Final- Ch. 22

Question 1

the alteration of culture and societies over time.

Answer 1

Social Change

Question 2

the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies.

Answer 2

Modernization

Question 3

each arrangement of power (the thesis) contains contradiction (antitheses) which make the arrangement unstable and which must be resolved; the new arrangement of power (a synthesis) contains its own contradictions; this process of balancing and unbalancing continues throughout history as groups struggle for power and other resources.

Answer 3

Dialectical Process of History

Question 4

The combination of existing elements and materials to form new ones; identified by William Ogburn a one of three processes of social change

Answer 4

Invention

Question 5

A new way of seeing reality; identified by William Ogburn a one of three processes of social change.

Answer 5

Discovery

Question 6

The spread of an invention or a discovery from one area to another; identified by William Ogburn a one of three processes of social change

Answer 6

Diffusion

Question 7

Ogburn’s term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations

Answer 7

Cultural Lag

Question 8

another term for post-industrial society; a chief characteristic is the use of tools that extend human abilities to gather and analyze information to communicate, and to travel.

Answer 8

Postmodern Society

Question 9

Marx’s term for workers’ lack of connection to the product of their labor caused by workers being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product- this leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness others use the term in the general sense of not feeling a part of something

Answer 9

Alienation

Question 10

a world system that takes into account the limits of the environment, produces enough material goods for everyone’s needs and leaves a heritage of a sound environment for the next generation.

Answer 10

Sustainable Environment

Question 11

rain containing sulfuric and nitric acids (burning fossil fuels) release sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide that become sulfuric and nitric acids when they react with moisture in the air.

Answer 11

Acid rain

Question 12

refers to how minorities and the poor are harmed the most by environmental pollution

Answer 12

Environmental Injustice-

Question 13

actions taken to sabotage the efforts of people who are thought to be legally harming the environment.

Answer 13

Eco-Sabotage

Question 14

a speciality within sociology whose focus is how humans affect the environment and how the environment affects humans

Answer 14

Environmental Sociology