Final Flashcards
Goal of vaccination
Attempt to stimulate adaptive immune system to create memory
How do memory B cells create memory
Antigen coming to secondary lymph organ via lymph or blood
How do Memory helper T cells make memory
APC must present antigen on MHC2
How do memory killer T cells make memory
Infected cell must present antigen on MHC1
Strategies for vaccine development
Non-infectious
Attenuated
Carrier
Types of vaccines
Attenuated Killed Subunit Conjugated Carrier DNA
Non-infectious vaccines
Killed
Subunit
Conjugated
DNA
Non-infectious vaccines will cause body to make ____ and ___ but not ____
Memory B and helper T cells
Memory killer T cells
Attenuated vaccines
Based on organisms that are living
Virulence and ability to replicate diminished
Killed vaccines
Dead organisms
Should not be able to infect or replicate
Subunit vaccines
Materials isolated from disrupted or lysed organisms
Subunit vaccines can include
Virus like particle
Toxoids
Recombinant vaccines
Conjugated vaccines
Combine different antigens to improve response
Usually carb antigens
Carrier vaccine
Genetically modified live virus
DNA vaccine
Naked DNA extracted from pathogen
Host cell takes up DNA and makes proteins of pathogen
Toxoids
Inactivated toxins
Killed vaccines examples
Inactivated polio
Typhoid
How are microbes killed
Chemicals
Heat
Radiation
Examples of subunit vaccines
Hep B
Tetanus toxoids
Acellular pertussis
Example of conjugate vaccine
HIB vaccine
Examples of DNA vaccines
Clinical trial Zika
West Nile in horses
Non-infectious vaccines will cause B cells to
Make Ab sufficient to protect against many pathogens
Live attenuated vaccines
Weakened versions of pathogens
Mimic immunity found in people that have survived live infection
Live attenuated vaccines result in
Memory B cells
Memory helper T cells
Memory killer T cells
Example of live attenuated vaccine
Sabin polio vaccine
MMR
Carrier vaccine
Introduce single gene from pathogenic microbe into virus that doesn’t cause disease
Carrier infects hosts APCs
APCs produce pathogenic microbe proteins
Proteins presented on MHC1
Carrier vaccines result in
Memory B, Helper T, killer T cells
Positives of non-infectious vaccines
Easy to manufacture
Can’t contract actual illness
Negative of non-infectious vaccines
Don’t elicit same response as live pathogen
Negatives of live vaccines
Difficult to manufacture
Can get sick
Positives of live vaccines
Closely mimic real pathogen
HIB vaccine type
Non-infectious
Parts of pathogen
Polysaccharide/toxoid conjugate
HIB vaccine caused by
Bacteria
At risk for HIB
Infants
Elderly
Treatment for HIB
Antibiotics
Pneumococcal disease caused by
Strep pneumoniae (bacteria)
Pc vaccine type
Non-infectious
Meningococcal vaccine type
Non-infectious
Meningococcal caused by
Neisseria meningitidis (bacteria)
DTAP vaccine type
Non-infectious
Diphtheria caused by
Cornybacterium diptheria
Bacterial
Pertussis is
Common
Pertussis aka
Whooping cough
Hep B caused by
Virus
Hep B vaccine type
Non-infectious
Rotavirus is
Common
Rotavirus vaccine type
Attenuated live vaccine
No cases of ____ in US since 1985
Polio
Polio vaccine type
Non-infectious
MMR vaccine type
Attenuated
At risk for rubella
Pregnant females (fetus)
Varicella vaccinetype
Attenuated
Varicella is
Common
Hep a vaccine type
Non-infectious
HPV vaccine type
Non-infectious
HPV is
Common
Gardasil
Protects against 2 MC strains and 2 main strains of cervical cancer causing HPV
Cervarix
Protects against 2 main strains of cervical cancer-causing HPV
BCG vaccine type
Attenuated
BCG caused by
TB
Influenza A serotypes
18 H subtype
11 N subtype
3 types of flu vaccines
Whole virus inactivated
Live attenuated, cold adapted
Trivalent and quadrivalent
Adjuvant causes mild inflammation and attracts ___ and accelerates ____ and ____
Phagocytes
Phagocytes activation
Antigen presentation to T cells
Don’t want adjuvants to be
Immunogenic
What vaccines need adjuvants
Subunit
Heat killed
Purpose of adjuvants
Help stimulate immune system
Increase immune response to vaccine
Alum adjuvant
Respository effect - slow release of antigen for longer response time
Cause inflammation = longer immunity and possible Th1 response
Issues with alum adjuvant
Contact dermatitis
HA
Myalgia
Could cause over reaction with TH2 response
Oil emulsion adjuvant
Strong response, local cell death and production of danger signals
Inflammation resulting in longer lasting immunity
TLR agonists
Use pathogen component to activate TLR response
MPL
Lower toxicity
Residual materials from manufacturing process that may be present in vaccines
Egg protein
Tissue culture ingredients
Vaccine preservatives
Antibiotics
Thimerosal
Formaldehyde
Thimerosal contains
Mercury
___ naturally produced in body and most of exposure comes from environment
Formaldehyde
Vaccine adverse event reporting system
Early warning system for vaccine issues
How does TB infect cells
Microbes inhaled and macrophages ingest
Microbes evade death by preventing interaction of phagosome with lysosome
Microbes hide in macrophages and multiply
Burst out of cell and induce inflammatory reaction
Sepsis and how it causes damage
Systemic immune response caused by infection
Cells produce large amounts of cytokines
Increase blood vessel permeability -> cause organ damage
BP drops and results in septic shock
Allergies and how they are harmful
Type 1 HS
Overproduction of IgE
Autoimmunity
Memory response to normal tissue, loss of tolerance
Hypersensitivity
Response to innocuous antigens causing harm
___ Americans suffer from autoimmunity
5%
3 conditions needed for autoimmunity
MHC present self peptides
T and B cells recognize self Ag
Breakdown of self tolerance
Proposed mechanisms for induction of autoimmunity
Infections Molecular mimicry Inflammation Stress/damage Altered gut microbes
HLA-B27 expression linked to
Ankylosing spondylitis
Autoimmunity may be ___ or ___
Organ specific
Systemic
Diseases that target specific organs
Hashimotos
Type 1 DM
Myasthenia gravis
SLE
Hashimotos
Ab and Th1 cells specific for thyroid Ag produced
Ab interfere with iodine uptake
Induce DTH response in thyroid
Inflammation = goiter
Type 1 DM
Autoimmune against beta cells in pancreas = no insulin
CTLs infiltrate pancreas and activate macrophages
Cytokine release, autoantibodies, DTH response
Myasthenia gravis
Autoantibodies bind ACH receptors on motor end plates of muscles
Block normal binding of ACH = complement mediated lysis of cells
Progressive weakening of skeletal muscles
Systemic autoimmune diseases
SLE
MS
RA
SLE more common in
Women
SLE
Auto Ab against DNA, histones, other structures
Deposition of immune complexes
SLE what type of HS
HS Type 3
Symptoms of SLE
Fever Weakness Arthritis Skin rashes Kidney dysfuntion
MS more common in
Women
MC cause of neurological disability associated with diseases in western countries
MS
MS more common is which hemisphere
Northern
MS
Autoreactive T cells form inflammatory lesions along myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in brain and spinal cord
Symptoms of MS
Numbness
Paralysis
Loss of vision
RA more common in
Women
Major symptom of RA
Chronic inflammation in joints
RA produces what?
Rheumatoid factors produced
IgM binds IgG
Treatment for autoimmune diseases
Target specific cell types
Block inflammatory steps
Interfere with costimulation
Target autoreactive cells
Congenital Immunodeficiency
Primary
Inherited
Acquired immunodeficinecy
Secondary
Infection, drug, malnutrition, disease
Congenital Immunodeficiency Diseases
SCID MHC deficiencies Hyper IgM syndrome X linked agammaglobulinemia Leukocyte adhesion deficiency Complement deficiencies
SCID
Lack of T cells and sometimes B cells
SCID caused by
Defective cytokine signaling, VDJ segment rearrangement
MHC deficiencies
MHC 1 expression
- mission TAP gene
- lack of CD8 cells
MHC 1 deficiencies susceptible to
Intracellular pathogens
Hyper IGM syndrome inheritance pattern
X linked
Hyper IgM syndrome
Th cells lack CD40L = miss class switching = overproduction of IgM
T cells don’t activate APCs and B cells (no T dependent activation )
Burton’s aka
X linked agammaglobulinemia
Burton’s
Low level of IgG, lack other isotopes
Lack intracellular signaling molecules (BTK, tyrosine kinase)
B cells don’t mature and don’t produce BCRs
LAD
Defect in integrin adhesion molecules = unable to stop rolling on endothelial cells
WBC recruitment inhibited
Infections common in LAD
Bacterial and fungal
Complement deficiencies depend on
Which component lacking
Classic example of acquired immunodeficiency
HIV/AIDS
Cell type HIV likes to infect
CD4 T cells
___ spike on HIV virus attaches to ___ on Th cell
Gp120 spike —CCR5 receptor
____ participates in fusion of HIV with cell
Gp41
3 phases of HIV infection
Acute phase
Asymptomatic phase
AIDS
AIDS criteria
Evidence of infection with HIV-1
<200 CD4 T cells/ blood
Occurrence of opportunistic infections
Therapeutic agents for HIV/AIDS
Block receptors Block fusion Block RT Block integrase Block protease
