Chapter 2

Question 1

The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next.

Answer 1

Culture

Question 2

the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, jewelry

Answer 2

Material Cultures

Question 3

a group’s way of thinking and doing (including beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) along with the common patterns of behavior including language and other forms of interactions; also called symbolic culture.

Answer 3

Nonmaterial Culture

Question 4

the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life

Answer 4

Culture Shock

Question 5

the use of one’s own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and beliefs.

Answer 5

Ethnocentrism

Question 6

not judging a culture but trying to understand it own its own terms.

Answer 6

Cultural Relativism

Question 7

another term for nonmaterial culture

Answer 7

Symbolic Culture

Question 8

something to which people attach meaning and then use to communicate with one another.

Answer 8

Symbol

Question 9

the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another.

Answer 9

Gestures

Question 10

a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought

Answer 10

Language

Question 11

Edward Sapir and Whorf’s hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving

Answer 11

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Question 12

the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly.

Answer 12

Values

Question 13

expectations of “right” behavior

Answer 13

Norms

Question 14

either expressions of approval given to people for upholding norms or expressions of disapproval for violating them

Answer 14

Sanctions

Question 15

a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward.

Answer 15

Positive Sanction

Question 16

an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prize or a prison sentence.

Answer 16

Negative Sanction

Question 17

norms that are not strictly enforced

Answer 17

Folkways

Question 18

norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or the well-being of the group

Answer 18

Mores

Question 19

a norm so strong that it brings extreme sanctions, even revulsion, if violated.

Answer 19

Taboo

Question 20

the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world.

Answer 20

Subculture

Question 21

a group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture

Answer 21

Counterculture

Question 22

a society made up of many different groups

Answer 22

Pluralistic Society

Question 23

the values that are central to a group, those around which it builds a common identity

Answer 23

Core Value

Question 24

values that together form a larger whole

Answer 24

Value Cluster

Question 25

values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other

Answer 25

Value Contradiction

Question 26

people’s ideal values and norms; the goals held out for them.

Answer 26

Ideal Culture

Question 27

the norms and values that people actually follow; as opposed to ideal culture

Answer 27

Real Culture

Question 28

a value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group.

Answer 28

Cultural Universal

Question 29

a framework of thought in which human behavior is considered to be the result of natural selection and biological factors a fundamental cause of human behavior.

Answer 29

Sociobiology

Question 30

in its narrow sense, tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools

Answer 30

Technology

Question 31

the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life

Answer 31

New Technology

Question 32

Ogburn’s term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovation

Answer 32

Cultural Lag

Question 33

the spread of cultural traits from one group to another includes both material and nonmaterial cultural traits

Answer 33

Cultural diffusion

Question 34

the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which Western Culture is being exported and diffused into other nations.

Answer 34

Cultural Leveling