Exam 3 Flashcards
Define Autotroph
makes its own food
Define Heterotroph
consumes pre-made organic compounds
What is an exergonic reaction?
release of energy in metabolic or chemical reactions
What is an endergonic reaction?
requiring of energy in metabolic or chemical reactions
Is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic? Catabolic or Anabolic?
endergonic; requires light energy
anabolic; builds sugar
all forms of synthesis require energy
Is respiration endergonic or exergonic? Catabolic or Anabolic?
exergonic; releases energy
catabolic; breaks down sugar
Name the major groups of organisms that conduct photosynthesis
plants, algae, some bacteria
Name the major groups of organisms that conduct respiration
all
Where does the energy come from to make ATP in photosynthesis?
sunlight
Where does the energy come from to make ATP in aerobic cellular respiration?
sugar glucose C6H12O6
Is ATP synthesis an exergonic reaction in photosynthesis?
endergonic; because synthesis
Is ATP synthesis an exergonic reaction in aerobic cellular respiration
endergonic; because synthesis
What is ATP used for in photosynthesis?
make sugar glucose C6H12O6
What is ATP used for in aerobic cellular respiration?
cellular work
In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?
chloroplasts
What are the molecules at the start of photosynthesis? Where are they processed?
CO2 & H2O, chloroplasts within the mesophyll
What are the products of photosynthesis?
C6H12O6, O2, H2O
What are the molecules at the start of cellular respiration?
C6H12O6, O2, H2O
What are the products of aerobic cellular respiration?
CO2, H2O, ATP, heat
In what organelle does aerobic cellular respiration occur?
mitochondria
In light dependent photosynthesis, what is the energy source?
sunlight
In light dependent photosynthesis, what is the substrate?
H2O
In light dependent photosynthesis, how does the substrate get to the leaf?
root hairs → xylem
In light dependent photosynthesis, in what organelle do reactions occur?
chloroplasts
In light dependent photosynthesis, where in the organelle do reactions occur?
thylakoid / grana
In light dependent photosynthesis, what is the product?
O2, ATP, NADPH
In light independent photosynthesis, what is the energy source?
ATP, NADPH
In light independent photosynthesis, what is the substrate?
CO2
In light independent photosynthesis, how does the substrate get to the leaf?
stoma / stomata
In light independent photosynthesis, in what organelle do reactions occur?
chloroplasts
In light independent photosynthesis, where in the organelle do reactions occur?
stroma
In light independent photosynthesis, what is the product?
C6H12O6, ADP, NADP
List the four major tissue types in plants and their function
meristem: new growth or repair
ground: physical support
dermal: protection
vascular: movement of fluid/food
Define chloroplast
organelle containing chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place
Define mitochondrion
organelle where respiration and energy production occur
Define active site
region of an enzyme that binds to a substrate
Define tertiary protein structure
3D structure of interactions between amino acids
Define somatic cell
any cell in a living organism other than gametes (2n)
Define gamete
reproductive cell, sperm and egg (1n)
Define photosynthesis
use of sunlight to synthesize food from CO2 and H2O
Define cellular respiration
catalyzed reaction of sugars into energy
Define stroma
aqueous liquid within chloroplasts, a sort of matrix
Define stoma / stomata
pores in a leaf surrounded by guard cells
CO2 in, H2O and O2 out
In part 1 of ACR, name the substrate
C6H12O6
In part 1 of ACR, name the product(s)
pyruvic acid
In part 1 of ACR, name the e- carriers generated
NADH
In part 1 of ACR, is it aerobic or anaerobic?
anaerobic, no need for O2
In part 1 of ACR, can plants do it?
yes
In part 1 of ACR, can animals do it?
yes
In part 1 of ACR, where does it occur?
cytoplasm
In part 2 & 3 of ACR, name the substrate
pyruvic acid and O2
In part 2 & 3 of ACR, name the product(s)
H2O, CO2, ATP
In part 2 & 3 of ACR, name the e- carriers generated
NADH, FADH2
In part 2 & 3 of ACR, what is the number of ATP generated
36
In part 2 & 3 of ACR, is it anaerobic or aerobic?
aerobic, needs O2
In part 2 & 3 of ACR, can animals do it?
yes
In part 2 & 3 of ACR, can plants do it?
yes
In part 1of ACR, what is the number of ATP generated
2
Name the four monomers of nucleic acid (for DNA & RNA) and which bond with which
DNA:
Adenine ↔ Thymine
Guanine ↔ Cytosine
RNA:
Adenine ↔ Uracil
Guanine ↔ Cytosine
Name the three major enzymes of DNA and their function
Helicase — unwinds DNA double helix allowing single strands to be copied
Primase — synthesis of RNA primers as template to be built onto
Ligase — “stitching” together of newly formed nucleotides with H bonds onto old strands
What is the chromosome number for haploid (n) and diploid (2n)?
haploid = n = 23 chromosomes
diploid = 2n = 46 chromosomes
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
Describe DNA
codes for all of life, made of nucleic acids
Describe chromatin
“invisible,” threadlike, unduplicated genetic material
Describe chromosome
visible duplicated genetic material used in cell division
Describe chromatid
each of the two strands from a divided chromosome
Describe genome
entire genetic complement of an individual
What is point mutation and chromosome mutation? Which is more likely to be problematic?
point mutation — replacement of a single base pair of nucleotides
chromosome mutation — a missing/extra/irregular portion of chromosomal DNA
most problematic = chromosome mutation
