Final

Question 1

Florence Nightingale

Answer 1

active in reforming healthcare; 1860 she opened St Thomas’s Hospital Training School of Nurses; theory and knowledge based nursing; holistic framework, environment that promotes healing, nursing being distinct from medical knowledge; systematic method of assesing clients, individualize care, maintain confidentiality

Question 2

Lillian Ward

Answer 2

first community health nurse; improved housing conditions; initiated change in child labor laws, lenient immigration regulation; supported education of mentally challenged

Question 3

Isabel Hamptob Robb

Answer 3

founded Superintendents Society in 1893; unity throughout nursing on positions and issues; helped establish ANA

Question 4

Jane Delano

Answer 4

believed nurses should train nurses, not physicians; was in the Army Nurses Corps until she worked full time with Red Cross

Question 5

Annie Goodrich

Answer 5

pushed for the establishment of an Army training school for nurses; appointed dean of this school

Question 6

Adelaide Nutting

Answer 6

first nurse to be appointed to a university professorship

Question 7

Lavinia Dock

Answer 7

wrote one of the first nursing textbooks; first editor of the nursing journal

Question 8

Mary Breckinridge

Answer 8

created decentralized system for primary nursing care in Kentucky

Question 9

Martha Franklin

Answer 9

advocated racial equality in nursing; organized the NACGN (colored graduate nurses)

Question 10

Amelia Greenwald

Answer 10

chief nurse in field hospitals in WWII; established school of nursing in Poland; catalyst for international public health nursing

Question 11

Mamie Hale

Answer 11

upgrade education for midwives; decreased suiperstition about midwifery

Question 12

Mary Mahoney

Answer 12

first AA professional nurse; respect for cultural diversity

Question 13

Harriet Nueton Phillips

Answer 13

first American nurse to receive a training certificate

Question 14

Linda Richards

Answer 14

introduced nursing notes and physcians orders as part of the record; nurses wearing uniforms

Question 15

Margaret Sanger

Answer 15

birth control; fout to revise legislation that prohibited BC information; founded American BC League

Question 16

Adah Bell Thoms

Answer 16

equal rights for AA nurses in the Red Cross and Army Nurses Corps

Question 17

Flexner Report

Answer 17

brought about these changes: closure of inadequate medical schools, consolidation of schools with limited resources, creation of nonprofit status for the remaining schools, establishment of medical education in university setting based on standards and economic resources

Question 18

Blue Cross/Blue Shield

Answer 18

started because of the Depression; 1920= hospitals offered prepaied hospital plan which lead to Blue Cross; Blue Shield was developed by the AMA to provide reimbursement for medical services; 1935= gov’t became more involved in health care delivery

Question 19

Goldmark Report

Answer 19

investigate the training of nurses; data collection and sampling of 1800 schools (used 23 schools); identified major weaknesses of hospital based training (needs of the hospital came before education); concluded that nurses should learn in university setting

Question 20

Brown Report

Answer 20

reported similar problems to Goldmark; the need for nurses to demonstrate greater professional competence

Question 21

1960’s

Answer 21

growth and change; nurse shortages; feminist movement; inception of NP’s; focus on health maintenance

Question 22

1970’s

Answer 22

health care cost escalating; nursing theories were being developed; nursing education was integrated into universities; nurses were organizing to affect health care

Question 23

1980’s

Answer 23

nursing became more specialized; expanded roles of nurses; proliferation of HMO in the early 1980’s

Question 24

1990’s

Answer 24

nurses actively assuming more responsibility; aging population=more involvement with elderly; shaping policies for health care reform; nurses were strong advocates for weak populations

Question 25

Scope of Theories

Answer 25

grand- composed of concepts representing global and extremely complex middle-range- addresses more concrete and more narrow defined phenomena micro-range- most concrete and narrow in scope

Question 26

Nightingale Theory

Answer 26

care for the person, not the illness; manipulation of environment to maintain a state of health (cleanliness, light, pure air, water, and efficient drainage)

Question 27

Peplau Theory

Answer 27

Interpersonal Relations in Nursing; nurse-client relationship is important

Question 28

Virginia Henderson theory

Answer 28

basic human needs (14) are the basis of nursing care; help client from dependence to independence

Question 29

Joyce Travelbee

Answer 29

existentialism- individual existence in an incomprehensible world; focused on human-human relationship and finding meaning in experiences such as pain, illness and distress

Question 30

Myra Levine

Answer 30

``` Four conservation principles; 1. conservation of energy 2. conservation of structural integrity 3. conservation of personal integrity 4. conservation of social integrity the person is who they know themselves to be ```

Question 31

Dorothea Orem

Answer 31

self care (learned behavior and a deliberate action in response to a need), self care defecit (nursing care is needed when people are affected and cannot maintain self care) and theory of nursing systems (tries to answer the question "What do nurses do?")

Question 32

Betty Neuman

Answer 32

model focuses on the wellness of the client system in relation to the environment stressors and reactions to stressors: *intrapersonal stressors, *interpersonal stressors, *extrapersonal stressors

Question 33

Madeleine Leininger

Answer 33

cultural care diversity; transcultural nursing and sensitivity to the clients cultural beliefs

Question 34

Callista Roy

Answer 34

adaptation model- the nurse attempts to alter the environment if the client is not adapting well

Question 35

Jean Watson

Answer 35

theory of human caring- focuses on art and science of human caring; human-to-human transactions; care and love comprise the primal universal phsychic energy and are the basis of our humanity

Question 36

Martha Rogers

Answer 36

energy fields- the whole of the person's energy field interacts with the whole of the environmental energy field, which results in the process of life

Question 37

Rosemarie Parse

Answer 37

enhance nursing knowledge; quality of life

Question 38

Nursing Research

Answer 38

scientific process which validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences nursing practice

Question 39

Physiological Needs

Answer 39

oxygen, water, food, temperature, elimination, sleep, activity, sex

Question 40

Psychological Needs

Answer 40

self-esteem, feelings of security, happiness, sadness

Question 41

Sociocultural Needs

Answer 41

feelings of belonging, relationships

Question 42

Intellectual Needs

Answer 42

thinking, learning

Question 43

Spiritual Needs

Answer 43

being connected to others, haveing a sense of purpose

Question 44

Health Promotion

Answer 44

process undertaken to increase the levels of wellness in individuals, families and communities; goals include respect and support of the clients right to make a decision, identify and use clients strengths and assets, and empower the client to promote their own health or healing

Question 45

Offering Self

Answer 45

indicates willingness to help, nurse is available physically and emotionally; "I'll site with you awhile"

Question 46

Broad Openings

Answer 46

encourage client to choose topic for discussion; "What do you want to talk about?" "Can you tell me more about that?"

Question 47

Focusing

Answer 47

directs conversation towards key topics; "You mention that you are having a problem with..."

Question 48

Open ended Comments

Answer 48

unfinished sentences that prompt client to continue; "Tell me about your pain."

Question 49

Reflection

Answer 49

focuses on the content of the client's message and feelings; "What do you think about that?"

Question 50

Restating

Answer 50

repeating or paraphrasing clients main idea; "Sounds like you're angry."

Question 51

Exploring

Answer 51

attempts to develop in more detail a specific area of concern for the client; "Tell me more about how you feel when you do not take your medication."

Question 52

Recognition

Answer 52

nurse points out observed cues to client; "I notice that you become embarrassed when..."

Question 53

Directing

Answer 53

used to collect assessment data, not satisfy the nurses curiosity; "When were you told this?"

Question 54

Isometric exercise

Answer 54

maintains muscle tone and strength

Question 55

Isotonic exercise

Answer 55

increase and maintain muscle tone and strength; shape muscles; maintain joint mobility; improve cardiovascular fitness

Question 56

Isokinetic exercise

Answer 56

ondition muscle groups

Question 57

Wound Healing

Answer 57

primary- minimal tissue loss and edges are well approximated secondary- extensive tissue loss and wounds where the edges cannot be approximated tertiary- delayed or secondary closure- when the primary closure of a wound is undesireable