Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next.

A

Culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, jewelry

A

Material Cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

a group’s way of thinking and doing (including beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) along with the common patterns of behavior including language and other forms of interactions; also called symbolic culture.

A

Nonmaterial Culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life

A

Culture Shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the use of one’s own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and beliefs.

A

Ethnocentrism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

not judging a culture but trying to understand it own its own terms.

A

Cultural Relativism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

another term for nonmaterial culture

A

Symbolic Culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

something to which people attach meaning and then use to communicate with one another.

A

Symbol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another.

A

Gestures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought

A

Language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Edward Sapir and Whorf’s hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving

A

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly.

A

Values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

expectations of “right” behavior

A

Norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

either expressions of approval given to people for upholding norms or expressions of disapproval for violating them

A

Sanctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward.

A

Positive Sanction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prize or a prison sentence.

A

Negative Sanction

17
Q

norms that are not strictly enforced

18
Q

norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or the well-being of the group

19
Q

a norm so strong that it brings extreme sanctions, even revulsion, if violated.

20
Q

the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world.

A

Subculture

21
Q

a group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture

A

Counterculture

22
Q

a society made up of many different groups

A

Pluralistic Society

23
Q

the values that are central to a group, those around which it builds a common identity

A

Core Value

24
Q

values that together form a larger whole

A

Value Cluster

25
values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other
Value Contradiction
26
people’s ideal values and norms; the goals held out for them.
Ideal Culture
27
the norms and values that people actually follow; as opposed to ideal culture
Real Culture
28
a value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group.
Cultural Universal
29
a framework of thought in which human behavior is considered to be the result of natural selection and biological factors a fundamental cause of human behavior.
Sociobiology
30
in its narrow sense, tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools
Technology
31
the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life
New Technology
32
Ogburn’s term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovation
Cultural Lag
33
the spread of cultural traits from one group to another includes both material and nonmaterial cultural traits
Cultural diffusion
34
the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which Western Culture is being exported and diffused into other nations.
Cultural Leveling