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Immunology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

2 jobs of helper T cells

A
  1. Remain in blood and lymph providing help for B cells and CTLs
  2. Leave blood and enter battle sites providing help
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2
Q

Help from Th cells is

A

Cytokines

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3
Q

2 signals to activate dendritic cells

A
  1. PRRs recognize PAMPs

2. Cytokines from cells in area under attack

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4
Q

TLR4 recognizes

A

LPS

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5
Q

TLR3 recognizes

A

DsRNA

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6
Q

Th1 helper T cells

A

Viral or bacterial attack

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7
Q

Response for Th1 help T cells

A

Classical cytokines

TNF, IFN-gamma, IL2

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8
Q

IFN gamma

A

Keeps macrophages active

Tells B cells to make IgG3 (opsonizes viruses and bacteria, fixes complement)

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9
Q

IL-4

A

Growth factor to proliferate T cells

Growth factor for B cells that are making IgE

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10
Q

IL-2

A

Stimulate proliferation of CTLs, NK cells, and more Th1 cells

Recharge NK cells

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11
Q

TH2 helper T cells

A

Parasitic attack or food contaminated with pathogenic bacteria

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12
Q

Response for TH2 helper T cells

A

Intestines under attack

IL-4
IL-5
IL-13

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13
Q

IL-5

A

Causes B cells to make IgG

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14
Q

IL-13

A

Stimulates mucus in intestine

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15
Q

Th17 helper T cells

A

Fungal attack and mucosal barriers

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16
Q

Response for Th17 helper T cells

A

IL-17, IL-21

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17
Q

IL-17

A

Recruits massive numbers of neutrophils to area

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18
Q

IL-21

A

Causes growth of more Th17 cells

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19
Q

Dendritic cells make ____ and ___ to stimulate Th17 helper cells

A

TGFbeta

IL-6

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20
Q

Direct ELISA

A

Directly detect Antigen

Ab absorbed to well

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21
Q

Indirect ELISA

A

Detect Ab

Antigen absorbed to well

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22
Q

Flow cytometry uses

A

Fluorescent labeled Ab

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23
Q

Agglutination assays use ___ to clump antigens

A

Ab

Used in ABO blood typing

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24
Q

Western blot sued to detect

A

Ab or antigens in sample

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25
Q

Super antigen

A

Special class of T cell activators

Produce dramatic cytokine secretion

Toxic shock syndrome

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26
Q

2 ways CTLs kill

A

Perforin

Granzyme b

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27
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

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28
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes
MALT
Spleen

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29
Q

__ common in all secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymphoid follicles

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30
Q

Primary lymphoid follicles

A

Loose network of FDC

Rich in naive B cells/ memory B cells

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31
Q

Secondary lymphoid follicles

A

After antigen stimulation

Replication and differentiation

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32
Q

____ catch and display Ag to B cells

A

FDCs

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33
Q

Proliferating B cells cause a ____ in germinal center

A

Dark zone

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34
Q

New mutations in somatic hypermutation tested in

A

Light zone

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35
Q

Class switching occurs in

A

Dark zone

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36
Q

Order of lymph node structure

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Subcapsular sinus
  3. Cortex
  4. Paracortex
  5. Medullary sinus
  6. Efferent lymph
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37
Q

___ lined with macrophages

A

Subcapsular sinus

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38
Q

B cell area in lymph node

A

Cortex

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39
Q

T cell area in lymph node

A

Paracortex

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40
Q

HEV cells in lymph nodes are ___, allowing more room for passage of cells

A

Columnar

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41
Q

Lymphocytes enter lymph node via

A

HEVs

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42
Q

Spleen contains no

A

Lymphatics

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43
Q

Marginal sinus of spleen contains

A

Macrophages

Dendritic cells

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44
Q

B cells location in spleen

A

Between PALS and marginal sinus

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45
Q

PALS

A

T cells located in spleen (periarteriolar lymphoid sheath)

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46
Q

Function of red pulp

A

Remove old RBCs and recycle iron
Store monocytes
Break down hemoglobin

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47
Q

Adults have ___ Peyer’s Patches

A

200

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48
Q

Antigen enter MALT via

A

M cells

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49
Q

M cells are easily accessible to microbes due to

A

Lack of vili

Lack of mucus

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50
Q

Differences of Peyer’s Patches from other secondary lymphoid tissues

A
  1. Specialize in making T helper cells that tell B cells to make IgA
  2. Specialize in making T helper cells that make TH2 cytokine
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51
Q

Naive T cells have many

A

Adhesion molecules

52
Q

Experienced T cells express

A

Certain adhesion molecules

53
Q

Adhesion molecules expressed on experienced T cells depend on

A

Where T cell was activated

54
Q

___ have restricted travel, and can only access lymph organs where they were activated

A

Experienced T cells

55
Q

___ are oceans of B cells with islands of FDCs

A

Lymphoid follicles

56
Q

Experienced B cells settle in ____ and make Abs

A

Bone marrow

57
Q

Tk

A

Kills other cells

58
Q

Th

A

Helps other cells

59
Q

Tr

A

Restrains immune system

60
Q

In presence of TGFbeta, T cell may become

A

Tr cell

61
Q

APC

A

B cell
Dendritic cell
Macrophage

62
Q

Activated Th cells secrete TNF and IFN gamma which ____ immune system

A

Activate

63
Q

Activated Tr cells secrete TGF beta and IL-10 which ___ immune system

A

Restrain

64
Q

TGF beta function

A

Reduces T cell proliferation

Reduces CTL killing

65
Q

IL-10 Function

A

Blocks co stimulatory signals (CD28)

Reduces proliferation

66
Q

_____ cells of intestine produce TGF beta

A

Epithelial

67
Q

TGF beta causes T cells in Peyer’s Patches to become

A

Tr cells

68
Q

Regulatory T cells in intestine release cytokines that encourage

A

Calmer mucosal immune system

69
Q

Tr cells in allergies control

A

Mast cell degranulation

70
Q

Tr cells aka

A

ITreg or pTreg

71
Q

Activated APCs make lots of ___ which binds to CD28

A

B7

72
Q

Experienced T cells make more and more ___

A

CTLA-4

73
Q

CTLA-4 binds to ___ and blocks ____

A

B7

CD28

74
Q

Overall, CTLA-4 blocks

A

Co-stimulation and activation of very experienced T cell

75
Q

PD1 receptor expressed on

A

Activated T cells

76
Q

PD1-L expressed on

A

WBCs and inflamed tissue

77
Q

Engagement of PD1 and PD1-L slows ___ and may induce ___

A

Proliferation

Apoptosis

78
Q

ITREG cells produce cytokines

A

TGF

IL-10

79
Q

TReg is a

A

Lymphocyte

80
Q

Competes with CD28 to down regulate T cells

A

CTLA4

81
Q

In AICD, ___ pair used to turn off activated T cells

A

FAS/FASL

82
Q

Thymus characteristics

A

No afferent lymphatics
No HEVs
T cells initially express no CD4, CD8, or TCR

83
Q

T cells created in

A

Bone marrow

84
Q

Immature T cells express very little ___ and lots of ___

A

FAS

BCL2

85
Q

T cells mature into ___ in thymus, expressing both co-receptor molecules

A

Double positive cells

CD4 and CD8 expressed

86
Q

DP cells express lots of __ and very little ___

A

FAS

BCL-2

87
Q

DC cells are vulnerable to

A

Death

88
Q

DP cells must pass 2 tests to live….

A

MHC restriction

Tolerance to self

89
Q

MHC restriction aka

A

Positive selection

90
Q

Positive selection

A

Maturing T cell must recognize peptides presented on self MHCs

91
Q

Positive selection takes place in

A

Cortex

92
Q

Tolerance to self aka

A

Negative selection

93
Q

Negative selection occurs in

A

Medulla

94
Q

Negative selection

A

Maturing T cell must not recognize peptides presented on self MHCs

95
Q

Cortical epithelial Cells display peptides on …

A

MHC 1 (peptides made in cell)

MHC2 (peptides from area)

MHC2 (peptides made in cell)

96
Q

Cortical epithelial cells play role in

A

Positive selection

97
Q

After positive selection, T cells must chose either co-receptor and become a

A

Single positive cell

98
Q

Two cells function in negative selection…

A

Thymic dendritic cells

Medullary thymic epithelial cells

99
Q

Thymic dendritic cells

A

Display self peptides on MHC molecules

100
Q

Medullary thymic epithelial cells

A

Break MHC peptide expression (display endogenous Ag on MHC2)

Express tissue-specific proteins

101
Q

____ drives expression of tissue specific proteins in medullary thymic epithelial cells

A

AIRE transcription factor

102
Q

Medullary thymic epithelial cells make sure we create T cells that _____ that thymic dendritic cells missed

A

Do NOT recognize tissue specific proteins

103
Q

Naive T cells primarily travel through

A

Secondary lymphoid tissue

104
Q

Thymus produces natural ____, type of CD4 T cell

A

Regulatory T cells (nTregs)

105
Q

NTregs leave and enter

A

Secondary lymphoid tissue

106
Q

When activated, nTregs inhibit

A

Self reactive T cells

107
Q

RTregs control ____ and pTregs prevent ___

A

Cells reacting against self

Over active immune response

108
Q

Self reactive T cells often don’t get co-stimulated, and this occurs in ____ where ____ expression is low

A

Peripheral tissue

B7
MHC

109
Q

Activation induced cell death and self reactive T cells

A

Aberrant T cell gets activated over and over (lots of self antigen present)

More and more FAS expressed

Death from chronic restimulation

110
Q

B cells that recognize self are given change to change

A

Receptor editing

111
Q

____ confer life-long immunity to infection

A

Ab

112
Q

Longest lived Ab

A

IgG

113
Q

3 kinds of B cells after activation

A

Short lived plasma cells
Long lived plasma cell (memory cell)
Central memory B cell (memory cell)

114
Q

short lived plasma cell produced in

A

Lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid organs

115
Q

Short lived plasma cells travel to ___ and ___

A

Bone marrow

Spleen

116
Q

Short lived plasma cell function

A

Produce lots of Ab

Live for few days

117
Q

Long lived plasma cell produced in

A

Lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid organs

118
Q

Long lived plasma cells travel to

A

Bone marrow

119
Q

Long lived plasma cell function

A

Continuously produce modest amounts of Ab

Provide life-long Ab protection

120
Q

memory stem cells slowly ___ and maintain ___

A

Proliferate

Pool of central memory B cells

121
Q

If invader encountered again, central memory B cells do what

A

Quickly proliferate

122
Q

After activation, effector T cells travel to

A

Battle site and fight

123
Q

After activation, memory effector T cells travel to

A

Battle site and remain there

124
Q

Activated T Ellis that stay in secondary lymphoid organs and bone marrow

A

Central memory T cells

125
Q

Memory B cells are upgraded versions due to 2 things….

A

Somatic hypermutation created better fit for invader

Ab class has been predetermined

126
Q

Innate memory is ___ and all humans have essentially same one

A

Static

127
Q

Adaptive memory is ____ and ___

A

Expandable

Unique

Immunology (6 decks)

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