Final Flashcards
Possible phonemes
100
English 40
Morpheme
Samllest unit of meaning
Root words, prefixes, etc
50000 english
Pragmatics
How ppl use language to communicate effectively
Infants hearing phonemes
As early as 1 mo can distinguish
Eventually lose the ability to distinguish unused phonemes
Speech perception
Discriminate boundaries of phonemes (car vs core)
Can make difficult phonemic distinguishments
Cochlear implants: but dont work in children born deaf (havnt had chance to hear correct phonemes
First steps to speech
Cooing: 2 mo
Babbling: 6mo
Babbling with intonation: 8-11 mo
First words: around 1 yr
Babbling drift
Babies imitate speech theyre most exposed to
Language is motor
Ex manual babling
Fast mapping
Rapid acquiring of words (20 words per week by only hearing once)
Vocab spurt
18-24 mo
Fast mapping
Coining
Over and underextensions
Telegraphic speech
End of 2nd year
“Me go” “daddy drive work”
Halting)
Overregularization (goed)
Cant apply rules of grammar/lang correctly
“I wented” goed, thinked
Overextensions
Ex label dog for every animal that has 4 legs
Underextensions
Ex. The doll is only my doll
Coining
Make up words for things
Infant directed speech/motherese
Slow to exaggerate every sound and word
To discriminate phonemic categories
Joint attention
Mother and child interaction/ convo facilitates learning of words
Skinner
Behaviourist
Reinforced/ punished based on how u speak
From env, others
Chomsky
Nativist Lang is innate mechanism that humans have Prewired genetically Learn rules Language acquisition device
Interactionist
Cognitive, social communication, and emergentist theories
Based on brain areas and stimulation from env
Frontal lobes and neural circuits becoming more dev
Env
Chomskys criticism to learning view
Children not reinforced for speech accuracy
Learn to speak well despite poor models of speech (ex foreign parents)
Children emit novel sentences
Rules of grammar too complex for simple learning processes
Nativism ctd
Biological basis for lang acq
Complicated set of rules
2 structures of lang (nativist)
Surface structure: way words are combined, varies across culture
Deep structure: inborn rules of lang (dont vary) MEANING, way of saying things
Lad
Brain mechanism that translates surface into deep structure
2 components of reading
Word recognition: id patterns of letters (orthography)
Comprehension: extract meaning
Foundations of reading skill
Knowledge of letter names
Phonological awareness: requires GPC
GPC
Grapheme to phoneme correspondence
Process of converting grapheme (how it is spelled ex “th”) to phoneme (sound, how it is pronounced)
Expansions
Repeat speech in which errors are corrected and statements elaborated
Me want cookie
You want a cookie?
Recasts
Speech put in proper structure
Mouses runned in hole
Those mice ran into that hole
Speech acts
Pragmatic functions like request or refuse something
Discourse
Language in everyday convos
Requires social skills
Social referential communication
Speaker sends a message that is comprehend by the listener
Ex talking on the phone, have to see both POVs (preop children have difficulties!)
Taking turns
Not in all cultures
Infants model
2 yrs spontaneous
3 yrs will try to elicit a response
