Final Flashcards
1
Q
[T/F] Bacteria and Homo sapiens share a common genetic history
A
True
2
Q
[T/F] Fungi and bacteria share the traits of living organisms
A
True
3
Q
[T/F] Protists and plants both have DNA, regulation, growth, asexual reproduction
A
True
4
Q
[T/F]* Viruses have nucleic acid as their hereditary material
A
True; DNA & RNA
5
Q
[T/F]* A theory is a proven hypothesis
A
False; not proven
6
Q
[T/F]* A species can evolve
A
True; the population
7
Q
[T/F] Bat wings and bird wings analogous
A
False
8
Q
[T/F]* Natural selection creates adaptations so the fittest survive
A
False; acts upon adaptations, doesn’t create
9
Q
[T/F]* New species arise because of reproductive isolation
A
True
10
Q
[T/F]* A genus has more species than a phylum (i.e. is more general)
A
False Keep = Kingdom Pond = Phylum Clean = Class Or = Order Froggy = Family Gets = Genus Sick = Species
11
Q
[T/F] Water is hydrophobic when in a solution
A
False
12
Q
[T/F] Organic compounds have a carbon”backbone.”
A
True
13
Q
[T/F]* Of living things only animals are both carbon and hydrogen based
A
False; all living things are
14
Q
[T/F]* Organisms are made of combinations of all naturally occurring elements
A
False; about 20
15
Q
[T/F]* Organisms need certain inorganic molecules to maintain life
A
True; H2O, CO2, O2
16
Q
[T/F] Homeostasis is the SUM of all chemical reactions in a body
A
False
17
Q
[T/F] Homeostasis is the RESULT of proper metabolism
A
True
18
Q
[T/F]* Saccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids are all monomers
A
False; no monomers or polymers for lipids
19
Q
[T/F] Starch, Enzymes, and RNA are all polymers
A
True
20
Q
[T/F] Water is cohesive, adhesive, and has equal [H+} and [OH-] when pure
A
True
21
Q
[T/F] A “methyl” (-CH3) group is non-polar and is lipophilic
A
True
22
Q
[T/F]* A “carboxyl” (-COOH) group is non-polar and is hydrophobic
A
False; it’s hydrophilic
23
Q
[T/F] The reactivity of a protein depends upon the electron arrangement
A
True
24
Q
[T/F] The reactivity of a protein depends upon its tertiary structure
A
True
25
[T/F] Carbohydrates are made of C, H, and O in the ratio 1:2:1
True
26
[T/F] A human body in bathwater is in an isotonic solution (body's cells)
False
27
[T/F] Cholesterol is the primary component of a plasma membrane
False
28
[T/F] Cholesterol is essential for normal human metabolism
True
29
[T/F] Some organelles are surrounded by 4 layers of phospholipids
True
30
[T/F] Golgi bodies and the ER are surrounded by one membrane
True
31
[T/F] Ribosomes are always attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
False
32
[T/F]\* Prokaryotes and plant cells contain the same organelles
False; Prokaryotes don't have organelles
33
[T/F] Eukaryotic cells are larger than most bacteria
True
34
[T/F] Endergonic and exergonic reactions are aided by enzymes
True
35
[T/F] Photosynthesis is conducted only by autotrophs
True
36
[T/F] Cellular respiration is conducted only by heterotrophs
False
37
[T/F] ATP is generated by both photosynthesis and glycolysis, by the same organelle, in the same amount
False
38
[T/F]\* Only a few species of fungi are autotrophs
False; no species of fungi are autotrophs
39
[T/F] Mycorrhizae are symbiotic with tree roots
True
40
[T/F] Bacterial nodules on plant roots allow plants to make proteins (by providing nitrogen)
True
41
[T/F] Some bacteria are heterotrophs, some are photosynthetic
True
42
[T/F]\* Lichens are a symbiotic partnership of a fungus and a moss
False; fungus and alga
43
[T/F] All cells come from pre-existing cells
True
44
[T/F]\* All cells undergo mitosis
False; cells in G0 don't
45
[T/F] Red blood cells in humans are missing 23 pairs of chromosomes
True
46
[T/F] Bacteria and gametes are always haploid
True
47
[T/F] DNA is metabolically active in interphase
True
48
[T/F]\* DNA is replicated during anaphase
False; DNA replicates during interphase
49
[T/F] Chromosomes have 2 identical double helices in prophase
True
50
[T/F]\* Mitosis takes up about on third of a cell's life cycle
False; Mitosis takes up 10% of a cell's life cycle
51
[T/F] Mitosis alone can create a new organism
True
52
[T/F] Meiosis alone can create a new organism
False
53
[T/F] There are 5 different monomers that make up nucleic acids
True
54
[T/F]\* 20 different monomers can be used to make proteins
True; monomers = amino acids (AA's)
55
[T/F] mRNA is single stranded
True
56
[T/F]\* A mRNA of 300 nucleotides codes for a protein of 900 amino acids
False; 100 amino acids
57
[T/F] rRNA is only found in prokaryotes
False
58
[T/F]\* tRNA carries AA's into the mitochondria to make proteins
False; into ribosomes, not motichondria
59
[T/F] All genes code for protein synthesis in all cells
False
60
[T/F]\* Transcription happens during metaphase
False; DNA is too coiled as chromosomes
61
[T/F] tRNA delivers methionine to rRNA to start protein synthesis
True
62
[T/F]\* There is one START codon but many STOP codons
True; START = AUG
63
[T/F] Any one protein has the same 1° structure every time it is made (assuming there's no mutation)
True
64
[T/F]\* Instead of Thymine, RNA is made Uraniumine
False; it's Uracil not Uraniumine
65
[T/F] DNA is uncoiled for replication or mRNA synthesis (temporarily)
True
66
[T/F] Meiosis splits apart pairs of homologous chromosomes
True
67
[T/F] Meiosis occurs in a haploid organ
False
68
[T/F]\* Chromatids split in the first meiotic division
False; during the second meiotic division
69
[T/F] Chromosomes have twice as many kinetochores in the 2nd meiotic division as in the first
True
70
[T/F]\* Meiosis is asexual reproduction only in protists
False; it's sexual pre-reproduction only in diploid species
71
[T/F]\* An embryo is a young zygote
False; zygote first
72
[T/F] DNA composition changes from the zygote to the adult
False
73
[T/F] Meiosis creates clones in plants but not in animals
False
74
[T/F] A gamete or a gametophyte is a somatic cell and therefore diploid
False
75
[T/F] A gamete or a gametophyte is a haploid cell
True
76
[T/F] Reproduction is necessary for the species, but not the individual
True
77
What organisms undergo meiosis?
Sexual organisms (e.g. mammals)
78
Where does meiosis occur?
Gametes
79
How does meiosis happen?
meiosis 1: prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, and telophase 1 meiosis 2: prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, and telophase 2
80
Why does meiosis happen?
To produce n from 2n
81
Why is reproduction a unique trait of life?
It's not necessary for an organism to live, but for the species to survive
82
What are the characteristics of asexual reproduction?
Offspring arise from a single parent organism Offspring are genetic copies of the parent
83
Explain cell division purpose in unicellular and multicellular
Unicelullar = important form of asexual reproduction Multicellular = growth and repair
84
Do DNA and organelles divide equally during cell division?
DNA does, organelles do not (one of each organelle needed)
85
How does bacteria and yeast undergo cellular division?
BINARY FISSION: replicates DNA, grows in size, and divides into two daughter cells
86
Difference in cell division between plants and animals?
Animals: contractile ring Plants: cell plate
87
What's the difference between internal and external reproduction?
Internal reproduction is where fertilization takes place inside an organism's body
88
Name the male and female sex organs
Stamen (anther and filament): part of a stamen that contains the pollen Pistil (stigma, style, ovary): holds the ovules to be pollenated
89
What is the male gametophyte?
pollen grain
90
What is the female gametophyte?
ovum
91
What is a seed comprised of?
1. embryo 2. food 3. seed coat
92
Where do seeds and fruits arise from?
ripened ovary of a flower with too many fertilized ovules inside ovary -\> fruit ovum -\> seed
93
Describe the process of sexual reproduction in angiosperms
angiosperms are flowering plants (e.g. sunflowers) rely on birds, butterflies, and bees to pollinate
94
Define chromosome, what stage?
Replicated and coiled up DNA Prophase & metaphase
95
Define homologous chromosome
Pairs of chromosomes that are the same size with genes at the same loci
96
Define gene
determines one trait 1 gene = 1 code for 1 protein comes in pairs each code for 1 variety of the trait
97
Define human genome
All the DNA in any cell of an organism All the genes All the codes for all possible proteins
98
How many genes are in DNA?
100's to 1,000's
99
Define allele
alternative genes for the same trait, on each chromosome of a homologous pair, at the same locus
100
Define genotype
an organism's genetic make-up
101
Define phenotype
an organism's outward expression of appearance due to the gene mix & metabolism
102
Define DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid the carrier of genetic information
103
What is heterozygous and homozygous?
Heterozygous/hybrid (recessive or dominant) = one set of recessive and one set of dominant alleles (Aa) Homozygous (recessive or dominant) = two sets of recessive or dominant alleles (AA / aa)
104
Laws of Dominance
the "stronger" allele(s) of a gene determines the phenotype (expression)
105
Laws of Segregation
the different alleles segregate during Meiosis I: each gamete only gets half an alleles
106
Laws of Independent Assortment
each pair of alleles separates independently of other pairs exchanging alleles
107
Incomplete Dominance
illustrated by a cross between red and white flowered
108
Interphase, form of DNA and description
-TIN all metabolic processes, DNA replication
109
Prophase, form of DNA and description
-SOMES 2 identical double helices coil centrioles to the poles
110
Metaphase, form of DNA and description
-SOMES -\> -TIDS DNA alignment at equator spindle fibers attach
111
Anaphase, form of DNA and description
SPLIT -TIDS last kinetochores attach chromatids separate
112
Telophase,, form of DNA and description
-TIN new plasma membrane splits cytoplasm
113
Suppose that for dragonflies, green bodycolor is dominant to yellow body color. Cross a homozygouse recessive male with a heterozygous female. Determine the genotype and the phenotype ratios of their offspring
114
In sheep, white body coat is dominant to black body coat. A black male sheep (whose parents were both white) mates with a white female sheep(whose mother was white and father was black).
1. Determine the genotypes of the male and female sheep and of their parents
2. What is the chance the male and female will produce a black colored sheep
115
In fruit flies, eye color is a sex-linked trait. Red eye color is dominant to white eye color. A red eyed male mates with a white eyed female.
1. What is the chance they will produce white eyed flies?
2. Given the information above, what color eyes did the male's mother have?
116
A woman with type AB blood has a child with type AB blood. Given just this information, what are all the possible genotypes of the father?
117
A woman with type A blod (whose father was type B and mother was type AB) marries a man with type O blood (whose parents were both type A blood)
1. Give the genotypes of the woman, man, and their parents
2. What is the probability they will have a child with type A blood?
118
Albinism is a recessive trait
Is it possible for two individuals who are albino to have a normal-pigmented child?
What are the chances of having a child with albinism if you cross a heterozygote with a homozygous recessive individual?
What are the chances of having a child with albinism if you cross a homozygous dominant individual with a homozygous recessive individual?
