  • component approach

- total body approach

21
Q

Running: Speed

A
  • girls running speed peaks at about 14-15 yrs of age

- boys running speed improves beyond 17 yrs old

22
Q

Jumping

A

-body is projected into the air by force generated in one or both legs and body lands one or both feet.

23
Q

Forms of Jumping

A

-hopping
-leaping
the downward leap may be the 1st jumping experience when going down a step

24
Q

Jumping Phases

A
  • preparatory phase
  • takeoff phase
  • flight phase
  • landing phase
25
Q

Jumping Horizontal: Preparatory Phase

A

Preparatory phase

  • crouch (flexion at hips, knees, ankles)
  • backward swing of the arms
  • missing in inexperienced jumpers
26
Q

Jumping Horizontal: Takeoff and Flight Phase

A
  • the advanced jumper fully extends the body during the “takeoff” phase
  • rapid and vigorous extension of the hips, knees and ankles along with a vigorous swing of the arms in the direction of desired travel provide the impetus for the body to become airborne
  • w/o proper crouch, there is little if any extension of body segments
  • arms are not integrated w the lower extremities to increase the momentum (mass x velocity)
  • maximum distance take off should have an angle of 45 degrees
27
Q

Jumping Horizontal: Landing Phase

A

-the advanced jumper absorbs the landing forces by flexing the knees, hips, and ankles at impact

28
Q

Jumping Vertical: Countermovement/No Countermovement

A
  • Countermovment: crouch with immediate jump
  • No Countermovement: crouch and hold for 3 seconds

-contrary to adult populations, children perform better without the countermovment

29
Q

Jumping Vertical: Initial Stage

A
  • inconsistent preparatory crouch
  • difficulty in taking off w both feet
  • poor body extension on takeoff
  • little or no head lift
  • arms not coordinated w the trunk and leg action
  • little height aachieved
30
Q

Jumping Vertical: Elementary Stage

A
  • knee flexion exeeding 90 degrees preparatory crouch
  • exaggerated forward lean during crouch
  • two-footed takeoff
  • entire body not fully extended during flight phase
  • noticeable horizontal displacement on landing
31
Q

Jumping Vertical: Mature Stage

A
  • preparatory crouch w knee flexion from 60-90 degrees
  • forceful extension at hips, knees, and ankles
  • simultaneous coordinated upward arm lift
  • upward head tilt w eyes focused on target
  • full body extension
  • elevation of reaching arm by shoulder girdle tilt combined w downward thrust of nonreaching arm at peak of flight
  • controlled landing very close to point of takeoff
32
Q

Hopping

A
  • a form of jumping
  • one foot used to project the body into space w landing “on the same foot”
  • “more difficult” than w two footed jump
  • performed better on preferred foot
  • requires additional “strength” and better “balance”
  • girls are 6 months advanced compared to boys
  • very few children are able to exhibit a mature hopping pattern by age 5
33
Q

Gallop, Slide, and Skip

A
  • fundamental motor patterns can be combined to elicit new movement patterns
  • Gallop is exhibited first
34
Q

Motor Pattern: Gallop

A
  • forward step followed by a leap onto the trailing foot
  • same leg always leads
  • patter resembles an uneven run; tempo is fast & rhythm inconsistent
35
Q

Motor Pattern: Slide

A

-similar to the gallop, except instead of moving forward, the slide is performed in a sideward direction.
-difficult because the child must face ahead while moving in a sideways direction
-sliding is important motor skill since it is used in many sports
ex. sliding the baseline in tennis
leading off on a base
guarding a basketball opponent

36
Q

Motor Pattern: Skipping

A

Most difficult motor pattern

  • forward step followed by a hop on the same foot; requires a dual task of one leg
  • alternation of the leading leg
  • balance may be difficult
  • uses a step-hop pattern ; transfer of weight

Motor Dev. (6 decks)

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