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BIO 151 prof. Kraai > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List 5 traits common to all living things

A

composed of cells

growth

reproduction

H2O based

DNA

homeostasis

mobility

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2
Q

List 6 levels of organization below the biosphere level

A

biome

ecosystem

community

population

organism

organ system

…

organ

tissue…

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3
Q

Name 2 traits in favor of considering virus life

A

contain genetic info & replicate

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4
Q

Name 2 traits that refute considering a virus living

A

cannot replicate without host cell & does not respire or feed

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5
Q

State cell theory (3 parts)

A

All living organisms are composed of one or more cell

The cell is the most basic unit of life

All cells arise from living, pre-existing cells

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6
Q

What 2 components must every experiment contain? What purpose do they serve?

A

Control & variable (aka independent & dependent variables)

The control serves as a reference point to aide in understanding what it is you’re manipulating

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7
Q

How does evolution occur? What specifically must change? When must it change? Can all species evolve equally quickly?

A

Alteration of inherited genetic material or traits (DNA / alleles) give arise to evolution. This happens during reproduction (as gametes are formed).

Not all species can evolve equally quick because of reproduction rates and the quantity of genetic material. Bacteria evolves quicker than we do because they reproduce quicker (and in greater quantities) and have less genetic material to be altered.

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8
Q

List 5 categories of evidence supporting the theory of evolution in brief detail

A

(*BECAP: Biogeography, Embryology, Cytology, Anatomy, Paleontology)

Biogeography: geographic species distribution; why no apes are native to the Americas—why polar bears are native to the arctic regions

Embryology: early embryos of different species show obvious similarities

Cytology: all species are made of cells, all use same basic unit

Anatomy: similar organs in different species show similarity. Vestigial structures once had purpose but no longer

Paleontology: study of fossils show simple → complex graduation

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9
Q

Explain how some insect populations become resistant to pesticides

A

Random inherited traits via mutation → those with higher resisting traits live and reproduce → offspring have higher frequency of those traits and have become resistant

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10
Q

Explain the process of artificial selection

A

Human intervention of breeding specific species (e.g. dogs, plants) with desirable traits. For instance, only dogs with floppy ears are allowed to reproduce to increase the probability of floppy-eared offspring

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11
Q

What are the 3 possible outcomes of DNA mutation on the next generation. Which is most likely and how does it affect offspring?

A

Neutral = most likely and doesn’t alter ability to survive

Harmful

Adaptive

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12
Q

What is an allele?

A

alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are located at the same place on a chromosome

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13
Q

What are the 5 forces that promote Microevolution

A

(GGMNN)

Genetic drift

Gene flow

Mutations

Nonrandom mating

Natural Selection

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14
Q

How does speciation occur? What are 2 reasons?

A

population is isolated, interrupting gene flow, by either geographical or reproductive isolation

sympatric: (similar patriot) no geographic barrier // reproductive barrier
allopatric: (alone patriot) geographic barrier // no reproductive barrier

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15
Q

Convert 1km to 1mm. What are their powers? Convert 1mm to 1nm

A 
km = 10³
m   = 10
mm= 10-³
1km = 1,000,000mm
1mm= 100nm
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16
Q

What is the equation for converting Celsius → Fahrenheit? Fahrenheit → Celsius?

A

°F = ( °C • 1.8 ) + 32

°C = ( °F - 32 ) • 1.8

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17
Q

How much does 16oz of water weigh in mg?

Granted: [ 1oz = 29.6ml ]

A

(29. 6•16) = 473.6ml
473. 6ml = 473.6g
473. 6g = 473,600mg

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18
Q

What are 4 ways to improve a microscopic image at high power

A

Fine adjustment knob

Ocular lens adjustment

Increase/decrease light intensity

Refraction adjustment

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19
Q

Would a temperature of 107.6°F alter protein homeostasis in your body? Y/N? Why?

A

Yes; proteins will denature and will no longer function

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20
Q

Given the ocular lens of a microscope is 10x magnification, what is the total magnification (TM) for your 4x, 10x, and 40x objective lenses and what are their field diameters?

A

4x → 40x : 5.0mm

10x → 100x: 2.0mm

40x → 400x: 0.5mm

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21
Q

How do you estimate the dimensions of an object viewed through a microscope?

A

[field diameter] / [# of times object fits across]

e. g. An object viewed on high power fits across three times, so…
0. 5mm / 3 = 0.166mm

(convert to nm for cleanliness and…)

0.166mm = 166nm

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22
Q

Are organelles living?

A

No! They do not contain their own DNA and are dependent on the cell to replicate them. This is much alike why viruses are not considered to be living.

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23
Q

Are living things at least 5% water?

A

Yes! Over half of your body is made of water and plants are about 3/4 water

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24
Q

Is a theory a fact? Is a hypothesis proof?

A

No! Nothing is fact or proof in science. Theories and hypothesises are either supported or unsupported

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25
Q

Are human and monkey arm analogous?

A

No! Humans and monkeys are of common ancestors, our arms are homologous. To be analogous would be to have similar traits with differing ancestors (convergent evolution)

26
Q

A cow forelimb and a whale flipper are homologous?

A

Yes! Because cows and whales have a common ancestor and they are similar traits

27
Q

Is anything that is inorganic also abiotic?

A

Yes! Inorganics are void of carbon. All biotic (living) things have carbon

28
Q

What is evolutionary fitness?

A

reproductive success of individuals in a given environment at a given point in time

29
Q

What are the 3 patterns leading to natural selection? Define them

A

Divergent evolution: one stock splits into two, which becomes less and less like each other with time

Parallel evolution: two related species evolve in much the same was with time, possibly due to environmental factors

Convergent evolution: two groups not closely related come to resemble each other more and more with time

30
Q

What are the general taxon headings? Most inclusive to least?

A

(*Don King Plays Chess On Friday, Generally Speaking)

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

31
Q

What are the six generally accepted Kingdoms and their relation to each other?

A

Bacteria gives arise to both Archea and Protista

Protista gives arise to Fungi, Planta, and Animalia

32
Q

Convert 1in → mm, m, and km

A
  1. 4mm
  2. 0254m
  3. 0000254km
33
Q

Is bacteria prokaryotic? Why?

A

No nucleus for storing DNA; DNA is contained by the cell membrane instead. Bacteria are also 1-10nm in size, satisfying the 1-10nm size of prokaryotes.

Eukaryotes are 10-100nm in size.

34
Q

What is there more of? Species vs. Genus & Phylum vs. Class

A

There are more species than genuses because species is a subcategory of genus. For the same reason, there are more classes than phylums. Subcategories always have more of themselves

35
Q

Do chimps and humans share the same genus?

A

No! Chimps belong to the Pan genus, humans belong to the Homo genus

36
Q

Does every species use the same elements to make DNA?

A

Yes! ALL DNA uses the same nucleotides, peptide bonds, everything. All that’s different is the sequencing.

37
Q

Has life existed on Earth for 60,000 centuries?

A

Life has existed on Earth for 4.6 billion years

Prokaryotes emerged 3.4 billion years ago

(60,000 centuries is only 6 million years!)

38
Q

DEFINE: Phylogeny

A

the evolutionary development and diversification of a species or group of organisms

39
Q

DEFINE: Theory

A

system of ideas intended to explain something

40
Q

DEFINE: Metabolism

A

chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

41
Q

DEFINE: Homeostasis

A

tendancy of relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements

42
Q

DEFINE: Evolution

A

living organisms developed and diversified from earlier forms

43
Q

DEFINE: Species

A

group of living organisms capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding

44
Q

DEFINE: Speciation

A

formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

45
Q

DEFINE: Natural Selection

A

process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring which have an increased survival rate

46
Q

DEFINE: Cytology

A

structure and function of plant and animal cells

47
Q

DEFINE: Gene

A

unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring

48
Q

DEFINE: Genome

A

complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism

49
Q

DEFINE: Gene Pool

A

stock of different genes in an interbreeding population

50
Q

DEFINE: Binomial

A

algebraic expression of the sum or the difference of two terms

51
Q

DEFINE: Organic

A

of, relating to, or denoting compounds containing carbon

52
Q

DEFINE: Abiotic

A

devoid of life; sterile

53
Q

DEFINE: Antibiotic

A

inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms

54
Q

DEFINE: Analogous

A

performing a similar function but having a different evolutionary origin

55
Q

DEFINE: Homologous

A

similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin

56
Q

DEFINE: Vestigial

A

having become functionless in the course of evolution

57
Q

Name 3 examples of Vestigal structures

A

Human appendix

Human tailbone

Horse splint bones

Snake pelvic bones

58
Q

DEFINE: Nonrandom mating

A

individuals with similar genotypes and/or phenotypes mate with one another more frequently

59
Q

DEFINE: Gene flow

A

the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another

60
Q

DEFINE: Genetic drift

A

random changes in gene frequency especially in small populations

BIO 151 prof. Kraai (5 decks)

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