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Immunology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Goal of vaccination

A

Attempt to stimulate adaptive immune system to create memory

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2
Q

How do memory B cells create memory

A

Antigen coming to secondary lymph organ via lymph or blood

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3
Q

How do Memory helper T cells make memory

A

APC must present antigen on MHC2

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4
Q

How do memory killer T cells make memory

A

Infected cell must present antigen on MHC1

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5
Q

Strategies for vaccine development

A

Non-infectious
Attenuated
Carrier

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6
Q

Types of vaccines

A 
Attenuated 
Killed
Subunit
Conjugated 
Carrier 
DNA
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7
Q

Non-infectious vaccines

A

Killed
Subunit
Conjugated
DNA

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8
Q

Non-infectious vaccines will cause body to make ____ and ___ but not ____

A

Memory B and helper T cells

Memory killer T cells

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9
Q

Attenuated vaccines

A

Based on organisms that are living

Virulence and ability to replicate diminished

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10
Q

Killed vaccines

A

Dead organisms

Should not be able to infect or replicate

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11
Q

Subunit vaccines

A

Materials isolated from disrupted or lysed organisms

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12
Q

Subunit vaccines can include

A

Virus like particle
Toxoids
Recombinant vaccines

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13
Q

Conjugated vaccines

A

Combine different antigens to improve response

Usually carb antigens

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14
Q

Carrier vaccine

A

Genetically modified live virus

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15
Q

DNA vaccine

A

Naked DNA extracted from pathogen

Host cell takes up DNA and makes proteins of pathogen

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16
Q

Toxoids

A

Inactivated toxins

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17
Q

Killed vaccines examples

A

Inactivated polio

Typhoid

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18
Q

How are microbes killed

A

Chemicals
Heat
Radiation

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19
Q

Examples of subunit vaccines

A

Hep B
Tetanus toxoids
Acellular pertussis

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20
Q

Example of conjugate vaccine

A

HIB vaccine

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21
Q

Examples of DNA vaccines

A

Clinical trial Zika

West Nile in horses

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22
Q

Non-infectious vaccines will cause B cells to

A

Make Ab sufficient to protect against many pathogens

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23
Q

Live attenuated vaccines

A

Weakened versions of pathogens

Mimic immunity found in people that have survived live infection

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24
Q

Live attenuated vaccines result in

A

Memory B cells
Memory helper T cells
Memory killer T cells

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25
Q

Example of live attenuated vaccine

A

Sabin polio vaccine

MMR

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26
Q

Carrier vaccine

A

Introduce single gene from pathogenic microbe into virus that doesn’t cause disease

Carrier infects hosts APCs

APCs produce pathogenic microbe proteins

Proteins presented on MHC1

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27
Q

Carrier vaccines result in

A

Memory B, Helper T, killer T cells

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28
Q

Positives of non-infectious vaccines

A

Easy to manufacture

Can’t contract actual illness

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29
Q

Negative of non-infectious vaccines

A

Don’t elicit same response as live pathogen

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30
Q

Negatives of live vaccines

A

Difficult to manufacture

Can get sick

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31
Q

Positives of live vaccines

A

Closely mimic real pathogen

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32
Q

HIB vaccine type

A

Non-infectious

Parts of pathogen
Polysaccharide/toxoid conjugate

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33
Q

HIB vaccine caused by

A

Bacteria

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34
Q

At risk for HIB

A

Infants

Elderly

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35
Q

Treatment for HIB

A

Antibiotics

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36
Q

Pneumococcal disease caused by

A

Strep pneumoniae (bacteria)

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37
Q

Pc vaccine type

A

Non-infectious

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38
Q

Meningococcal vaccine type

A

Non-infectious

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39
Q

Meningococcal caused by

A

Neisseria meningitidis (bacteria)

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40
Q

DTAP vaccine type

A

Non-infectious

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41
Q

Diphtheria caused by

A

Cornybacterium diptheria

Bacterial

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42
Q

Pertussis is

A

Common

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43
Q

Pertussis aka

A

Whooping cough

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44
Q

Hep B caused by

A

Virus

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45
Q

Hep B vaccine type

A

Non-infectious

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46
Q

Rotavirus is

A

Common

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47
Q

Rotavirus vaccine type

A

Attenuated live vaccine

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48
Q

No cases of ____ in US since 1985

A

Polio

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49
Q

Polio vaccine type

A

Non-infectious

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50
Q

MMR vaccine type

A

Attenuated

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51
Q

At risk for rubella

A

Pregnant females (fetus)

52
Q

Varicella vaccinetype

A

Attenuated

53
Q

Varicella is

A

Common

54
Q

Hep a vaccine type

A

Non-infectious

55
Q

HPV vaccine type

A

Non-infectious

56
Q

HPV is

A

Common

57
Q

Gardasil

A

Protects against 2 MC strains and 2 main strains of cervical cancer causing HPV

58
Q

Cervarix

A

Protects against 2 main strains of cervical cancer-causing HPV

59
Q

BCG vaccine type

A

Attenuated

60
Q

BCG caused by

A

TB

61
Q

Influenza A serotypes

A

18 H subtype

11 N subtype

62
Q

3 types of flu vaccines

A

Whole virus inactivated

Live attenuated, cold adapted

Trivalent and quadrivalent

63
Q

Adjuvant causes mild inflammation and attracts ___ and accelerates ____ and ____

A

Phagocytes

Phagocytes activation
Antigen presentation to T cells

64
Q

Don’t want adjuvants to be

A

Immunogenic

65
Q

What vaccines need adjuvants

A

Subunit

Heat killed

66
Q

Purpose of adjuvants

A

Help stimulate immune system

Increase immune response to vaccine

67
Q

Alum adjuvant

A

Respository effect - slow release of antigen for longer response time

Cause inflammation = longer immunity and possible Th1 response

68
Q

Issues with alum adjuvant

A

Contact dermatitis

HA
Myalgia

Could cause over reaction with TH2 response

69
Q

Oil emulsion adjuvant

A

Strong response, local cell death and production of danger signals

Inflammation resulting in longer lasting immunity

70
Q

TLR agonists

A

Use pathogen component to activate TLR response

71
Q

MPL

A

Lower toxicity

72
Q

Residual materials from manufacturing process that may be present in vaccines

A

Egg protein

Tissue culture ingredients

73
Q

Vaccine preservatives

A

Antibiotics
Thimerosal
Formaldehyde

74
Q

Thimerosal contains

A

Mercury

75
Q

___ naturally produced in body and most of exposure comes from environment

A

Formaldehyde

76
Q

Vaccine adverse event reporting system

A

Early warning system for vaccine issues

77
Q

How does TB infect cells

A

Microbes inhaled and macrophages ingest

Microbes evade death by preventing interaction of phagosome with lysosome

Microbes hide in macrophages and multiply

Burst out of cell and induce inflammatory reaction

78
Q

Sepsis and how it causes damage

A

Systemic immune response caused by infection

Cells produce large amounts of cytokines

Increase blood vessel permeability -> cause organ damage

BP drops and results in septic shock

79
Q

Allergies and how they are harmful

A

Type 1 HS

Overproduction of IgE

80
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Memory response to normal tissue, loss of tolerance

81
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Response to innocuous antigens causing harm

82
Q

___ Americans suffer from autoimmunity

A

5%

83
Q

3 conditions needed for autoimmunity

A

MHC present self peptides

T and B cells recognize self Ag

Breakdown of self tolerance

84
Q

Proposed mechanisms for induction of autoimmunity

A 
Infections
Molecular mimicry 
Inflammation 
Stress/damage 
Altered gut microbes
85
Q

HLA-B27 expression linked to

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

86
Q

Autoimmunity may be ___ or ___

A

Organ specific

Systemic

87
Q

Diseases that target specific organs

A

Hashimotos
Type 1 DM
Myasthenia gravis
SLE

88
Q

Hashimotos

A

Ab and Th1 cells specific for thyroid Ag produced
Ab interfere with iodine uptake
Induce DTH response in thyroid
Inflammation = goiter

89
Q

Type 1 DM

A

Autoimmune against beta cells in pancreas = no insulin
CTLs infiltrate pancreas and activate macrophages
Cytokine release, autoantibodies, DTH response

90
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Autoantibodies bind ACH receptors on motor end plates of muscles

Block normal binding of ACH = complement mediated lysis of cells

Progressive weakening of skeletal muscles

91
Q

Systemic autoimmune diseases

A

SLE
MS
RA

92
Q

SLE more common in

A

Women

93
Q

SLE

A

Auto Ab against DNA, histones, other structures

Deposition of immune complexes

94
Q

SLE what type of HS

A

HS Type 3

95
Q

Symptoms of SLE

A 
Fever 
Weakness 
Arthritis 
Skin rashes 
Kidney dysfuntion
96
Q

MS more common in

A

Women

97
Q

MC cause of neurological disability associated with diseases in western countries

A

MS

98
Q

MS more common is which hemisphere

A

Northern

99
Q

MS

A

Autoreactive T cells form inflammatory lesions along myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in brain and spinal cord

100
Q

Symptoms of MS

A

Numbness
Paralysis
Loss of vision

101
Q

RA more common in

A

Women

102
Q

Major symptom of RA

A

Chronic inflammation in joints

103
Q

RA produces what?

A

Rheumatoid factors produced

IgM binds IgG

104
Q

Treatment for autoimmune diseases

A

Target specific cell types
Block inflammatory steps
Interfere with costimulation
Target autoreactive cells

105
Q

Congenital Immunodeficiency

A

Primary

Inherited

106
Q

Acquired immunodeficinecy

A

Secondary

Infection, drug, malnutrition, disease

107
Q

Congenital Immunodeficiency Diseases

A 
SCID 
MHC deficiencies 
Hyper IgM syndrome 
X linked agammaglobulinemia 
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency 
Complement deficiencies
108
Q

SCID

A

Lack of T cells and sometimes B cells

109
Q

SCID caused by

A

Defective cytokine signaling, VDJ segment rearrangement

110
Q

MHC deficiencies

A

MHC 1 expression

  • mission TAP gene
  • lack of CD8 cells
111
Q

MHC 1 deficiencies susceptible to

A

Intracellular pathogens

112
Q

Hyper IGM syndrome inheritance pattern

A

X linked

113
Q

Hyper IgM syndrome

A

Th cells lack CD40L = miss class switching = overproduction of IgM

T cells don’t activate APCs and B cells (no T dependent activation )

114
Q

Burton’s aka

A

X linked agammaglobulinemia

115
Q

Burton’s

A

Low level of IgG, lack other isotopes

Lack intracellular signaling molecules (BTK, tyrosine kinase)

B cells don’t mature and don’t produce BCRs

116
Q

LAD

A

Defect in integrin adhesion molecules = unable to stop rolling on endothelial cells

WBC recruitment inhibited

117
Q

Infections common in LAD

A

Bacterial and fungal

118
Q

Complement deficiencies depend on

A

Which component lacking

119
Q

Classic example of acquired immunodeficiency

A

HIV/AIDS

120
Q

Cell type HIV likes to infect

A

CD4 T cells

121
Q

___ spike on HIV virus attaches to ___ on Th cell

A

Gp120 spike —CCR5 receptor

122
Q

____ participates in fusion of HIV with cell

A

Gp41

123
Q

3 phases of HIV infection

A

Acute phase
Asymptomatic phase
AIDS

124
Q

AIDS criteria

A

Evidence of infection with HIV-1
<200 CD4 T cells/ blood
Occurrence of opportunistic infections

125
Q

Therapeutic agents for HIV/AIDS

A 
Block receptors 
Block fusion 
Block RT
Block integrase 
Block protease

Immunology (6 decks)

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