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Bot Med 1 > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

History – What were the guiding principles of the Eclectic physicians?

A
  • Safe use of botanical remedies, moderation in the use of drugs and surgery, and exclusions of chemical poisons
  • Pulse diagnosis, tongue, complexion evaluation, temperature, nervous tone, elimination, and nutrition
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2
Q

What are some of the obstacles, past and present, to the promotion and preservation of the practice of herbalism in our society?

A
  • Male-dominated

* Herbalism was associated with witchcraft

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3
Q

What features define the Naturopathic Herbalist?

A
  • Educated in the biomedical sciences
  • Gather knowledge of plants used globally
  • Incorporate recent scientific evidence
  • Whole plant medicine – not individual constituents
  • Holistic medicine when treating the patient
  • Prevention
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4
Q

What is an “Action”?

A

class of herb it belongs too

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5
Q

What is an “Indication”?

A

when used of the herb would be beneficial because of it’s action

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6
Q

What are “Specific indications”?

A

are the qualities of a remedy that separate it from others in it’s class of medicinal action

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7
Q

Define doctrine of signatures.

A

Physical characteristics of a plant is related to it’s medicinal action

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8
Q

What is organoleptic testing?

A

Using the senses to evaluate an herb for taste, smell, appearance, texture, energetics, quality, and identity

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9
Q

Identify the tissue state associate with the following herbal energetic:
• Resins

A

Dry

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10
Q

Identify the tissue state associate with the following herbal energetic:
• Astringents

A

Tense

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11
Q

Identify the tissue state associate with the following herbal energetic:
• Circulatory stimulants

A

Hot

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12
Q

Identify the tissue state associate with the following herbal energetic:
• Demulcents

A

Damp

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13
Q

Identify the tissue state associate with the following herbal energetic:
• Antispasmodics

A

Lax

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14
Q

Identify the tissue state associate with the following herbal energetic:
• Bitters

A

Cold

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15
Q

Define alterative.

A

An herb that alters the body in a non-specific but broadly beneficial way

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16
Q

How is a depurative different from an alterative?

A

Depuratives have a more specific action of cleansing a particular organ or system compared to the broader action of alteratives

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17
Q

What are the indications for using an alterative?

A
  • Generalized and chronic dysfunction
  • Digestive, eliminatory and circulatory hypofunction
  • Maldigestion
  • Hormonal imbalance
  • Toxemia
  • Acne
  • Chronic infxn
  • Chronic inflammation
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18
Q

Alterative:

Trifolium pratense - Red Clover

A
  • Used in issues of hormonal balancing in women (phytoestrogenic)
  • Cough properties – spasmodic coughs, TB, inflammation of the lungs
  • Used in the Hoxsey formula
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19
Q

Alterative:

Rumex spp - Yellow Dock, Curly Dock

A
  • Specificity of seat: Liver, GI, larynx
  • Astringent qualities that tone the gut lining
  • Promotes motility
  • Chronic skin conditions
  • Leaves are toxic! Only use the root*
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20
Q

Alterative:

Mahonia spp - Oregon Grape, Barberry, Mahonia

A
  • Specificity of seat: Liver

* Contains berberine

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21
Q

Alterative:

Smilax spp. - Sarsaparilla

A
  • Specificity of seat: Endocrine balance
  • The alterative for the sex hormones
  • C/I: May increase absorption of digitalis and in higher doses*
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22
Q

Alterative:

Arctium lappa – Burdock

A
  • Supports the skin (mainly as an emunctory organ)

* Good for psoriasis, eczema, mastitis, cystitis

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23
Q

Alterative:

Curcuma longa – Turmeric

A
  • Specificity of seat: Liver and circulatory system
  • Balancing of the 3 dosha’s
  • Anti-inflammatory through it’s action on TNFa
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24
Q

Alterative:

Urtica dioica - Stinging Nettles

A

Very anti-inflammatory and very nourishing

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25
Q

How are nutritive herbs different from synthetic multivitamins?

A

Because they have phytonutrients such as polyphenols, saponins, flavonoids, etc

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26
Q

Nutritive:

Medicago sativa – alfalfa

A

o Very nourishing
o Phytoestrogenic
o C/I: Warfarin (high vit. K); lupus

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27
Q

Nutritive:

• Equisetum arvense – horsetail

A

o High in Silica
o Tonifying and strengthening of connective tissue (bone in particular)
o Diuretic

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28
Q

Nutritive:

Centella asiatica – Gotu Kola

A

o Sri Lanka – Kola Kenda drink to support nutrition
o Vulnerary and nervine
o Trophorestorative for the connective tissues
o Modulates deposition of collagen

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29
Q

Nutritive:

Avena sativa – Oat Straw

A

o Milk oat seed is used typically for nervine
o Straw is used as a nutritive
o C/I: Morphine

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30
Q

Nutritive:

Urtica spp. – Nettle

A

o Alterative, anti-inflammatory, high in vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients
o Used for allergies and arthritis
o Leaf – main nourisher and anti-inflammatory
o Root – astringent and used for BPH b/c it’s testosterone modulating qualities

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31
Q

What is a lymphagogue?

A

Moves the lymph through various actions. Used to relieve edema and move nutrients around

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32
Q

What are the general indications for the use of lymphagogues?

A

Edema, congestion

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33
Q

Lymphagogue:

Ceanothus americanus – Red Root

A

o Specificity in the lungs – used for URI

o Astringent

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34
Q

Lymphagogue:

Gallium aparine – Cleavers

A

o Specificity in the urinary tract – used for UTI

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35
Q

Lymphagogue:

Phytolacca americana –Poke Root

A

o In higher doses, it is toxic!*

o Pharyngitis – hard, painful, glandular swellings

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36
Q

Lymphagogue:

Calendula officinalis – Calendula

A

o Specificity in the breast tissue

o Chest, axilla and inguinal creases

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37
Q

Lymphagogue:

Styllingia sylvatica – Queen’s Root

A

o Specificity in the pharynx/larynx/upper bronchus – red, dry, irritated mucous membranes
o Laryngitis

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38
Q

Lymphagogue:

Echinacea spp. – Echinacea

A

o Immunostimulant as well

o Really a lymph mover

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39
Q

Lymphagogue:

Trifolium pratense – Red Clover

A

o Alterative as well

o Specificity for the liver

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40
Q

What is the difference between immunomodulators and immunostimulants?

A

Immunomodulators TONIFT the immune system, while immunostimulants INCREASE the activity of the immune system

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41
Q

Immunomodulatory:

Echinacea spp.

A

o Immunostimulant
o Dose-dependent (900mg root/day is effective)
o Safe in pregnancy

Specific Species:
o E. angustifolia – most valued by eclectics for severe infections
o E. purpurea – lymphagogue
o E. pallida – best vulnerary

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42
Q

Immunomodulatory:

Eupatorium perfoliatum – Boneset

A

o Viral infections where pain has set into the bones (aches from flu)

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43
Q

Immunomodulatory:

Astragalas membranaceaus

A

o Legume
o Immune system builder - broad
o Stabilize tissues after radiation
o Useful in kiddos because of it’s mild taste

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44
Q

Immunomodulatory:

Andrographis paniculata

A

o Immunostimulating but very bitter/cooling

o Used to help resolve cold and flu faster

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45
Q

Immunomodulatory:

Sambucus nigra – Elder

A

o Flowers and berries are used
o Antiviral and immunostimulant –> Excellent flu treatment
o Flowers are more diaphoretic and more used for coughs (expectorant) –> Calming

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46
Q

Immunomodulatory:

Baptisia tinctora – Wild Indigo

A

o Strongly antimicrobial and immunostimulant
o Low-dose botanical*
o Often combined with Echinacea for acute viral infxn

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47
Q

Immunomodulatory:

Trametes versicolor – Turkey Tail

A

o Immunostimulator
o Anti-CA properties
o Helps support bone marrow

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48
Q

Immunomodulatory:

Grifola frondosa – Maitake

A

o Antiviral, cancer, diabetic properties

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49
Q

Immunomodulatory:

Ganoderma lucidum – Reishi

A

o Immunomodulatory
o Triterpines lead to an anti-allergic quality
o Used in heart related conditions – dec. cholesterol levels, protects against angina, protects against radiation

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50
Q

What are the defining features of an adaptogen?

A
  • Produces NON-SPECIFIC RESPONSE in an organism that can INC in the power of RESISTANCE OF MULTIPLE STRESSORS including physical, chemical, and biological
  • SAFE, well-tolerated medicine
  • ERGOGENIC – increase capacity to do work
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51
Q

ADAPTOGEN:

Eletherococcus senticosis – Siberian Ginseng

A
  • More stimulating

* For the type of person who gets recurring infections

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52
Q

ADAPTOGEN:

Panax ginseng – Asian Ginseng

A
  • More stimulating
  • Helpful for increasing stamina
  • Works for increasing sexual function
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53
Q

ADAPTOGEN:

Panax quinquifolium – American Ginseng

A
  • Less stimulating
  • More nervine type actions
  • Nervous dyspepsia
  • Mental exhaustion
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54
Q

ADAPTOGEN:

Withania somnifera - Ashwaganda

A
  • Build stamina, but not necessarily a stimulant
  • May help reduce cortisol excess
  • Helps with insomnia from anxiety
  • Trophorestorative
  • Preventing stress induced ulcers
  • Supports mitochondrial health – hence it’s ability to increase physical stress endurance (rat swimming study)
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55
Q

ADAPTOGEN:

Rhodiola rosea – Golden Root

A
  • Helps with overwhelming stress
  • Fatigue, burnout, increases learning ability and memory
  • Environmental stressors – cold, altitude
  • C/I: sleep disorders, bipolar disorder, TCA use
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56
Q

ADAPTOGEN:

Schisandra chinensis

A

• CV protective, hepatoprotective, tissue protectors, neuroprotective

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57
Q

ADAPTOGEN:

Occimum sanctum – Holy Basil

A
  • Nourishing, aromatic
  • Increases physical and mental endurance (ergogenic)
  • More calming
  • C/I: blood thinning effect, T2D b/c hypoglycemic effect
58
Q

ADAPTOGEN:

Glycyrrhiza glabra – Licorice Root

A
  • Demulcent, tonifying
  • Maintaining proper cortisol levels
  • C/I: HTN, hypokalemia, kidney failure, cardiac glycosides
59
Q

ADAPTOGEN:

Cordyceps sinensis – Caterpillar Fungus

A
  • Improves stamina and increases cellular function
  • Aphrodisiac
  • Supports the mitochondria
  • Tonifies Qi
60
Q

ADAPTOGEN:

Oplopanax horridus – Devil’s Club

A
  • Energetic adaptogen

* Supports emotional well-being (self-esteem)

61
Q

What is a nervine?

A

Nervine: botanical medicines that act on the nervous system

62
Q

What is a tonic?

A

Tonic: improves tone, vigor, and function

63
Q

What is a sedative?

A

Sedative: decreases stimulation of the nervous system

64
Q

What is a hypnotic?

A

Hypnotic: stronger sedatives that cause drowsiness

65
Q

Nervines:

Avena sativum- Milky Oat Seed

A
  • Trophorestorative of the nervous system
  • Mental alertness and cognitive fx/decline
  • Nervous stability
  • Energize from nervous exhaustion
  • C/I: Morphine use
66
Q

Nervines:

Scutellaria lateriflora –Skullcap

A
  • Sedative, antispasmodic, anticonvulsant, stomachic
  • Used in children’s formulas
  • C/I: sedative medications
67
Q

Nervines:

Humulus lupulus- Hops

A

• Sedative, hypnotic, sleep formulas, antimicrobial

68
Q

Nervines:

Valeriana officinalis – Valerian

A
  • Helps with sleep
  • Antispasmodic
  • Used in HTN
  • GABA receptor activity
  • Helpful in benzo withdrawal
69
Q

Nervines:

Piper methysticum- Kava

A
  • Traditionally chewed and spit into a bowl

* Useful for acute anxiety/social anxiety

70
Q

Nervines:

Melissa officinalis- Lemon Balm

A
  • Sedative, antidepressant, antiviral, neuroprotective
  • Nervousness, anxiety, depression, insomnia
  • Radiation protection
  • Ecstasy overdose or age-induced neurocognitive decline
71
Q

Nervines:

Leonurus cardiaca –Motherwort

A
  • Very strong sedative

* Use with tachycardia, swelling – kind of hyperthyroid picture

72
Q

Nervines:

Hypericum perforatum - St. John’s Wort

A
  • Antiviral, vulnerary, antidepressant
  • Shingles
  • Nerve trauma
  • Photosensitive
73
Q

Nervines:

Passiflora incarnata - Passion Flower

A
  • Anxiolytic, sedative

* Useful for long-term treatment of nervous dyspepsia

74
Q

Nervines:

Matricaria recutita – Chamomile

A
  • Useful in nervousness, impatience, insomnia
  • Useful in children
  • High doses can cause GI upset*
75
Q

Nervines:

Eschscholtzia californica- California Poppy

A
  • Anodyne, antispasmodic
  • Great for children with nervousness or anxiety
  • ADHD
76
Q

Describe the complex actions of bitters and how bitter herbs can be used therapeutically.

A

Receptors on the tongue and oral mucosa stimulate the production of saliva. Receptors transmit signals to brain to stimulate digestive process → Inc. ghrelin which inc hunger, inc. CCK which stimulates bile and pancreatic secretion, inc. motility, inc. cellular proliferation
• Used in dyspepsia, intestinal atony (weak digestion), hypochlorhydria, and malabsorption

77
Q

Define carminative, and understand how carminatives are used therapeutically.

A

Carminatives prevent the formation of or relieves gas and helps prevent spasms

78
Q

Define demulcent, and understand how demulcents are used therapeutically.

A

High in polysaccharides that coat and soothe the mucosal membranes

79
Q

BITTER:

Gentiana lutea – Gentian

A

o BITTER – basically the standard bitter

o Used as a carrier in a lot of formulas

80
Q

Citrus spp. – Citrus Peel

A

o Not the essential oil, flavonoid contained in the rind

o More drying and uplifting

81
Q

Bitter:

Artemesia vulgaris – Mugwort

A

o Bitter

82
Q

Artemesia absinthum – Wormwood

A

o Good anthelminthic

o High doses can be toxic*

83
Q

Mahonia spp. – Oregon Grape

A

o Gentle digestive bitter

o Alterative

84
Q

Foeniculum vulgare – Fennel

A

o Aromatic carminative

o Modulates spasms related to purgative use

85
Q

Pimpinella anisum – Anise

A

*

86
Q

Mentha piperita/spicata – Peppermint/Spearmint

A

o Antispasmodic, carminative

o Cephalic – brings a lot of blood to the head, used for HA

87
Q

Zingiber officinale – Ginger

A

o Circulatory stimulant carminative

o More warming

88
Q

Matricaria recutita - Chamomile

A

•

89
Q

Angelica archangelica – Angelica

A

o Inflamed mucosal membranes

90
Q

Althea officinalis – Marshmallow

A

o Soothing to mucosal membranes

o Stimulates cellular regeneration

91
Q

Ulmus spp. – Slippery Elm

A

•

92
Q

Glygyrrhiza spp. – Licorice Root

A

•

93
Q

Aloe spp. – Aloe Gel

A

o Polysaccharides
o Vulnerary
o Gastritis and ulcers

94
Q

Trigonella foenum-greacum – Fenugreek

A

o Develop a mucilage

95
Q

Define cholegogue

A

Cholagogue – increasing secretion of bile

96
Q

Define choleretic.

A

Choleretic – increasing production of bile

97
Q

Hepatics:

A

• Arctium lappa - Burdock

98
Q

Hepatics:

Cichorium intybus – Chickory

A
  • Root high in inulin – prebiotic
  • Mild bitter
  • Hepatoprotective quality
  • Substitute for coffee
99
Q

Hepatics:

Chelidonium majus – Greater Celandine

A
  • Antispasmodic of the bile duct

* Potentially hepatotoxic*

100
Q

Hepatics:

Chionanthus virginicus – Fringe Tree

A
  • Cholagogue
  • Diuretic and bitter in higher doses
  • Used in the treatment of Jaundice – acute congestion in the liver
101
Q

Hepatics:

Curcuma longa – Turmeric

A

•

102
Q

Hepatics:

Cynara scolymus – Artichoke Leaf

A
  • Tonifying effect, hepatic, antimicrobial
  • Cholesterol reducing
  • Digestive herb
103
Q

Hepatics:

Mahonia spp. – Oregon Grape

A

•

104
Q

Hepatics:

Taraxicum officinale – Dandelion

A
  • Choleretic and cholagogue activity
  • Mild laxative
  • Anti-inflammatory qualities
  • Major hepatic – root
  • Kidney action - leaf
105
Q

Hepatics:

Silybum marianum – Milk Thistle

A
  • Trophorestorative of the liver

* Treatment of hepatitis

106
Q

What are the factors that effect the safety of botanical medicines?

A

• Dose, duration, toxicity, potential additives, pesticide residues or heavy metal toxicity

107
Q

What is the mechanism that is common to most herb/drug interactions?

A

• CYP450 detox pathways

108
Q

What is an herbal adjunct to pharmaceutical treatment?

A

• A potentially beneficial combination of an herb with a drug

109
Q

What are vulneraries, and how do they work?

A

• Help skin heal, internal tissues heal, increasing proliferation, angiogenesis, collagen formation, and tensile strength

110
Q

Vulnerary:

Calendula officinalis – Calendula

A
  • Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antiseptic
  • Used for lacerations, abrasions, excoriations, ulcers, rashes, eczema
  • COX-2 and prostaglandin synthesis inhibition
111
Q

Vulnerary:

Centella asiatica – Gotu Kola

A
  • Decreases excessive scarring, antioxidant

* Useful in scleroderma

112
Q

Vulnerary:

Matricaria recutita - Chamomile

A

•

113
Q

Vulnerary:

Symphytum officinale – Comfrey

A
  • Reduces edema
  • Useful in sprains and strains
  • Do not use internally!*
114
Q

Vulnerary:

Aloe spp. – Aloe Vera

A

•

115
Q

Vulnerary:

Echinacea spp.

A
  • Inhibits hyaluronidase

* Useful in potentially infected wounds, snake bites, ulcers

116
Q

Vulnerary:

Hypericum perforatum – St. John’s Wort

A

• Excellent for burns

117
Q

Vulnerary:

Stellaria media – Chickweed

A
  • All around good vulnerary

* Antifungal

118
Q

Vulnerary:

Plantago spp. – Plantain

A

• Used to soothe insect bites or stings, draws out splinters

119
Q

Vulnerary:

Arnica spp.

A
  • Low-dose herb*
  • Useful for sprains, strains, bruises, arthritis (no broken skin!)
  • C/I: Rheumatoid arthritis
120
Q

Circulatory Stimulants:

Capsicum annuum – Cayenne

A
  • Mucolytic, cholesterol reducing, gastric stimulant, depletes substance P
  • Neuralgia, myalgia, joint pain, psoriasis, toothache, migraine
121
Q

Circulatory Stimulants:

Zanthoxylum americanum – Prickly Ash

A
  • Mild cardiac stimulant → inc HR, dec capillary engorgement

* Useful in edema, claudication, raynauds, uterine cramps

122
Q

Circulatory Stimulants:

Ginkgo biloba – Ginkgo

A
  • Increases blood flow to the brain and periphery
  • Antithrombotic
  • Cerebrovascular insufficiency, mental performance, tinnitus, vertigo, macular degeneration
  • C/I: hemophilia, blood thinners
123
Q

Circulatory Stimulants:

Piper nigrum – Black Pepper

A
  • Stimulates digestion and absorption of nutrients
  • Rubefacient, effects at the brush border
  • May increase GI absorption at therapeutic doses → could increase therapeutic dose for pharmaceuticals
124
Q

Circulatory Stimulants:

Rosmarinus officinalis – Rosemary

A
  • Stimulates hair follicles

* Hypotension following stress or illness, poor memory

125
Q

Circulatory Stimulants:

Zingiber officinale - Ginger

A

•

126
Q

What is a trophorestorative?

A

A nourishing, tissue specific herb that is safe for long use and restores physical function to a debilitated organ or organ system

127
Q

MATCH: Avena sativa – Oat Straw

A

Nervous system

128
Q

MATCH: Urtica dioica seed – Stinging Nettle

A

The kidney

129
Q

MATCH: Withania somnifera - Ashwaganda

A

The endocrine system

130
Q

MATCH: Arctium lappa – Burdock

A

The skin

131
Q

MATCH: Centella asiatica & Equisetum arvense – Gotu Kolla & Horsetail

A

The connective tissue

132
Q

MATCH: Silybum marianum – Milk Thistle

A

The liver

133
Q

MATCH: Crataegus spp. - Hawthorn

A

The heart, lungs

134
Q

MATCH: Glycyrrhiza spp. – Licorice

A

The adrenals, lungs

135
Q

MATCH: Vaccinium myrtillus – European Blueberry

A

The eyes

136
Q

MATCH: Bacopa monnieri - Waterhyssop

A

The brain

137
Q

MATCH: • Verbascum thapsus

A

The lungs

138
Q

MATCH: Hydrastis canadensis, Anemopsis californica, Biden spp. – Goldenseal, Anemopsis, Bidens

A

The mucosal membranes

139
Q

MATCH: Trametes versicolor & Astragalus membranaceus – Turkey tail & Astragalus

A

The immune system

140
Q

MATCH: Rubus ideaus – Red Rasberry

A

The female reproductive tract

141
Q

MATCH: Serenoa repens – Saw Palmetto

A

The male reproductive tract

Bot Med 1 (17 decks)

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