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BIO 151 prof. Kraai > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

[T/F] Bacteria and Homo sapiens share a common genetic history

A

True

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2
Q

[T/F] Fungi and bacteria share the traits of living organisms

A

True

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3
Q

[T/F] Protists and plants both have DNA, regulation, growth, asexual reproduction

A

True

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4
Q

[T/F]* Viruses have nucleic acid as their hereditary material

A

True; DNA & RNA

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5
Q

[T/F]* A theory is a proven hypothesis

A

False; not proven

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6
Q

[T/F]* A species can evolve

A

True; the population

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7
Q

[T/F] Bat wings and bird wings analogous

A

False

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8
Q

[T/F]* Natural selection creates adaptations so the fittest survive

A

False; acts upon adaptations, doesn’t create

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9
Q

[T/F]* New species arise because of reproductive isolation

A

True

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10
Q

[T/F]* A genus has more species than a phylum (i.e. is more general)

A

False Keep = Kingdom Pond = Phylum Clean = Class Or = Order Froggy = Family Gets = Genus Sick = Species

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11
Q

[T/F] Water is hydrophobic when in a solution

A

False

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12
Q

[T/F] Organic compounds have a carbon”backbone.”

A

True

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13
Q

[T/F]* Of living things only animals are both carbon and hydrogen based

A

False; all living things are

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14
Q

[T/F]* Organisms are made of combinations of all naturally occurring elements

A

False; about 20

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15
Q

[T/F]* Organisms need certain inorganic molecules to maintain life

A

True; H2O, CO2, O2

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16
Q

[T/F] Homeostasis is the SUM of all chemical reactions in a body

A

False

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17
Q

[T/F] Homeostasis is the RESULT of proper metabolism

A

True

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18
Q

[T/F]* Saccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids are all monomers

A

False; no monomers or polymers for lipids

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19
Q

[T/F] Starch, Enzymes, and RNA are all polymers

A

True

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20
Q

[T/F] Water is cohesive, adhesive, and has equal [H+} and [OH-] when pure

A

True

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21
Q

[T/F] A “methyl” (-CH3) group is non-polar and is lipophilic

A

True

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22
Q

[T/F]* A “carboxyl” (-COOH) group is non-polar and is hydrophobic

A

False; it’s hydrophilic

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23
Q

[T/F] The reactivity of a protein depends upon the electron arrangement

A

True

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24
Q

[T/F] The reactivity of a protein depends upon its tertiary structure

A

True

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25
Q

[T/F] Carbohydrates are made of C, H, and O in the ratio 1:2:1

A

True

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26
Q

[T/F] A human body in bathwater is in an isotonic solution (body’s cells)

A

False

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27
Q

[T/F] Cholesterol is the primary component of a plasma membrane

A

False

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28
Q

[T/F] Cholesterol is essential for normal human metabolism

A

True

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29
Q

[T/F] Some organelles are surrounded by 4 layers of phospholipids

A

True

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30
Q

[T/F] Golgi bodies and the ER are surrounded by one membrane

A

True

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31
Q

[T/F] Ribosomes are always attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

A

False

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32
Q

[T/F]* Prokaryotes and plant cells contain the same organelles

A

False; Prokaryotes don’t have organelles

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33
Q

[T/F] Eukaryotic cells are larger than most bacteria

A

True

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34
Q

[T/F] Endergonic and exergonic reactions are aided by enzymes

A

True

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35
Q

[T/F] Photosynthesis is conducted only by autotrophs

A

True

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36
Q

[T/F] Cellular respiration is conducted only by heterotrophs

A

False

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37
Q

[T/F] ATP is generated by both photosynthesis and glycolysis, by the same organelle, in the same amount

A

False

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38
Q

[T/F]* Only a few species of fungi are autotrophs

A

False; no species of fungi are autotrophs

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39
Q

[T/F] Mycorrhizae are symbiotic with tree roots

A

True

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40
Q

[T/F] Bacterial nodules on plant roots allow plants to make proteins (by providing nitrogen)

A

True

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41
Q

[T/F] Some bacteria are heterotrophs, some are photosynthetic

A

True

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42
Q

[T/F]* Lichens are a symbiotic partnership of a fungus and a moss

A

False; fungus and alga

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43
Q

[T/F] All cells come from pre-existing cells

A

True

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44
Q

[T/F]* All cells undergo mitosis

A

False; cells in G0 don’t

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45
Q

[T/F] Red blood cells in humans are missing 23 pairs of chromosomes

A

True

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46
Q

[T/F] Bacteria and gametes are always haploid

A

True

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47
Q

[T/F] DNA is metabolically active in interphase

A

True

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48
Q

[T/F]* DNA is replicated during anaphase

A

False; DNA replicates during interphase

49
Q

[T/F] Chromosomes have 2 identical double helices in prophase

A

True

50
Q

[T/F]* Mitosis takes up about on third of a cell’s life cycle

A

False; Mitosis takes up 10% of a cell’s life cycle

51
Q

[T/F] Mitosis alone can create a new organism

A

True

52
Q

[T/F] Meiosis alone can create a new organism

A

False

53
Q

[T/F] There are 5 different monomers that make up nucleic acids

A

True

54
Q

[T/F]* 20 different monomers can be used to make proteins

A

True; monomers = amino acids (AA’s)

55
Q

[T/F] mRNA is single stranded

A

True

56
Q

[T/F]* A mRNA of 300 nucleotides codes for a protein of 900 amino acids

A

False; 100 amino acids

57
Q

[T/F] rRNA is only found in prokaryotes

A

False

58
Q

[T/F]* tRNA carries AA’s into the mitochondria to make proteins

A

False; into ribosomes, not motichondria

59
Q

[T/F] All genes code for protein synthesis in all cells

A

False

60
Q

[T/F]* Transcription happens during metaphase

A

False; DNA is too coiled as chromosomes

61
Q

[T/F] tRNA delivers methionine to rRNA to start protein synthesis

A

True

62
Q

[T/F]* There is one START codon but many STOP codons

A

True; START = AUG

63
Q

[T/F] Any one protein has the same 1° structure every time it is made (assuming there’s no mutation)

A

True

64
Q

[T/F]* Instead of Thymine, RNA is made Uraniumine

A

False; it’s Uracil not Uraniumine

65
Q

[T/F] DNA is uncoiled for replication or mRNA synthesis (temporarily)

A

True

66
Q

[T/F] Meiosis splits apart pairs of homologous chromosomes

A

True

67
Q

[T/F] Meiosis occurs in a haploid organ

A

False

68
Q

[T/F]* Chromatids split in the first meiotic division

A

False; during the second meiotic division

69
Q

[T/F] Chromosomes have twice as many kinetochores in the 2nd meiotic division as in the first

A

True

70
Q

[T/F]* Meiosis is asexual reproduction only in protists

A

False; it’s sexual pre-reproduction only in diploid species

71
Q

[T/F]* An embryo is a young zygote

A

False; zygote first

72
Q

[T/F] DNA composition changes from the zygote to the adult

A

False

73
Q

[T/F] Meiosis creates clones in plants but not in animals

A

False

74
Q

[T/F] A gamete or a gametophyte is a somatic cell and therefore diploid

A

False

75
Q

[T/F] A gamete or a gametophyte is a haploid cell

A

True

76
Q

[T/F] Reproduction is necessary for the species, but not the individual

A

True

77
Q

What organisms undergo meiosis?

A

Sexual organisms (e.g. mammals)

78
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

Gametes

79
Q

How does meiosis happen?

A

meiosis 1: prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, and telophase 1 meiosis 2: prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, and telophase 2

80
Q

Why does meiosis happen?

A

To produce n from 2n

81
Q

Why is reproduction a unique trait of life?

A

It’s not necessary for an organism to live, but for the species to survive

82
Q

What are the characteristics of asexual reproduction?

A

Offspring arise from a single parent organism Offspring are genetic copies of the parent

83
Q

Explain cell division purpose in unicellular and multicellular

A

Unicelullar = important form of asexual reproduction Multicellular = growth and repair

84
Q

Do DNA and organelles divide equally during cell division?

A

DNA does, organelles do not (one of each organelle needed)

85
Q

How does bacteria and yeast undergo cellular division?

A

BINARY FISSION: replicates DNA, grows in size, and divides into two daughter cells

86
Q

Difference in cell division between plants and animals?

A

Animals: contractile ring Plants: cell plate

87
Q

What’s the difference between internal and external reproduction?

A

Internal reproduction is where fertilization takes place inside an organism’s body

88
Q

Name the male and female sex organs

A

Stamen (anther and filament): part of a stamen that contains the pollen Pistil (stigma, style, ovary): holds the ovules to be pollenated

89
Q

What is the male gametophyte?

A

pollen grain

90
Q

What is the female gametophyte?

A

ovum

91
Q

What is a seed comprised of?

A
  1. embryo 2. food 3. seed coat
92
Q

Where do seeds and fruits arise from?

A

ripened ovary of a flower with too many fertilized ovules inside ovary -> fruit ovum -> seed

93
Q

Describe the process of sexual reproduction in angiosperms

A

angiosperms are flowering plants (e.g. sunflowers) rely on birds, butterflies, and bees to pollinate

94
Q

Define chromosome, what stage?

A

Replicated and coiled up DNA Prophase & metaphase

95
Q

Define homologous chromosome

A

Pairs of chromosomes that are the same size with genes at the same loci

96
Q

Define gene

A

determines one trait 1 gene = 1 code for 1 protein comes in pairs each code for 1 variety of the trait

97
Q

Define human genome

A

All the DNA in any cell of an organism All the genes All the codes for all possible proteins

98
Q

How many genes are in DNA?

A

100’s to 1,000’s

99
Q

Define allele

A

alternative genes for the same trait, on each chromosome of a homologous pair, at the same locus

100
Q

Define genotype

A

an organism’s genetic make-up

101
Q

Define phenotype

A

an organism’s outward expression of appearance due to the gene mix & metabolism

102
Q

Define DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid the carrier of genetic information

103
Q

What is heterozygous and homozygous?

A

Heterozygous/hybrid (recessive or dominant) = one set of recessive and one set of dominant alleles (Aa) Homozygous (recessive or dominant) = two sets of recessive or dominant alleles (AA / aa)

104
Q

Laws of Dominance

A

the “stronger” allele(s) of a gene determines the phenotype (expression)

105
Q

Laws of Segregation

A

the different alleles segregate during Meiosis I: each gamete only gets half an alleles

106
Q

Laws of Independent Assortment

A

each pair of alleles separates independently of other pairs exchanging alleles

107
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

illustrated by a cross between red and white flowered

108
Q

Interphase, form of DNA and description

A

-TIN all metabolic processes, DNA replication

109
Q

Prophase, form of DNA and description

A

-SOMES 2 identical double helices coil centrioles to the poles

110
Q

Metaphase, form of DNA and description

A

-SOMES -> -TIDS DNA alignment at equator spindle fibers attach

111
Q

Anaphase, form of DNA and description

A

SPLIT -TIDS last kinetochores attach chromatids separate

112
Q

Telophase,, form of DNA and description

A

-TIN new plasma membrane splits cytoplasm

113
Q

Suppose that for dragonflies, green bodycolor is dominant to yellow body color. Cross a homozygouse recessive male with a heterozygous female. Determine the genotype and the phenotype ratios of their offspring

A
114
Q

In sheep, white body coat is dominant to black body coat. A black male sheep (whose parents were both white) mates with a white female sheep(whose mother was white and father was black).

  1. Determine the genotypes of the male and female sheep and of their parents
  2. What is the chance the male and female will produce a black colored sheep
A
115
Q

In fruit flies, eye color is a sex-linked trait. Red eye color is dominant to white eye color. A red eyed male mates with a white eyed female.

  1. What is the chance they will produce white eyed flies?
  2. Given the information above, what color eyes did the male’s mother have?
A
116
Q

A woman with type AB blood has a child with type AB blood. Given just this information, what are all the possible genotypes of the father?

A
117
Q

A woman with type A blod (whose father was type B and mother was type AB) marries a man with type O blood (whose parents were both type A blood)

  1. Give the genotypes of the woman, man, and their parents
  2. What is the probability they will have a child with type A blood?
A
118
Q

Albinism is a recessive trait

Is it possible for two individuals who are albino to have a normal-pigmented child?

What are the chances of having a child with albinism if you cross a heterozygote with a homozygous recessive individual?

What are the chances of having a child with albinism if you cross a homozygous dominant individual with a homozygous recessive individual?

A

BIO 151 prof. Kraai (5 decks)

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