Chapter 4 Flashcards
small molecules are built up not larger ones, requiring energy
anabolism
larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releasing energy
catabolism
joins many simple sugar molecules (monosaccharides) to form larger molecules glycogen, which store energy in their chemical bonds; outcome is a a disaccharide and water
dehydration synthesis
holds the amino acids together
peptide bond
can decompose carbs, lipids, and proteins; needs water to start action
hydrolysis
control the rates of metabolic reactions; globular proteins that catalyze specific chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation energy needed to start reactions
enzymes
during an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the active site in the enzyme temporarily combines with a part of the substrate forming this
enzyme-substrate complex
number of substrate molecules an enzyme molecule converts to product each second; 1 to 500,000
turnover number
the rate of a chemical reactions depends on:
temperature, chemicals, substrate concentration, pH
factors that interfere wit enzymatic action (denature)
heat, radiation, electricity, certain chemicals, extreme p fluids
regulatory; stops the process from happening again until another message is received from a feedback mechanism
inhibitory messengers
leads to the synthesis or breakdown of particular biochemicals; set for the rate of the entire sequence of reactions
metabolic pathway
when a substrate concentration exceeds a certain limit, the enzyme will not produce as much product
rate-limiting enzyme
activates the enzyme’s active site through the nonprotein component; helps the active site fold into its appropriate shape; helps bind enzyme to substrate
cofactor
composed of vitamin molecules or incorporate altered forms of vitamin molecules; acts as a cofactor (CoA in glycolysis)
coenzyme
