Ch 7 Flashcards
Sensation
Detection of sense info
Unconscious
Perception
Interpretation, organization, understanding of sense info
Conscious
Selective perception
Focus on one thing while ignoring others
Frontal lobe functioning
Measuring attention/perception
Orienting
Habituation
Preferential looking
Evoked potentials
Inattentional blindness
Gorilla and basketball court
You focus on something and ignore the peripheral stimuli
Change blindness
Switch person experiment
Dont notice changes
Orienting
Move towards something shows ability to detect it
Habituation
Bored to renewed interest
Ex. Show a res card repeatedly, child gets bored
Then show a blue card and shows renewed interest
Preferential looking
Which stimuli they prefer to look at
Ex shapes in mobile, faces
Evoked potentials
Look at neuronal activity in a brain area
Can look at long term functions
Touch and pain
Babies cry, show increased hr and cortisol when pricked
Sensitivity to touch in womb: baby will root, display different reflexes (palmar also)
2mo after conception
Smell and taste
Smell: evident prenatally
Prefers smell of mothers amniotic fluid at birth
Newborns pos or neg responses to smells and tastes (facial expressions, disgust)
Will increase rate of sucking
Hearing
28 week old FETUS shows reactivity to sound
Eyelids clamp
Mothers voice is preferred: increase in sucking rate
Prefer familiar stories, languages, will increase sucking
Prefer low frequency sounds (voice and language dev) and improves at 6mo
Sound location
10 min after birth
Recalibration/ adjustments with head growth (larger distance between ears)
7 months: location and distance of sound
Startle reactions
Vision
Track moving objects
Newborns perceive contrast but few colours
Visual acuity
Clarity of visual images 20/400 to 20/800 What they see at 20 feet we see at 400 feet By 1 year= same as adult Focus 7-8 inches away
Visual accomodation
Lenses bending with distance
Neural networks not developed in newborn
Perceiving colours
1 mo: blue and gray, red from green
3-4 mo: all colours (like adults)
Visual relations
Babies look longer at shape that is misalligned: visual detection
Between 1 and 3 mo begin to organize visual stimuli together (notice discrepancies)
Perceiving faces
1 mo: look at edges, periphery
3mo: look at facial features, eyes, nose, etc.
Depth
By 7 mo (approx same time as crawling)
Increase in hr at sharp drop off
Peripheral vision critical to depth perception (develops balance)
Depth - convergence
More convergence=closer the image
Retinal disparity
Close one eye and then other
Images “jump” more when closer
Vestibular sensitivity
Sensory feedback from vestibular organs: balance and body posture
More alert in vertical posture
Necess for motor skills
Conflict between visual and vestibular can occus
Visual cues can outweigh vestibular cues (ex moving wall)
Intermodal perception
Cues from different senses go together
More modalities involved(senses)=child pays more attention
Exploratory intermodal relations
Inborn ability to spatially relate among sensory modes
Ex. Will orient towards a sound/ stimuli
Intermodal representation
Mental representations that bridge touch and visual & auditory and visual
Ex. The infant startled when shown a bear that looks fluffy but is rubbery, rough
By 6mo
Audio-visual redundancy
Hammer and hammering sound experiment.
Both image and sound are out of sync, the baby pays more attention and detected change to the synchronized stimuli
Indicates integration of sensory info/modes
Attention
Improves as frontal lobes develop: Control of attention Ignoring irrelevant info Planfulness Adjusting attentional strategies
Scanning
Becomes more efficient with age:
More careful in gathering visual info
More flexible in search strategies
Less likely to be distracted in their searches
Adhd i and ii + criteria
- Inattention: difficulty organizing tasks, does not seem to listen when spoken to
- Hyperactive and impulsivity: fidgets, difficulty waiting turn
At least some symptoms present before 7
Impairment present in 2 or more settings
Clear evidence of sig impairment (social, academic, occupational)
Neurological basis adhd
Abnormalities of cc: some functions in one side inhibited by other side (normal)
In adhd: problems, so hemispheres cant inhibit certain functions
Frontal lobes: right hem bigger in normal ppl
Adhd: symmetry
Right hem: control of attention
Smaller, so lose ability to control attention
PET: lower levels of blood flow in right (glucose). Hypofrontality: lower blood flow in frontal lobes
Frontal basal circuitry: circuit btwn front lobes and basal ganglia
PET shows lower blood flow in basal ganglia
Bg: crucial role in augmenting inhibitory effect of frontal lobe
Stimulants for adhd
Stimulates metabolism and inhibitions that they lack
