Final ch. 8 & 9

Question 1

Which of the following is not a form of acute radiation syndrome?
Carcinogenic syndrome
hematopoietic syndrome
Gastrointestinal syndrome
Cerebrovascular syndrome

Answer 1

Carcinogenic syndrome

Question 2

The term LD 50/30 signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to

Answer 2

50% of the exposed population in 30 days.

Question 3

Atrophy refers to

Answer 3

shrinkage of organs and tissues after a high radiation dose is received.

Question 4

Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a ______ dose–response relationship.

Answer 4

threshold, nonlinear

Question 5

Existing data on radiation-induced genetic effects in humans

Answer 5

are both contradictory and inconclusive.

Question 6

The total radiation dose given to a somatic or genetic cell and the period of time in which that dose was delivered determine the rate of production of:

Answer 6

Chromosome aberrations

Question 7

Acute radiation syndrome presents in four major response stages. In what order do these stages occur?

Answer 7

Prodromal, latent period, manifest illness, recovery or death

Question 8

Which of the following systems is the most radiosensitive vital organ system in human beings?

Answer 8

Hematopoietic

Question 9

When cells are exposed to sublethal doses of ionizing radiation, approximately _____ of radiation-induced damage may be repaired over time and about ______ is irreparable.

Answer 9

90%, 10%

Question 10

As radiation dose increases, the severity of early tissue reactions:

Answer 10

Also increases

Question 11

Prolonged exposure to x-rays in the diagnostic energy range results in high radiation dose to the skin while underlying tissues receive:

Answer 11

A substantially less dose

Question 12

In 1898 after personally developing burns attributed to radiation exposure, this Boston dentist began investigating the hazards of radiation exposure and became the first advocate of radiation protection. Who is this person?

Answer 12

William Herbert Rollins

Question 13

In the female, the ovarian stem cells:

Answer 13

Multiply to millions of cells only during fetal development, before birth, and then steadily decline in number throughout life

Question 14

Which of the following types of cells develop from single precursor cell, the pluripotential stem cell?

1. Lymphocytes and granulocytes
2. Thrombocytes and erythrocytes
3. Platelets

Answer 14

1, 2, and 3
1. Lymphocytes and granulocytes

2. Thrombocytes and erythrocytes
3. Platelets

Question 15

With regard to radiation exposure, which part of the gastrointestinal tract is most severely affected?

Answer 15

Small intestine

Question 16

Cancer and genetic defects are examples of: A. Stochastic effects B. Early tissue reactions C. Birth effects D. Late tissue reactions

Answer 16

Stochastic effects

Question 17

Some examples of measurable late biologic damage are:

1. Cataracts
2. Leukemia
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Genetic mutations

Answer 17

1, 2, and 4 only

1. Cataracts
2. Leukemia
3. Genetic mutations

Question 18

Which of the following provide the foundation for the sigmoid, or S-shaped, threshold curve of radiation dose response?

1. Data from human populations observed after acute high doses of radiation
2. Data from human populations observed after chronic low doses of radiation
3. Laboratory experiments on animals

Answer 18

1 only

1. Data from human populations observed after acute high doses of radiation

Question 19

The linear nonthreshold curve implies that biologic response is:

A. Directly proportional to the dose

B. Inversely proportional to the dose

C. Insignificant in relation to dose

D. Not able to be plotted on a dose–response curve

Answer 19

A. Directly proportional to the dose

Question 20

Reevaluation of the quantity and type of radiation that was released in the atomic bombing of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki has led to revised atomic bomb data in which radiation-induced leukemia and solid tumors may now be attributed predominantly to:

Answer 20

Gamma radiation exposure

Question 21

The radiation dose–response relationship is demonstrated graphically through the use of a curve that maps the observed effects of radiation exposure in relation to the dose of radiation received. Which of the following curves expresses a linear-quadratic nonthreshold dose response? (A has a linear curve up-right) (B has linear curve up-right) (C has a curve concave down) (D has a curve concave up)

Answer 21

(C - concave down.) SEE IMAGE

Question 22

During the 10 years immediately after the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power station accident, which of the following was the most pronounced health effect observed?

1. Dramatic increase in the incidence of childhood leukemia
2. Dramatic increase in thyroid cancer in children living in the regions where the heaviest radioactive contamination occurred
3. Major increase in the number of solid tumors in the general population of the former Soviet Union

Answer 22

2 only
2. Dramatic increase in thyroid cancer in children living in the regions where the heaviest radioactive contamination occurred

Question 23

The early demise of experimental animals exposed to nonlethal doses of ionizing radiation actually resulted from:

Answer 23

Induction of cancer

Question 24

According to data from studies performed on US radiologic technologists, individuals who began working before 1950 had a somewhat higher risk of dying of _____ when compared with technologists who started working in 1950 and later.

A. Darkroom disease

B. Leukemia

C. Pancreatic cancer

D. Thyroid cancer

Answer 24

B. Leukemia

Question 25

Most diagnostic procedures result in equivalent doses:

Answer 25

B. Less than 0.1 Sv