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Immunology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 levels of protection

A

Physical barriers
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity

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2
Q

Innate system includes

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils
Complement
Inflammation

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3
Q

TLR

A

Toll like receptor

Receptor on macrophage that recognizes antigen PAMP

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4
Q

PAMP

A

Pathogen associated molecular pattern

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5
Q

Antigen binding portion of AB

A

Fab region

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6
Q

5 ways to use Ab

A 
Agglutination 
Opsonization 
Neutralization 
Activation of complement
Ab-depended cell mediated cytotoxicity
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7
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Thymus

Bone marrow

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8
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs include

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
MALT

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9
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs are areas where

A

Lymphocytes encounter antigens

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10
Q

Complement system is a group of serum proteins made by

A

Liver

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11
Q

Possible outcomes of complement

A

Membrane lysis
Chemotaxis
Inflammation
Opsonization

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12
Q

3 complement pathways

A

Classical
Lectin
Alternative

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13
Q

Classical pathway initiated by

A

IgM or IgG binding to antigen

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14
Q

C4b2a bound to cell surface aka

A

C3 convertase

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15
Q

Lectin pathway initiated when

A

Soluble proteins recognize microbial antigens

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16
Q

MBL binds to

A

Microbial surface carbs

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17
Q

__ serves as docking sites for MASPs

A

Lectins

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18
Q

MASPs cleave C4 and C2 to form

A

C3 convertase

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19
Q

In alternative pathway, activated C3b binds to

A

Membrane of target cell

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20
Q

Factor B binds and cleaved by

A

Factor D

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21
Q

___ stabilizes C3 convertase

A

Properdin

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22
Q

C3bBbC3b

A

Alternate C5 convertase

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23
Q

C4b2a

A

Leptin and classical C3 convertase

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24
Q

3 pathways converge at formation of

A

C5 convertase

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25
Q

C5 initiates generation of

A

MAC

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26
Q

MAC causes cell death by

A

Disrupting osmotic integrity

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27
Q

MAC result of deposition of

A

C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9 on target cell membrane

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28
Q

Compounds of complement that aid in chemotaxis

A

C3a

C5a

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29
Q

Compound in complement that functions in opsonization

A

C3b

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30
Q

___ inhibits MAC

A

Protectin

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31
Q

Protectin inhibits MAC by

A

Preventing insertion into plasma membrane

Block C9 recruitment

Bind C5b678 complexes

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32
Q

Professional phagocytes include

A

Macrophages

Neutrophils

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33
Q

Macrophages roam around in

A

Tissue

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34
Q

Neutrophils roam around in

A

Blood

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35
Q

Characteristics of resting macrophages

A

Clean debris
Slow proliferating
Express few Class 2 MHCs
Live for months

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36
Q

3 stages of readiness for macrophages

A

Resting
Activated/primed
Hyperactive

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37
Q

Characteristics of primed macrophages

A

Enhanced phagocytosis

Express more Class 2 MHCs

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38
Q

Chemical signal that can prime a macrophage

A

Interferon gamma

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39
Q

Macrophages convert to hyperactive after

A

Receiving direct signal from pathogens

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40
Q

Examples of PAMPS

A

LPS of bacterial cell wall

Mannose of bacterial cell wall

41
Q

Characteristics of hyperactive macrophages

A 
Stop proliferating 
Antigen presenting 
Enhanced phagocytosis 
Release cytokines (TNF)
Increase lysosomes
Increase ROS
42
Q

Lifespans of neutrophils

A

5 days

43
Q

Do neutrophils present antigens?

A

NO

44
Q

__ can exit blood and be activated in 30 min

A

Neutrophils

45
Q

Functions of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis
Release harsh chemistry
Cytokines production

46
Q

Adhesion molecules involved with neutrophil diapedesis

A

SEL
SLIG
ICAM
INT

47
Q

SEL

A

Selectin

  • expressed by endothelial cells
  • binds to SLIG
48
Q

SLIG

A

Selectin ligand

-expressed on neutrophils

49
Q

ICAM

A

Intercellular adhesion molecules

-expressed on lumen surface of capillary endothelial cells

50
Q

INT

A

Integrin

  • transported to surface of neutrophil after signaled
  • binds to ICAM
51
Q

Expression of SEL stimulated by

A

IL-1

TNF

52
Q

Primed or hyperactive macrophages express

A

IL-1

TNF

53
Q

Neutrophil arrest on vessels caused by

A

Integrin binding to ICAM

54
Q

Lack of SLIG would block

A

Rolling

55
Q

Most NK cells found in

A

Blood
Liver
Spleen

56
Q

___ proliferate rapidly

A

NK cells

57
Q

Roles of NK cells

A

Produce cytokines

Induce apoptosis

58
Q

2 ways NK cells kill

A

Perforin

FAS ligand

59
Q

Perforin works by

A

Poking hole in membrane and injecting enzymes that cause apoptosis

60
Q

FAS giant works by

A

Binding to FAS protein on invader and triggers apoptosis

61
Q

Don’t kill signal for NK cells

A

Target cell has MHC1 receptors

62
Q

Kill signal for NK cells

A

Unusual carb or protein on cell surface

Target cell not expressing MHC molecules

63
Q

___ given off by cells under viral attack

A

Interferons

64
Q

Lack of MHC, LPS, and ___ and ___ can activate NK cells

A

INF alpha

INF beta

65
Q

Ab sticks to an ___ of an antigen

A

Epitope

66
Q

Hapten

A

Molecules too small to cause immune response on own, but combined with carrier molecule response is generated

67
Q

Example of hapten

A

Penicillin

68
Q

Antibody structure

A

2 heavy chains
2 light chains

4 polypeptides in Y shape

Chains joined by disulfide bridges

69
Q

Classes of Ab

A

GAMED

70
Q

IgG

A 
Predominant in serum 
Cross blood vessels
Cross placenta
Active complement 
Enhance phagocytosis 
Eliminate bacteria, viruses, bacterial toxins
71
Q

IgA

A 
Mucous membranes 
Prevent viral and bacterial attachment (neutralization)
Most abundant in body 
Transport into GI
Expressed as dimer
Agglutination 
From breast milk
72
Q

IgM

A 
Pentamer
Against RBC antigens
Agglutination
1st to appear in response to new antigen 
Activate complement
73
Q

IgE

A 
Bind to mast cells and basophils
Release histamine
Attracts phagocytes 
Allergies 
Parasitic worms
74
Q

Mast cells bind ___ region of IgE

A

Fc

75
Q

Small local impact of histamine degranulation

A

Increase capillary permeability

Local effect

76
Q

Large system impact of histamine degranulation

A

Decrease blood volume —> heart attack

Contraction of smooth muscle —-> suffocation

77
Q

B cells come from

A

Bone marrow

78
Q

2 fates of B cells

A

Plasma cells

Memory cells

79
Q

Plasma cells make

A

Ab

80
Q

Secondary Ab response

A

IgG

81
Q

Variable region of Ab binds to

A

Epitope

82
Q

Constant region of Ab determines

A

Function and isotype

83
Q

Modular Design of Ab

A
  1. 4 gene segments that code Ab heavy chain (V, D, J, C)

( 5 possible C regions - GAMED)

  1. 3 gene segments that code Ab light chain (V, J, C)

(2 possible C regions - L or K)

84
Q

Junctional diversity of Ab

A

How gene segments are brought together (deletion and addition of Nucleotides)

85
Q

3 contributors to Ab diversity

A

Modular design
Junction diversity
Combinatorial process

86
Q

____ and ____ are BCRs

A

IgM and IgD

87
Q

B cell that has never encountered antigen

A

Naive/ virgin

88
Q

B cells activated

A

Experienced B cells

89
Q

2 signals B cells need to be activated

A
  1. B cell receptors binding Ag and cluster

2. Co-stimulatory signal enhances signaling

90
Q

2 sources for B cell co-stimulation

A
  1. T cell dependent

2. T cell independent

91
Q

T cell dependent: B cell takes in antigen and presents peptides to helper T cell via

A

MHC 2 molecules

92
Q

___ on Th binds to MHC 2 on B cell

A

TCR

93
Q

___ on B cell binds to ___ on Th during T cell dependent co-stimulation

A

CD40

CD40L

94
Q

After CD40 and CD40L bind (co-stimulatory signals),

A

Both B and Th cells are activated

95
Q

B cell maturation

A

Somatic hypermutation
Career decision
Class switching

96
Q

Somatic hypermutation

A

B cell undergoes mutation and selection to create greater affinity for antigen

97
Q

Maturing B cells must be continually

A

Re-stimulated

98
Q

Class switching

A

B cell changes Ab produced

99
Q

Why do naive B cells make mainly IgM

A

First gene in the gene segment for the C region

Immunology (6 decks)

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