Exam 1 Flashcards
List 5 traits common to all living things
composed of cells
growth
reproduction
H2O based
DNA
homeostasis
mobility
List 6 levels of organization below the biosphere level
biome
ecosystem
community
population
organism
organ system
…
organ
tissue…
Name 2 traits in favor of considering virus life
contain genetic info & replicate
Name 2 traits that refute considering a virus living
cannot replicate without host cell & does not respire or feed
State cell theory (3 parts)
All living organisms are composed of one or more cell
The cell is the most basic unit of life
All cells arise from living, pre-existing cells
What 2 components must every experiment contain? What purpose do they serve?
Control & variable (aka independent & dependent variables)
The control serves as a reference point to aide in understanding what it is you’re manipulating
How does evolution occur? What specifically must change? When must it change? Can all species evolve equally quickly?
Alteration of inherited genetic material or traits (DNA / alleles) give arise to evolution. This happens during reproduction (as gametes are formed).
Not all species can evolve equally quick because of reproduction rates and the quantity of genetic material. Bacteria evolves quicker than we do because they reproduce quicker (and in greater quantities) and have less genetic material to be altered.
List 5 categories of evidence supporting the theory of evolution in brief detail
(*BECAP: Biogeography, Embryology, Cytology, Anatomy, Paleontology)
Biogeography: geographic species distribution; why no apes are native to the Americas—why polar bears are native to the arctic regions
Embryology: early embryos of different species show obvious similarities
Cytology: all species are made of cells, all use same basic unit
Anatomy: similar organs in different species show similarity. Vestigial structures once had purpose but no longer
Paleontology: study of fossils show simple → complex graduation
Explain how some insect populations become resistant to pesticides
Random inherited traits via mutation → those with higher resisting traits live and reproduce → offspring have higher frequency of those traits and have become resistant
Explain the process of artificial selection
Human intervention of breeding specific species (e.g. dogs, plants) with desirable traits. For instance, only dogs with floppy ears are allowed to reproduce to increase the probability of floppy-eared offspring
What are the 3 possible outcomes of DNA mutation on the next generation. Which is most likely and how does it affect offspring?
Neutral = most likely and doesn’t alter ability to survive
Harmful
Adaptive
What is an allele?
alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are located at the same place on a chromosome
What are the 5 forces that promote Microevolution
(GGMNN)
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Mutations
Nonrandom mating
Natural Selection
How does speciation occur? What are 2 reasons?
population is isolated, interrupting gene flow, by either geographical or reproductive isolation
sympatric: (similar patriot) no geographic barrier // reproductive barrier
allopatric: (alone patriot) geographic barrier // no reproductive barrier
Convert 1km to 1mm. What are their powers? Convert 1mm to 1nm
km = 10³ m = 10 mm= 10-³
1km = 1,000,000mm 1mm= 100nm
What is the equation for converting Celsius → Fahrenheit? Fahrenheit → Celsius?
°F = ( °C • 1.8 ) + 32
°C = ( °F - 32 ) • 1.8
How much does 16oz of water weigh in mg?
Granted: [ 1oz = 29.6ml ]
(29. 6•16) = 473.6ml
473. 6ml = 473.6g
473. 6g = 473,600mg
What are 4 ways to improve a microscopic image at high power
Fine adjustment knob
Ocular lens adjustment
Increase/decrease light intensity
Refraction adjustment
Would a temperature of 107.6°F alter protein homeostasis in your body? Y/N? Why?
Yes; proteins will denature and will no longer function
Given the ocular lens of a microscope is 10x magnification, what is the total magnification (TM) for your 4x, 10x, and 40x objective lenses and what are their field diameters?
4x → 40x : 5.0mm
10x → 100x: 2.0mm
40x → 400x: 0.5mm
How do you estimate the dimensions of an object viewed through a microscope?
[field diameter] / [# of times object fits across]
e. g. An object viewed on high power fits across three times, so…
0. 5mm / 3 = 0.166mm
(convert to nm for cleanliness and…)
0.166mm = 166nm
Are organelles living?
No! They do not contain their own DNA and are dependent on the cell to replicate them. This is much alike why viruses are not considered to be living.
Are living things at least 5% water?
Yes! Over half of your body is made of water and plants are about 3/4 water
Is a theory a fact? Is a hypothesis proof?
No! Nothing is fact or proof in science. Theories and hypothesises are either supported or unsupported
Are human and monkey arm analogous?
No! Humans and monkeys are of common ancestors, our arms are homologous. To be analogous would be to have similar traits with differing ancestors (convergent evolution)
A cow forelimb and a whale flipper are homologous?
Yes! Because cows and whales have a common ancestor and they are similar traits
Is anything that is inorganic also abiotic?
Yes! Inorganics are void of carbon. All biotic (living) things have carbon
What is evolutionary fitness?
reproductive success of individuals in a given environment at a given point in time
What are the 3 patterns leading to natural selection? Define them
Divergent evolution: one stock splits into two, which becomes less and less like each other with time
Parallel evolution: two related species evolve in much the same was with time, possibly due to environmental factors
Convergent evolution: two groups not closely related come to resemble each other more and more with time
What are the general taxon headings? Most inclusive to least?
(*Don King Plays Chess On Friday, Generally Speaking)
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
What are the six generally accepted Kingdoms and their relation to each other?
Bacteria gives arise to both Archea and Protista
Protista gives arise to Fungi, Planta, and Animalia
Convert 1in → mm, m, and km
- 4mm
- 0254m
- 0000254km
Is bacteria prokaryotic? Why?
No nucleus for storing DNA; DNA is contained by the cell membrane instead. Bacteria are also 1-10nm in size, satisfying the 1-10nm size of prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes are 10-100nm in size.
What is there more of? Species vs. Genus & Phylum vs. Class
There are more species than genuses because species is a subcategory of genus. For the same reason, there are more classes than phylums. Subcategories always have more of themselves
Do chimps and humans share the same genus?
No! Chimps belong to the Pan genus, humans belong to the Homo genus
Does every species use the same elements to make DNA?
Yes! ALL DNA uses the same nucleotides, peptide bonds, everything. All that’s different is the sequencing.
Has life existed on Earth for 60,000 centuries?
Life has existed on Earth for 4.6 billion years
Prokaryotes emerged 3.4 billion years ago
(60,000 centuries is only 6 million years!)
DEFINE: Phylogeny
the evolutionary development and diversification of a species or group of organisms
DEFINE: Theory
system of ideas intended to explain something
DEFINE: Metabolism
chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
DEFINE: Homeostasis
tendancy of relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements
DEFINE: Evolution
living organisms developed and diversified from earlier forms
DEFINE: Species
group of living organisms capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding
DEFINE: Speciation
formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution
DEFINE: Natural Selection
process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring which have an increased survival rate
DEFINE: Cytology
structure and function of plant and animal cells
DEFINE: Gene
unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring
DEFINE: Genome
complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism
DEFINE: Gene Pool
stock of different genes in an interbreeding population
DEFINE: Binomial
algebraic expression of the sum or the difference of two terms
DEFINE: Organic
of, relating to, or denoting compounds containing carbon
DEFINE: Abiotic
devoid of life; sterile
DEFINE: Antibiotic
inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms
DEFINE: Analogous
performing a similar function but having a different evolutionary origin
DEFINE: Homologous
similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin
DEFINE: Vestigial
having become functionless in the course of evolution
Name 3 examples of Vestigal structures
Human appendix
Human tailbone
Horse splint bones
Snake pelvic bones
DEFINE: Nonrandom mating
individuals with similar genotypes and/or phenotypes mate with one another more frequently
DEFINE: Gene flow
the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another
DEFINE: Genetic drift
random changes in gene frequency especially in small populations
