Exam - Chapter 7&8 Flashcards
point of shoulder
acromion process
head of femur fits here held by muscles and ligaments
acetabulum
also known as collar bone, most fractured bone in body
clavicle
arm bone on thumb side
radius
arm bone on pinky side
ulna
What bone articulates with the humerus?
ulna, at the olecranon process/fossa
Number of bones of ribs in order
7 true ribs, 3 false ribs, 2 floating ribs
What type of cartilage is in the ribs
Hyaline (costal or costalchondral) cartilage
Wings
scapulae
muscle attaches here for movement of shoulder, sticks outward anteriorly
coracoid process
point of shoulder, sticks up!
acromion process
What does the proximal end of the clavicle articulate with?
Manubrium of the sternum
Why are false ribs false?
They do not attach to the sternum, they attach to rib 7
Where is the detoid tuberosity located?
midway up the humerus, where muscle attaches
proximal end of humerus attaches here to scapula
glenoid cavity
Supraspinous/infraspinous fossa are located above/below which part of scapula?
Spine of scapula
What type of cartilage is the head of the humerus made of?
Hyaline cartilage
What are the three parts of the sternum?
Manubrium, body, xiphoid process
Where does the posterior portion of the shaft of the rib (tubercle) attach to on vertebra?
a facet
Some lovers try positions that they cannot handle. From what angle is this relevant?
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate; back of hand, fingers facing upwards
Pisiform is closest to which finger
Pinky!
5 for each finger in the hand, long bones of hand
metacarpals
What number metacarpal is thumb?
1!
contains proximal, medial, and distal, except for thumb
phalanges
bone of the upper arm, lower arm, upper leg, lower leg
long bones
bones of the talus and carpus
short bones
bones of the ribs scapulae, some bones of the skull
flat bones
vertebral bones
irregular bones
bone of the patella; small and round
sesamoid bone
shaft of the long bone
diaphysis
ends of long bone
epiphysis
articulates with the femur ONLY; medial!
tibia
attaches to indercondylar fossa of femur flat-like plateau
intercondylar eminence
bumps on top of the tibia
medial and later condyles
bump on the anterior portion of tibia where muscles and ligaments attach
tibial tuberosity
bump on inside of ankle off of the tibia
medial malleolus
smaller of the lower leg bone; articulates with tibia, does not articulate with femur
fibula
part of the fibula that fits into tibia
head of fibula
bump on outside of ankle on fibula
lateral malleolus
bone of the foot that articulates with the tibia
talus
also known as tarsus; irregular bones; help make up ankle joint
tarsals
ankle bones of tarsus
cuboid, navicular, lateral cuniform, intermediate cuniform, medial cuniform (big toe)
the widening part of the bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis
metaphysis
tough, vascular covering of dense connective tissue around bone
periosteum
cortical bone; wall of diaphysis composed of tightly packed tissue, contains no gaps, has lamellae
company bone
on the epiphyses, callcaneous bone that consists of many branching bony plates called trabeculae
spongy bone
within compact bone, a cylinder-shaped unit that function as pillars resisting compression; contains a central canal for blood vessels and nerves
osteon
building up bone cells
osteoblasts
develop from bases of hyaline cartilage chapter like future bony structures; most bones are these
endochondral bones
considered to be flat bones of the skull, clavicles, sternum, mandible, maxillae, and zygomatic bones
intramembranous bones
a break in the bone
bone fracture
break that does not fracture the skin
closed (simple) fracture
broken bone penetrates through the skin
open (compound) fracture
frays; had to repair, breaks like a green twig
greenstick
refigure the bone the way nature wanted it to be
reduction
sheet-like layers of embryonic connective tissue; gives rise to periosteum
mesenchyme
bone cells; contained within bony chambers called lacunae
osteocytes
creation of endochondral bones
endochondral ossification
part of endochondral ossification; appears in the diaphysis
primary ossification center
part of endochondral ossification; appears in the epiphyses
secondary ossification centers
responsible for bone lengthening; remains between the primary and secondary ossification sites
epiphyseal plate
bone-destroying cells; break down bone matrix for remodeling and release calcium from bone and put it into circulation
osteoclasts
cycle where osteoclasts resorb (break down) bone and osteoblasts replace the bone
bone remodeling
supports and protects organs of head, neck, and trunk
axial skeleton
How many cranial bones are there?
8 (frontal, 2 parietal, occipital, 2 temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid)
How many facial bones are there and what are they?
2 maxilla, 2 palatine, 2 zygomatic, 2 lacrimal, 2 nasal, vomer, 2 inferior nasal concha, mandible = 14
A rounded process that usually articulates with another bone
Console
A narrow, ridge like projection
Crest
A projection situated above a condyle; usually facing towards sides
Epicondyle
A small, nearly flat surface
Facet
A cleft or groove
Fissure
A soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones
Fontanels
An opening through a bone that usually serves as a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments
For amen
A relatively deep pit or depression
Fossa
A tiny pit or depression
Fovea
An enlargement on the end of a bone
Head
A tubelike passageway within a bone
Meatus
A prominent projection on a bone
Process
A thorn like projection
Spine
An interlocking unit between bones
Suture
A relatively large process
Trochanter (femur)
A small, knob like process
Tubercle
A knoblike process usually larger than a tubercle
Tuberosity
articulating bones fastened together by a thin layer of dense connective tissue containing many collagen fibers
fibrous joints
joints that have no appreciable movement
synarthrotic joints
bones bound by interosseous ligament; joints is flexible and may be twisted; has bones bound by long connective tissue; ex. tibia and fibula articulation
syndesmois
flat bones are united by a thin layer of connective tissue and are interlocked by a set of bony processes; only of the skull; immovable
sutures
a joint formed by the union of a cone-shaped bony process with a bony socket; tooth; synarthrotic joint
gomphosis
articulating bones connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
cartilaginous joints
joints that are slightly movable
amphiarthrotic joints
occurs where articular surfaces of the bones are united by hyaline cartilage that may and usually disappears as a result of bone growth; synarthrotic joint; joint between the first rib and the manubrium
synchondrosis
articular surfaces of bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and the bones are connected by a pad of fibrocartilage; amphiarthrotic joint; ______ pubis
symphysis
joints that are movable
diarthrotic
articulating ends of bones surrounded by a joint capsule; articular bone ends covered by hyaline cartilage and separated by synovial fluid; diarthrotic
synovial joint
covers articular ends of bones in a synovial joint resists wear and minimizes friction when it compresses as the joint moves
articular cartilage
part of synovial joint; strengthened by ligaments and holds bones together; has two separate layers being the outer fibrous layer and the synovial membrane
joint capsule
secretes synovial fluid and lines the inner layer of a joint capsule
synovial membrane
it moistens, provides nutrients, and lubricates the articular surfaces
synovial fluid
fluid-filled sacs that contain synovial fluid and most are located between the skin and underlying bony prominences; cushion and aid movements of tendons over body parts
bursae
also known as a spheroidal joint; the globular head of a bone fits into the cup-shaped cavity of another bone; permits a wide variety of movements (multi axial)
ball and socket joint
Where are ball and socket joints located?
hip and shoulder
also known as the ellipsoidal joint; it consists of a ovoid condyle of one bone fitting into the elliptical cavity of another bone; it permits movement in two planes (biaxial)
condylar joint
Where are condylar joints located?
Metacarpals and phalanges
also known as gliding joints; articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved (non axial); slide back and forth
plane joints
Where are plane joints located?
wrist and ankle bones
convex surface of one bone articulates with concave surface of another; uniaxial
hinge joint
Where are hinge joints located?
elbow and joints of phalanges
cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with ring of bone and ligament; uniaxial and rotation
pivot joint
Where is a pivot joint located?
Vertebrae & radius/ulna
articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions; surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of another; biaxial
saddle joint
Where are saddle joints located?
between carpal and metacarpal of thumb
bending parts of a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together (bending the knee)
flexion
moving parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart (straightening the knee)
extension
movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin (rocking back on one’s heels)
dorsiflexion
movement at the ankle that brings the foot farther from the shin (walking or standing on tipped-toes)
plantar flexion
moving a part away from the midline (lifting the upper limb horizontally to form a right angle with the side of body) or from the axial line of the limb (spreading the fingers or toes)
abduction
moving a part towards the midline (returning the upper limb from the horizontal position to the side of the body) or toward the axial line of the limb (moving the fingers or toes closer together)
adduction
moving a part around an axis (twisting head from side to side)
rotation
internal; the turning of a limb on its longitudinal axis so its anterior surface moves toward the midline
medial rotation
external; turning of a limb on its longitudinal axis away from the midline
lateral rotation
rotation of the forearm so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly (in anatomical position)
supination
rotation of the forearm so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly (in anatomical position)
pronation
turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally
eversion
turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially
inversion
moving a part forward (thrusting the head forward)
protraction
moving a part backwards (pulling the head backwards)
retraction
raising a part (shrugging the shoulders)
elevation
lowering a part (drooping the shoulders)
depression
