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ZOO 305 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

a network of cells that sense and respond to stimuli in ways that maintain homeostasis

A

the nervous system

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2
Q

What two cell types are neural tissue composed of?

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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3
Q

specialized cells that read to physical and chemical changes in their surroundings

A

neurons

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4
Q

small cellular processes (arms) that receive input; typicaly highly branched, providing receptive surfaces with which processes from other neurons communicate

A

dendrites

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5
Q

contains granular cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosomes, glory apparatus, microtubules; also neurofilaments ad chromatophilic substance

A

cell body

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6
Q

longer process (arm) or nerve fiber that carries information away from the cell in the form of impulses

A

axon

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7
Q

a bioelectric signal or action potential which allows the neuron to communicate with other neurons and with cells outside the nervous system

A

impulse

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8
Q

What are bundles of axons called in the PNS?

A

Nerves

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9
Q

What are bundles of axons called in the CNS?

A

Tracts (brain and spinal cord)

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10
Q

nourish neurons; send and receive chemical messages; fill spaces and surround or support neurons; create blood-brain barrier and forms the capillaries

A

neuroglia

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11
Q

the small space between a neuron and the cells with which it communicates

A

synapse

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12
Q

biological messenger molecules that convey electrochemical messages

A

neurotransmitter

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13
Q

3 general functions of the nervous system

A

receiving information, deciding what to do, and acting on decisions

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14
Q

structures at the ends of neurons in the PNS that provide the sensory function of the nervous system gather information by detecting changes side and outside the body; convert information into impulses -> PNS -> CNS

A

sensory receptors

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15
Q

communicate voluntary (conscious) instructions originating in the CNS to skeletal muscles, causing contraction

A

somatic nervous system

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16
Q

communicates instructions from the CNS that control viscera, which are involuntary subconscious actions

A

autonomic nervous system

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17
Q

neurons that conduct impulses from the NS to these responsive structures that carry out motor functions of the nervous system; muscles and/or glands

A

effectors

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18
Q

Two systems that are part of the motor portion of the PNS

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

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19
Q

a network of fine threads that extends into the axon and supports it

A

neurofilaments

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20
Q

(Nissl bodies) many membranous packets which consists mainly of touch E.R.

A

chromatophilic substance

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21
Q

the place from which the axon arises from the cell boy as a cone-shaped thickening

A

axon hillock

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22
Q

space between axon terminal (synaptic knob and receptive surface of another cell

A

synaptic cleft

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23
Q

neuroglia that encase the large axons of peripheral neurons in lipid-rich sheaths

A

Schwann cells

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24
Q

a specialized end of an axon that has many fine extensions that ends as a synaptic knob

A

axon terminal

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25
Q

consists of several types of lipids and proteins; gives the cell membranes of Schwann cells higher proportion of lipid

A

myelin

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26
Q

surrounds the myelin sheath; only on axons of PNS, not in CNS; regeneration requires the presence of this

A

neurilemma

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27
Q

narrow gap in the myelin sheath between Schwann cells; responsible for rapid impulse movement

A

nodes of Ranvier

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28
Q

What color matter would be myelinated axons?

A

WHITE MATTER

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29
Q

neuron that haas many processes (dendrites) arising from its cell body

A

multipolar neeuron

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30
Q

specialized masses of nerve tissue that are located outside the brain and spinal cord

A

ganglia

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31
Q

neuron that only has 2 processes, one arising from either end (nose, ears, eyes)

A

bipolar neuron

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32
Q

neuron with simple process extending from its cell body

A

unipolar neuron

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33
Q

neurons that conduct impulses from peripheral body parts into the brain and spinal cord; detect changes in the outside world; mostly unipolar; afferent; sensory receptors trigger impulses that travel on these axons to CNS

A

sensory neurons

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34
Q

neurons that lie within brain and spinal cord; multipolar; relay information from one part of the brain or spinal cord to another; may conduct incoming sensory information to appropriate regions of processing and interpreting

A

interneurons

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35
Q

interneurons aggregate in these specialized masses of nervous tissue; similar to ganglia, but in CNS

A

nuclei

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36
Q

neurons that are multipolar; conduct impulses from the brain or spinal cord out to effectors - muscles or glands; efferent

A

motor neurons

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37
Q

star shaped cells between neurons and blood vessels; they are for structural support, scar tissue formation, substance transport between blood vessels and neurons, communication between neurons, clean up excess ions, induce synapse formation

A

astrocytes

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38
Q

shaped like astrocytes but wit fewer cellular processes, in rows along axons; form myelin sheaths in the brain and spinal cord, proceed nerve growth factors

A

oligodendrocytes

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39
Q

small cells with few cellular processes and found throughout the CNS; structural support and phagocytosis (immune protection)

A

microglia

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40
Q

cuboidal and columnar cells in the lining of the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord; form a porous layer through which substances diffuse between the interstitial fluid of the brain and spinal cord and the cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependyma

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41
Q

cells with abundant, lipid-rich membrane that wrap tightly around the axon of peripheral neurons; form myelin sheaths of PNS

A

schwann cells

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42
Q

small, cuboidal cells that surround cell bodies of neurons in ganglia; support ganglia

A

satellite cells

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43
Q

neuroglia of CNS

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependyma

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44
Q

neuroglia of PNS

A

Schwann cells, satellite cells

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45
Q

Which nervous system lacks the neurilemma?

A

CNS

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46
Q

the neuron conducting an impulse to the synapse; the sender of the text message

A

presynaptic neuron

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47
Q

the neuron accepting/receiving input at the synapse (could be an effector [muscle or gland])

A

postsynaptic neuron

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48
Q

a gap that separates two cells that are connected functionally

A

synaptic cleft

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49
Q

the process by which the impulse in the presynaptic neuron signals the postsynaptic neuron; result is that the presynaptic cell stimulates or inhibits a postsynaptic cell; a one way process carried out by neurotransmitters

A

synaptic transmission

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50
Q

a series of events that fuses the synaptic vesicles with cell membrane and neurotransmitters are released by exocytosis

A

impulse

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51
Q

Which ions pass more readily through resting neuron cell membranes?

A

Potassium

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52
Q

Where is there a higher concentration of potassium ions? Inside or outside the cell membrane?

A

Inside!!!!!!

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53
Q

-70mV; where large numbers of negatively charged ions on the inside of the cell; they cannot diffuse through the cell membrane; in this state, more positive ions leave the cel than enter it, causing the inside of the cell membrane to develop a negative charge than outside the cell

A

resting potential

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54
Q

What is the ratio to potassium and sodium ions entering/leaving the cell?

A

3 sodium ions leave for every 2 potassium ions that come in

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55
Q

the mechanism of active transport by which sodium is extruded from a cell and potassium is brought in, so as to maintain the low concentration of sodium and high concentration within the cell with respect to the surrounding medium

A

sodium/potassium pump

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56
Q

a rapid change in membrane potential, first in a positive direction, then in a negative direction, returning to the resting potential

A

action potential

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57
Q

this is located at the axon hillock or initial segment, because it contains many voltage-gated sodium channels

A

trigger zone

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58
Q

reaching this (-55mV) will result in an action potential

A

threshold potential

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59
Q

this occurs for an instant when is released out of the cell, then repolarizated

A

hyperpolarization

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60
Q

when the axon’s voltage-gated channels are temporarily not responsive at all and the axon cannot be stimulated; limits how many action potentials may be generated in a neuron in a given period

A

refractory period

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61
Q

where action potentials only occur at the nodes in myelinated neurons, and it is initiated at the trigger zone; the action potentials appear to jump from node to node

A

saltatory conduction

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62
Q

local potentials in chemically gated channels which enable one neuron to affect another

A

synaptic potentials

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63
Q

lasts for about 15 milliseconds; when a neurotransmitter binds to a postsynaptic receptor and opens sodium ion channels and they diffuse inwards, depolarizing the membrane and could trigger an action potential

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

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64
Q

an action potential is less likely to occur due to potassium ions diffusing out the the cell due to the effect of a neurotransmitter

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

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65
Q

chains of amino acids; endorphins

A

neuropeptides

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66
Q

CNS - controns sksletal muscle actions; PNS - stimulates skeletal muscle contractio at neuromuscular junctions

A

acetylcholine

67
Q

CNS - creates a sense of wellbeing, low levels may lead to depression; PNS - may excite or inhibit autonomic nervous system actions, depending on receptors

A

norepinephrine

68
Q

CNS - creates a sense of wellbeing, deficiency in some brain areas associated with Parkinson disease; PNS - Limited actions in autonomic nervous system; may cite or inhibit, depending on receptors

A

Doapmine

69
Q

within CNS, primarly inhibitory; leads to sleepiness; action is blocked by LSD, antidepressant drugs

A

serotonin

70
Q

CNS; release in hypothalamus promotes alterness

A

histamine

71
Q

CNS, generally inhibitory

A

GAA

72
Q

CNS, generally excitatory

A

glutamate

73
Q

axons originating from different neurons leading to the same postsynaptic neuron

A

convergence

74
Q

a neuron has a single axon, but axons may branch at several points and reach several neurons

A

divergence

75
Q

membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

76
Q

he three meaning layers from outside to inside

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

77
Q

outermost layer; thickest; primarily composed of of tough, white, dense connective tissue and contain many blood vessels and nerves; over entire CNS, can have double thickness in some areas; tough mother

A

dura mater

78
Q

thin, weblike membrane that does not have blood vessels and is located between dura and pia maters; supplies to brain and spinal cord

A

arachnoid mater

79
Q

between arachnoid/pia maters that contain CSF that completely surrounds brain/spinal cord

A

subarachnoid space

80
Q

clear watery fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord by absorbing forces that might otherwise jar and damage the delicate tissues

A

cerebrospinal fluid

81
Q

thin; contains many nerves as well as blood vessels that nourish the underlying cells of the brain and spinal cord - right up against cerebrum and cerebellum; third layer of meninges and innermost

A

pia mater

82
Q

four interconnected cavities the CSF forms that lie in the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem

A

ventricles

83
Q

in the left cerebral hemisphere, the same size as its twin, extends anteriorly and posteriorly into the cerebral hemispheres

A

first ventricle, as well as second ventricle (lateral)

84
Q

in the midline of the brain beneath the corpus callous, which is a bridge of axons that links the two cerebral hemispheres; communicates with the lateral ventricles trough openings

A

third ventricle

85
Q

is in the brainstem, just anterior of the cerebellum a cerebral aqueduct is connecting two ventricles together; continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and has openings in its roof that lead into the subarachnoid space of the meninges

A

fourth ventricle (third is connected via cerebral aqueduct)

86
Q

tiny, reddish, cauliflower like masses of specialized capillaries form the pia mater, covered by a single layer of ependymal cells that block the passage of water-soluble substances between blood-CSF layer; secretes CSF

A

choroid plexuses

87
Q

contains neural centers associated with sensory function and is response for sensations and perceptions; also contains neural centers and pathways that coordinate muscular movements, and other that regulate visceral activities

A

brain

88
Q

arachnoid membrane that bulges through the dura mater; a way for CSF to get into venous circulation

A

arachnoid granulations

89
Q

root with which impulse enters spinal cord

A

dorsal root

90
Q

root with which impulse exits and heads toward effectors

A

ventral root

91
Q

sensitive to a specific type of internal or external change; the receptor end of a dendrite or a specialize receptor cell in a sensory orgran

A

receptor

92
Q

dendrite, cell body, and axon of a sensory neuron; conducts an impulse from the receptor into the brain and spinal cord

A

sensory neuron

93
Q

dendrite, cell body, and axon of a neuron within the brain and spinal cord; serves as processing center; conducts an impulse from the sensory neuron to its synapse with a motor neuron

A

interneuron

94
Q

dendrite, cell body, nd axon of these neuron; conducts an impulse from the brain or spinal cord out to the synapse with an effector

A

motor neuron

95
Q

a muscle of gland; responds to stimulation by the motor neuron and produces the reflex or behavioral action

A

effector

96
Q

prosencephalon; divides into anterior and posterior portions (telencephalon and diencephalon)

A

forebrain

97
Q

mesencephalon; contains bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that join lower parts of the brain stem to higher centers of brain; also contains several masses of gray matter that serve as reflex centers for vision; maintains posture

A

midbrain

98
Q

largest part of brain; two hemispheres connected by the corpus callous; controls higher brain functions, including interpreting sensory impulses, initiating muscular movements, storing memory, reasoning, and intelligence

A

cerebrum

99
Q

two large masses within the cerebrum that are essentially mirror images of each other

A

cerebral hemispheres

100
Q

a broad, flat, bundle f axons that connect the cerebral hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

101
Q

many ridges or convolutions that are separated by grooves that mark the cerebrum’s surface

A

gyri

102
Q

a shallow, somewhat deep groove; divide each hemisphere into lobes

A

sulcus

103
Q

a very deep groove (longitudinal and transverse)

A

fissure

104
Q

association areas that carry on higher intellectual processes for concentrating, planning, complex problem solving, and judging the consequences of behavior; motor areas control movements of voluntary skeletal muscle; “executive”

A

frontal lobes

105
Q

sensory areas provide sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, and pain involving skin; association areas function in understanding speech and in using words to express thoughts or feelings

A

parietal lobes

106
Q

sensory areas are responsible for hearing; association areas interpret sensory experiences and remember visual scenes, music, and other complex sensory patterns

A

temporal lobes

107
Q

sensory areas are responsible for vision; association areas combine visual images with other sensory experiences

A

occipital lobes

108
Q

motor areas involved with the control of voluntary muscles

A

pre central gyrus

109
Q

sensory areas involved with cutaneous and other senses

A

post central gyrus

110
Q

a thin layer of gray matter that constitutes the outermost portion of the cerebrum; contains nearly 75% of all the neuron cel bodies in the nervous system; the boys ultimate control and information processing center

A

cerebral cortex

111
Q

receive and interpret impulses from sensory receptors, producing feelings and sensations

A

sensory areas

112
Q

neither primarily sensory nor motor; connect with each other and with other brain structures; analyze and interpret sensory experiences and help provide memory, reasonings, verbalizing, judgment, and emotions

A

association areas

113
Q

provides motor instructions for written or spoken communication; left frontal

A

Broca’s area

114
Q

general interpretive area; left temporal

A

Wernicke’s area

115
Q

ver rapid repeated stimulation of the same neurons increases the number of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors and causes physical changes at the synapse that makes synaptic transmission effective

A

long-term potentiation

116
Q

memories are stored in various parts of cerebral cortex; hippocampus

A

memory consolidation

117
Q

masses of gray matter deep within the cerebral hemispheres; produces dopamine; responsible for movement and reward; interacts with motor cortex, thalamus, and cerebellum

A

basal nuclei

118
Q

three parts of basal nuclei

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

119
Q

contains thalamus, hypothalamus, optic chiasma, infundibulum, posterior pituitary gland, mammillary bodies, and pineal gland

A

diencephalon

120
Q

relay station for sensory impulses ascending from other parts of the nervous system to the cerebral cortex; a dense mass; synchronizes action potentials, filters out information

A

thalamus

121
Q

helps maintain homeostasis by regulating visceral activities an by linking the nervous and endocrine systems; regulates many bodily functions such as heart rate, BP, temperature, water and electrolyte balance

A

hypothalamus

122
Q

allows us to have 3D image, were optic nerves cross

A

optic chiasma

123
Q

two rounded structures behind the infundibulum (pituitary stalk); important for memory

A

mammillary bodies

124
Q

motor fibers that run down each side of the spinal cord

A

pyramidal tracts

125
Q

produces melatonin, maintains circadian rhythm and regulates reproductive hormones

A

pineal land

126
Q

controls emotional experience and expression and can modify the way a person acts, producing such feelings as anger, fear, pleasure, and sorrow; hypothalamus, thalamus, basal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus

A

limbic system

127
Q

fight or flight

A

amygdala

128
Q

memory processing

A

hippocampus

129
Q

responsible for autonomic survival functions; connects the cerebrum to spinal cord; mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata

A

brainstem

130
Q

a bulge on the underside of the brainstem the contains masses of gray matter and nerve fibers; relay impulses between the medulla oblongata and cerebrum; helps regulate rate and depth of breathing; relay impulses to cerebellum

A

pons

131
Q

an enlarged continuation of spinal cord that extends from the foramen magnum to the pons and contains masses of gray matter and nerve fibers; conducts vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory control centers and across nonmetal control centers

A

medulla oblongata

132
Q

“filers incoming sensory impulses, arousig the cerebral cortex into wakefulness in response to meaningful impulses; “wakes up” the cerebrum when sensory input arrives; programs us to wake up at certain time

A

reticular formation (reticular activating system) RAS

133
Q

a large mass of tissue inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brainstem; includes two lateral hemispheres connected by the vermis; equilibrium; communicates with other parts of the CNS by tracts; position of body parts; coordinates muscle activities and maintains posture

A

cerebellum

134
Q

connects ponds to cerebellum

A

cerebellar peduncles

135
Q

a slender column of nervous tissue that is continuous with the brain and extends downward through the vertebral column; white matter surrounds core of gray matter

A

spinal cord

136
Q

automatic, subconscious responses to changes; help maintain homeostasis

A

reflex

137
Q

conduct motor impulses to brain

A

ascending tracts

138
Q

conduct mortar impulses to muscles andor glands

A

descending tracts

139
Q

bundles of axons

A

nerves

140
Q

nerve fiber

A

axon

141
Q

consists of the nerves that branch form the cNS, connecting it to other body parts; includes the cranial nerves from brain and spinal nerves from spinal cord

A

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

142
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the PNS

A

somatic and autonomic

143
Q

consists of the cranial and spinal nerve fibers the connect the CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles; plays a role in sensuous activities

A

somatic nervous system

144
Q

includes fibers that connect the CNS to viscera such as the heart, stomach, intestines, and various glands; controls subconscious actions

A

autonomic nervous system

145
Q

nerves with one fibers of sensory neurons, conducting impulses into the brain and spinal cord

A

sensory nerves

146
Q

nerves that have only fibers involved with motor control

A

motor nerves

147
Q

nerves that include both sensory and motor fibers (most nerves)

A

mixed nerves

148
Q

nerves originating from the brain that communicate with other body part; 12 pairs in total

A

cranial nerves

149
Q

sensory; sense of smell

A

I. olfactory

150
Q

sensory; sense of vision

A

II. optic

151
Q

primarily motor; motor=raise eyelids, move the eyes, adjust amount of life entering the eyes, focus the lenses; sensory=proprioceptors

A

III. oculomotor

152
Q

primarily motor; motor=move eyes; sensort=proprioceptrs; the smallest cranial nerve

A

IV. trochlear

153
Q

mixed; largest with 3 divisions. Sensory: surface of eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead, upper eyelids; upper teeth and gum, lining of palate, skin of face; scalp, skin of jaw, lower teeth and lip. Motor: mastication, muscles of mouth floor

A

V. trigeminal

154
Q

primarily motor, motor=muscles that move eyes. Sensory=proprioceptors

A

VI. abducens

155
Q

mixed; sensory=taste w/ anterior tongue. motor=muscles of facial expression, tear glands, and salivary glands

A

VII. facial

156
Q

sensory; two branches. sensory with equilibrium and hearing

A

VIII. vestibulocochlear

157
Q

mixed; sensory=pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue, carotid arteries. motor=salivary glands, muscles of pharynx used in swallowing

A

IX. glossopharyngeal

158
Q

mixed; longest; sensory=pharynx, larynx, esophagus, viscera of thorax&abdomen; somatic motor=muscles with speech&swallowing; autonomic motor=viscera of thorax and abdomen

A

X. vagus

159
Q

primarily motor; 2 branches (cranial and spinal); cranial=motor-muscles of soft palate, pharynx, larynx. Spinal=motor-muscles of neck&back; sensory=proprioceptor input

A

XI. accessory

160
Q

primarily motor; motor=muscles that move tongue; sensory=some proprioceptor input

A

XII. hypoglossal

161
Q

mass of neuron cell bodies outside CNS

A

ganglion

162
Q

cerebral cortex will give proportional space to motor functions that are critical

A

homunculus theory

163
Q

the process by which the CNS receives input from the environment via sensory neurons; bottom-up processing

A

sensation

164
Q

the process by which the brain interprets and organizes sensory information; top-down processing

A

perception

ZOO 305 (7 decks)

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