Chapter 1 General Flashcards
a part is above another part
superior, cranial, cephalic
a part is below another part
inferior
means toward the front
anterior, ventral
means toward the back
posterior, dorsal
refers to the imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves
medial
means towards the side, away from the midline
lateral
paired structures, one on each side (lungs)
bilateral
refers to structures on the same side (right lung and kidney)
ipsilateral
refers to structures on the opposite side
contralateral
describes a part closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part
proximal
opposite of proximal; a particular body part is farther from a point of attachment to the trunk
distal
means near the surface
superior
means more internal parts
deep
a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions; a plane
sagittal
sagittal; divides the body into equal parts
midsagittal
sagittal; lateral to the midline
parasagittal
horizontal; a cat that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
transverse
coronal; a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
frontal
region between the thorax and pelvis
abdominal, celiac
point of the shoulder
acromial
forearm
antebrachial
anterior surface of the elbow
antecubital
armpit
axillary
arm
brachial
cheek
buccal
head
cephalic, cranial
neck
cervical
ribs
costal, pectoral
hip
coxal, illiac
leg
crural
elbow
cubital
finger or toe
digital, digit
hand
manual
back of shoulder
deltoid
inferior posterior region of the head
occipital
back
dorsal; dorsum
thigh
femoral
forehead
frontal
external reproductive organs
genital, pubic
buttocks
gluteal
depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh
groin, inguinal
region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis
lumbar
breast
mammary
chin
mental
nose
nasal
mouth
oral
eye cavity
orbital
ear
otic
palm of the hand
palmar
anterior part of the knee
patellar
anterior chest
pectoral
foot
pedal
pelvis
pelvic
the inferior-most region of the trunk between the thighs and the buttocks
perineal
sole of the foot
plantar
area posterior to the knee
popliteal
posterior region between the hip bones
sacral
middle of the thorax, anteriorly
sternal
calf of the leg
sural
ankle
tarsal
navel
umbilical
spinal column
vertebral
shoulder blades
scapular
side of head near ears
temporal
3 movable regions of spine
cervical, thoracic, lumbar
2 immovable regions of spine
sacral, coccygeal
word for being on the spine
supine
heel
calcaneal
thumb
pollex
big toe
hallux
top of the head
parietal
line the walls of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and fold back to cover the organs within these cavities
serous membranes
cavities of the head
middle ear, oral, nasal, orbital
membrane of the lungs
pleural
membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneal
membranes of the heart
pericardial
viscera of the abdominal cavity
stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and small and large intestines
viscera of the pelvic cavity
terminal end of large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs
viscera of the thoracic cavity
lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus
separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
diaphragm
viscera within the mediastinum
heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus
a change is not reversed but intensified, and the effector activity is initially increased rather than turned off
positive feedback
self-regulating control systems
homeostatic mechanisms
effectors are activated that can return conditions toward normal
negative feedback
Requirements of Organisms
water, oxygen, heat, pressure, food
the body’s ability to keep its internal conditions stable
homeostasis
the water and dissolved substances outside of our cells
extracellular fluid
tissue fluid
interstitial fluid
liquid portion of the blood
plasma
Characteristics of Life
movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands; protects tissues, regulates body temp, support sensory receptors
integumentary
bones, ligaments, cartilages; provide framework
skeletal
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs; detect changes, receive and interpret sensory information, stimulate muscles and glands
nervous
cause movements, maintain pressure, produce body heat
muscular
glands that secrete hormones; control metabolic activities of body structures
endocrine
heart, arteries, capillaries, veins
move blood through blood vessels and transport substances throughout body
return tissue fluid to the blood, carry certain absorbed food molecules, defend the body against infection; lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
lymphatic system
mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines; receive, break down, and absorb food; eliminate unabsorbed material
digestive
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs; intake and output of air, exchange of gases between air and blood
respiratory
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; removes wastes from blood, maintain water and electrolyte balance, store and eliminate urine
urinary
the acquisition and use of energy by an organism
metabolism
