Final ch. 8 & 9 Flashcards
Which of the following is not a form of acute radiation syndrome? Carcinogenic syndrome hematopoietic syndrome Gastrointestinal syndrome Cerebrovascular syndrome
Carcinogenic syndrome
The term LD 50/30 signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to
50% of the exposed population in 30 days.
Atrophy refers to
shrinkage of organs and tissues after a high radiation dose is received.
Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a ______ dose–response relationship.
threshold, nonlinear
Existing data on radiation-induced genetic effects in humans
are both contradictory and inconclusive.
The total radiation dose given to a somatic or genetic cell and the period of time in which that dose was delivered determine the rate of production of:
Chromosome aberrations
Acute radiation syndrome presents in four major response stages. In what order do these stages occur?
Prodromal, latent period, manifest illness, recovery or death
Which of the following systems is the most radiosensitive vital organ system in human beings?
Hematopoietic
When cells are exposed to sublethal doses of ionizing radiation, approximately _____ of radiation-induced damage may be repaired over time and about ______ is irreparable.
90%, 10%
As radiation dose increases, the severity of early tissue reactions:
Also increases
Prolonged exposure to x-rays in the diagnostic energy range results in high radiation dose to the skin while underlying tissues receive:
A substantially less dose
In 1898 after personally developing burns attributed to radiation exposure, this Boston dentist began investigating the hazards of radiation exposure and became the first advocate of radiation protection. Who is this person?
William Herbert Rollins
In the female, the ovarian stem cells:
Multiply to millions of cells only during fetal development, before birth, and then steadily decline in number throughout life
Which of the following types of cells develop from single precursor cell, the pluripotential stem cell?
- Lymphocytes and granulocytes
- Thrombocytes and erythrocytes
- Platelets
1, 2, and 3
1. Lymphocytes and granulocytes
- Thrombocytes and erythrocytes
- Platelets
With regard to radiation exposure, which part of the gastrointestinal tract is most severely affected?
Small intestine
Cancer and genetic defects are examples of: A. Stochastic effects B. Early tissue reactions C. Birth effects D. Late tissue reactions
Stochastic effects
Some examples of measurable late biologic damage are:
- Cataracts
- Leukemia
- Nausea and vomiting
- Genetic mutations
1, 2, and 4 only
- Cataracts
- Leukemia
- Genetic mutations
Which of the following provide the foundation for the sigmoid, or S-shaped, threshold curve of radiation dose response?
- Data from human populations observed after acute high doses of radiation
- Data from human populations observed after chronic low doses of radiation
- Laboratory experiments on animals
1 only
1. Data from human populations observed after acute high doses of radiation
The linear nonthreshold curve implies that biologic response is:
A. Directly proportional to the dose
B. Inversely proportional to the dose
C. Insignificant in relation to dose
D. Not able to be plotted on a dose–response curve
A. Directly proportional to the dose
Reevaluation of the quantity and type of radiation that was released in the atomic bombing of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki has led to revised atomic bomb data in which radiation-induced leukemia and solid tumors may now be attributed predominantly to:
Gamma radiation exposure
The radiation dose–response relationship is demonstrated graphically through the use of a curve that maps the observed effects of radiation exposure in relation to the dose of radiation received. Which of the following curves expresses a linear-quadratic nonthreshold dose response? (A has a linear curve up-right) (B has linear curve up-right) (C has a curve concave down) (D has a curve concave up)
(C - concave down.) SEE IMAGE
During the 10 years immediately after the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power station accident, which of the following was the most pronounced health effect observed?
- Dramatic increase in the incidence of childhood leukemia
- Dramatic increase in thyroid cancer in children living in the regions where the heaviest radioactive contamination occurred
- Major increase in the number of solid tumors in the general population of the former Soviet Union
2 only
2. Dramatic increase in thyroid cancer in children living in the regions where the heaviest radioactive contamination occurred
The early demise of experimental animals exposed to nonlethal doses of ionizing radiation actually resulted from:
Induction of cancer
According to data from studies performed on US radiologic technologists, individuals who began working before 1950 had a somewhat higher risk of dying of _____ when compared with technologists who started working in 1950 and later.
A. Darkroom disease
B. Leukemia
C. Pancreatic cancer
D. Thyroid cancer
B. Leukemia
Most diagnostic procedures result in equivalent doses:
B. Less than 0.1 Sv
