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ZOO 305 > Exam - Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Exam - Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

an increase in muscle mass and cross-sectional area; increase in dimension is due to an increase in the size (not length) of individual muscle fibers

A

muscle hypertrophy

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2
Q

Factors involved in muscle hypertrophy

A

satellite cells, immune system, growth factors, growth hormone, testosterone, muscle fiber types

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3
Q

fuse to the existing muscle fiber, donating their nuclei to the fiber, which helps to regenerate the muscle fiber

A

satellite cells

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4
Q

a peptide hormone that stimulates IGF (insulin-like growth factor) in skeletal muscle, promoting satellite cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation

A

growth hormone

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5
Q

produced in significantly greater amounts in males, has an anabolic (muscle building) effect; increases protein synthesis, which induces hypertrophy

A

testosterone

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6
Q

structures containing the contractile proteins actin and myosin

A

thick and thin filaments

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7
Q

overlapping parallel groups of thick and thin filaments in a repeating pattern; the underlying basis for the striation pattern

A

myofibril

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8
Q

a single muscle cell, multinucleate and may be many centimeters long

A

muscle fiber

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9
Q

a bundle of muscle fibers within a muscle; covers each skeletal muscle; alters of dense connective tissue

A

fascicle

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10
Q

a bundle of fascicles

A

muscle

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11
Q

the connective tissue associated with a muscle that forms these broad fibrous sheets; may be attached to bone or the coverings of adjacent muscles

A

aponeuroses

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12
Q

the layer of connective tissue that closely surrounds a skeletal muscle

A

epimysium

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13
Q

another layer of connective tissue that extends inward from the epimysium and separates the muscle tissue into small sections called fascicles

A

perimysium

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14
Q

a thin covering that surrounds the muscle fiber within a fascicle

A

endomysium

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15
Q

muscle cell membrane

A

sarcolemma

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16
Q

muscle cytoplasm; contains mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibrils, and actin and myosin

A

sarcoplasm

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17
Q

thick filaments composed of protein

A

myosin

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18
Q

thin filaments composed of primarily this protein

A

actin

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19
Q

the functional unit of a muscle; the relating units of striations (myosin and actin)

A

sarcomere

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20
Q

rod-shaped protein; occupies the longitudinal grooves of actin helix, held in place by troponin

A

tropomyosin

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21
Q

a set of membranous channels that extend from the cell membrane into the cytoplasm; has two cisternae on each side

A

transverse (T) tubules

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22
Q

an electrical impulse that is sent down axons of neurons

A

action potential!

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23
Q

the functional connection between a neuron and another cell; the neuromuscular juntion

A

synapse

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24
Q

chemical is released after neurons communicate with the cells they control

A

neurotransmitters

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25
Q

neurons that control effectors; stimulate muscle fibers to contract

A

motor neurons

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26
Q

the muscle fiber membrane forms this!; where nuclei and mitochondria are abundant and a sarcolemma is extensively folded

A

motor end plate

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27
Q

order of muscle dimension: largest to smallest

A

muscle, fascicles, muscle fibers (cells), myofibrils, thick and thin filaments

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28
Q

a small gap that separates the membrane of the neuron and the membrane of the muscle finer; where electricity comes down an axon and neurotransmitters are transferred

A

synaptic cleft

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29
Q

the neurotransmitter that motor neurons use to control skeletal muscle conrtraction

A

acetylcholine

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30
Q

synthesized in the cytoplasm of the motor neuron and is stored in the synaptic vesicles at the distal end of its axon; released into the synaptic cleft when action potential occurs

A

acetylcholine again!

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31
Q

Sodium ion concentration is higher ____ the cell and potassium ____ the cell

A

outside/inside

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32
Q

happens in response to stimulation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and releases calcium ions; binds to troponin and causes tropomyosin to shift and expose active sites on the actin for myosin binding

A

excitation-concentration coupling

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33
Q

when the overlapping thick and thin myofilaments slide past one another, the sarcomere shortens and the muscle contracts

A

sliding filament theory

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34
Q

a myosin head can attach to an actin binding site to form a cross bridge which pulls on the actin filament

A

crossbridge cycling

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35
Q

occurs when a muscle contracts (equal force, change in length)

A

isotonic contraction

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36
Q

rapidly decomposes acetylcholine remaining in the synapse, which prevents continuous stimulation of a muscle fiber

A

acetylcholinesterase

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37
Q

The energy sources of muscle contraction

A

ATP, phosphocreatine, anaerobic (glycolysis), aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)

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38
Q

synthesized in muscle cells; temporarily stores some oxygen

A

myoglobin

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39
Q

contraction where muscle shortens; force is greater than resistance and shortens

A

concentric contraction

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40
Q

muscle lengthens; contracts with face less than resistance

A

eccentric contraction

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41
Q

muscle contracts but does not change length (holding body upright)

A

isometric contraction

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42
Q

stored glucose

A

glycogen

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43
Q

C6H10O5

A

glycogen

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44
Q

C6H12O6

A

Glucose

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45
Q

consists of one motor neuron and the muscle fibers associated with it

A

motor unit

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46
Q

Will many motor units be needed for finer muscle movements?

A

Nope! fewer=finer

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47
Q

a type of muscle fiber; always oxidative and resistant to fatigue; red fibers (contain myoglobin); rely on oxygen to function

A

slow twitch (type 1)

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48
Q

type of muscle fiber; primarily fatigue resistant; less common

A

fast twitch - oxidative (type IIa)

49
Q

a type of muscle fiber, white fibers because they have less myoglobin and poorer oxygen supply); reduced ability to carry on the aerobic reactions of cellular respiration and and to fatigue quickly; fewer mitochondria, capillaries, and myoglobin

A

fast twitch - glycolytic (type IIb)

50
Q

piriformis action

A

abduction an lateral rotation of thigh

51
Q

sartorius action

A

flexion of thigh and knee, abduction of leg, lateral rotation of thigh

52
Q

What are the three muscles of the hamstring?

A

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

53
Q

Action of biceps femoris

A

flexion of knee, lateral rotation of leg, extension of hip

54
Q

semitendinosus

A

flexion of knee, medial rotation of leg, extension of hip

55
Q

semimembranosus

A

flexion of knee, medial rotation of leg, extension of hip

56
Q

What are the four quadriceps femoris muscles?

A

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedialis, vastus medialis

57
Q

Rectus femoris

A

Extension of knee and flexion of hip

58
Q

vastus lateralis, intermedialis, medialis

A

extension of knee

59
Q

tibialis anterior

A

dorsiflexion and inversion of foot

60
Q

fibularis tertius

A

dorsiflexion and eversion of foot

61
Q

extensor digitorum longus (of foot)

A

dorsiflexion and extension of toes

62
Q

gastrocnemius

A

plantar flexion of foot, flexion of knee

63
Q

soleus

A

plantar flexion of foot

64
Q

plantaris

A

plantar flexion of foot and flexion of knee

65
Q

flexor digitorum longus (leg)

A

plantar flexion and inversion of foot, flexion of lateral toes

66
Q

tibialis posterior

A

plantar flexion and inversion of foot

67
Q

fibulas longus

A

plantar flexion and eversion of foot

68
Q

masseter

A

elevation and protraction of mandible

69
Q

temporalis

A

elevation and retraction of mandible

70
Q

sternocleidmastoid

A

lateral flexion of neck, rotation of head, flexion of neck

71
Q

splenius capitis

A

rotation of head, lateral flexion and extension of neck

72
Q

semispinalis capitis

A

extension of neck and rotation of head

73
Q

scalenes

A

flexion of neck

74
Q

quadrates lumborum

A

extension of lumbar

75
Q

erector spinae

A

extension of neck and rotation of head

76
Q

trapezius

A

rotation and retraction of scapula

77
Q

rhomboid major

A

retraction, elevation, and rotation of scapula

78
Q

rhomboid minor

A

retraction and rotation of scapula

79
Q

levator scapulae

A

elevation of scapula

80
Q

serrates anterior

A

protraction and rotation of scapula

81
Q

pectoralis minor

A

depression and protraction of scapula

82
Q

coracobrachialis

A

flexion of shoulder and adduction of arm

83
Q

pectoralis major

A

flexion of shoulder, adduction of arm, medial rotation of arm

84
Q

teres major

A

extension of shoulder, adduction and medial rotation of arm

85
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

extension at shoulder, adduction and medial rotation of arm, depression and retraction of shoulder

86
Q

supraspinatus

A

abduction of arm

87
Q

infraspinatus

A

lateral rotation of arm

88
Q

teres minor

A

lateral rotation of arm

89
Q

biceps brachii

A

flexion of elbow, aspiration of forearm and hand

90
Q

triceps brachii

A

extension at elbow

91
Q

brachialis

A

flexion at elbow

92
Q

brachioradialis

A

flexion at elbow

93
Q

supinator

A

lateral rotation of forearm and supination of forearm and hand

94
Q

pronator teres

A

medial rotation of arm, pronation of forearm at elbow

95
Q

pronator quadratus

A

medial rotation of forearm at wrist; pronation of forearm and hand

96
Q

flexor carpi radialis

A

flexion of wrist and abduction of hand

97
Q

flexor carpi ulnaris

A

flexion of wrist and adduction of hand

98
Q

palmaris longus

A

flexion of wrist

99
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis

A

flexion of hand at wrist and flexion of joints in fingers

100
Q

extensor carpi radialis longus

A

extension of hand and abduction of hand

101
Q

extensor capri radialis brevis

A

extension of hand and abduction of hand

102
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris

A

extension of hand and adduction of hand

103
Q

extensor digitorum (hand)

A

extension of wrist and joints in fingers

104
Q

external oblique

A

compression of abdomen and flexion/rotation of vertebral column

105
Q

internal oblique

A

flexion and rotation of vertebral column

106
Q

transverse abdominis

A

flexion and rotation of vertebral column

107
Q

rectus abdominis

A

flexion and rotation of vertebral column

108
Q

psoas major

A

flexion of hip

109
Q

iliacus

A

flexion of hip

110
Q

tensor fasciae latae

A

abduction and flexion of thigh, medial rotation of thigh

111
Q

pectineus

A

flexion and adduction of thigh

112
Q

adductor longus

A

adduction of thigh and flexion of hip

113
Q

adductor brevis

A

adduction of thigh and flexion of hip

114
Q

adductor magnus

A

adduction and flexion of thigh, posteriorly - extension of hip

115
Q

gracilis

A

adduction of thigh and flexion of knee

116
Q

gluteus maximus

A

extension of hip

117
Q

gluteus medius

A

abduction and medial rotation of thigh

118
Q

gluteus minimus

A

abduction and medial rotation of thigh

ZOO 305 (7 decks)

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