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BIO 151 prof. Kraai > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a valence shell?

A

outermost shell containing electrons around an atoms nucleus

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2
Q

What determines whether an atom will react?

A

the valence shell of an atom will not have its maximum capacity of electrons

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3
Q

What number of electrons can each atomic shell hold?

A

the first shell around the atom’s nucleus can only hold two (2) electrons

the second shell can hold up to eight (8) electrons

the third shell can hold up to eighteen (18) electrons

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4
Q

Identify & describe the four major types of molecular bonds

A

• Ionic: gain or loss of electrons, attract opposite charge
anion ( – ) & cation ( + )

  • Polar covalent: share electrons unequally, e.g. H2O; one pole is more positive and the other is more negative
  • Non-polar covalent: share electrons equally, e.g. H2, uncharged, and stronger than polar covalent
  • Hydrogen: positive end of a molecule attracted to the negative end of another, weak but essential (binds nucleotides)
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5
Q

What is high cohesiveness?

A

highly attracted to itself; sticking to itself

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6
Q

What is high adhesiveness?

A

highly attracted to object surfaces

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7
Q

What is a neutral pH? What is basic & acidity?

A

Neutral pH = 7, it is the median measurement of all possible hydrogen concentration on a scale of 0 -to- 14

Basic pH = > 7, it is the higher spectrum of hydrogen concentration

Acidic pH = < 7, it is the lower spectrum of hydrogen concentration

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8
Q

Name the primary inorganic fluid solvent, the gas, and solid solutes in living things

A
  • Water (H2O)
  • Oxygen (O2) & Carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • Sodium (Na) & Chloride (Cl)
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9
Q

What are the Four Major Organic Compound (FMOC) families and what are they composed of?

A
  • Carbs (C•H•O)
  • Lipids (C•H•O)
  • Proteins (C•H•O•N)
  • Nucleic Acids (C•H•O•N•P)
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10
Q

Identify & describe the four (4) levels of protein organization and when the protein becomes functional

A
  • Primary 1°: linear sequence of animo acids that make up one protein
  • Secondary 2°: helix type shape of a single protein caused by hydrogen bonds
  • Tertiary 3°: 3D structure of one protein due to several disulfide bridges (functional at this point onward)
  • Quaternary 4°: aggregations of two or more proteins held by h-bonds
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11
Q

What are three (3) factors that can alter tertiary structure of a protein? What is a non-functional protein called?

A
  • pH level
  • Temperature
  • Mutation

Non-functional proteins are called denatured

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12
Q

Explain the uniqueness of lipids in contrast to the Four Major Organic Compound (FMOC) families.

A
  • non-polar
  • insoluable
  • polar head & non-polar tail
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13
Q

How are lipids broken down and manufactured?

A

Broken down = hydrolysis

Manufactured = dehydration synthesis

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14
Q

What are buffers?

A

Buffers reduce significant change of pH levels by absorbing or releasing H+

e.g. hemoglobin & proteins

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15
Q

What’s more basic? pH 4 or pH 2?

A

pH 4 is more basic

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16
Q

How many times more acidic/basic is pH 4 to pH 9?

A

9 - 4 = 5
10^5
10 • 10 • 10 • 10 • 10 = 100,000 times more acidic

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17
Q

How many moles per liter does a solution have if it has a pH of 5?

A

10^-5

.00001 moles per liter

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18
Q

Name two organelles found in plants (but not animals) and their function

A
  • Vacuole: H2O filled compartments to maintain rigidity and homeostasis
  • Cell wall: pressure vessel preventing over-expansion from H2O intake
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19
Q

Name two organelles found in animals (but not plants) and their function

A
  • Centriole: help form spindle fibers that separate chromosomes in cell division
  • Peroxisome: harbor enzymes that rid the cell of toxic peroxides
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20
Q

What is the normal NaCl concentration in a living cell? Does it change? Why?

A
  • 0.9% NaCl

* It changes because equilibrium is never perfect within a living cell

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21
Q

What would happen to a human red blood cell if it were placed in a beaker of 5.0% NaCl concentration? Describe the osmotic and diffusional forces.

A
  • The cell would shrink
  • H2O would move out of the cell from the higher concentration, to lower concentration passively
  • NaCl would move into the cell from the higher concentration to lower concentration passively
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22
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates?

A

M = monosaccharides

P = polysaccharides

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23
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of lipids?

A

None

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24
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of proteins?

A

M = animo acids

P = polypeptide

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25
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids?

A

M = nucleotides

P = DNA & RNA

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26
Q

What’s the difference between active and passive transport?

A
  • Active = requires ATP, net movement of molecules is low to high concentration
  • Passive = no ATP, net movement of molecules is high to low concentration
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27
Q

What’s the purpose of vascular tissue?

A

provides transport of H2O, nutrients, etc.

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28
Q

Name two (2) vascular tissues in animals

A
  • veins = transports deoxygenated blood

* arteries = transports oxygenated blood

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29
Q

Name two (2) vascular tissues in plants

A
  • xylem = transports H2O

* phloem = transports sugars

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30
Q

What’s the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

A
  • hydrophilic = water loving

* hydrophobic = water fearing

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31
Q

What’s the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?

A
  • dehydration synthesis = two monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose, can be joined together be removing H2O
  • hydrolysis = the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water
32
Q

What’s the difference between a hypotonic and hypertonic solution?

A
  • hypotonic solutions have more water (or solvent) to solute (like salt) in contrast to another solution
  • hypertonic solutions have more solute (salt) than water (solvent)
33
Q

What’s the difference between a monomer and a polymer?

A
  • monomer = small molecule that can chemically bind to other monomers
  • polymer = chain-like molecules formed from the linking together of many similar or identical small molecules (monomers)
34
Q

What does differentially permeable mean?

A

Interchangeable with semi-permeable, only some molecules can permeate (pass through) depending on their size. The cellophane tubing used in a lab is an example of this.

35
Q

Integral protein

A

A protein that is located within the plasma membrane of a cell. It is integrated. Integral proteins often aid in active and passive transport. e.g. aquaporins

36
Q

What’s the difference between osmosis and diffusion?

A
  • diffusion = the net movement of molecules across a membrane
  • osmosis = the net movement of H2O molecules across a membrane
37
Q

What’s the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

A
  • endergonic = the storage of energy. ender means enter/within. Gonic means pertaining to energy. e.g. dehydration synthesis
  • exergonic = the use of expenditure of energy. e.g. hydrolysis
38
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

  • the molecule cells use to perform work
  • recycled from ADP (Adenosine Di-Phosphate)
  • donates its electron so cells can manufacture, transport, divide, move, and any other functions of metabolism
39
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

It converts ADP to ATP (energy) and is found in plant, animal, and fungi cells

40
Q

What is the function of a nucleolus?

A

It makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and is found in plants and animals

41
Q

What is the function of a nucleus?

A

It contains most of the cell’s genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes.

42
Q

What is the function of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and how can you tell the two apart?

A
  • Rough ER synthesizes proteins and is coated in ribosomes

* Smooth ER synthesizes lipids

43
Q

What does Benedict’s reagent detect?

A

Glucose, sugars. Must be heated up. Green, yellow, brick, black

44
Q

What does Iodine detect? How?

A

Starch, iodine slips into the amylose coil of starch and produces a color change phenomenon (blue, black)

45
Q

What does Biuret detect?

A

detects peptide bonds, a copper ion forms violet-colored coordination complexes

46
Q

What determines if something is organic?

A

If it has carbon, it’s organic

47
Q

What is the functional group of lipids?

48
Q

What is the function group of proteins?

A

Amines Carboxyls

49
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts? Formula.

A

conversion of light into chemical energy of sugars

CO2+H2O–Photosynth.–>O2+C6H12O6

50
Q

What is the function of mitochondria? Formula.

A

conversion of chemical energy of food to chemical energy of ATP

O2+C6H12O6–Cell.Resp.–>CO2+H2O

51
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A

cell shape, support, protection, binding

52
Q

What is the function of a cell junction?

A

communication between cells and binding

53
Q

What is the function of the cell skeleton?

A

cell shape, movement (cilia, flagella)

organelle anchorage and movement

cell division

endo/exocytosis

54
Q

Define differentially permeable

A

allows some substances through a membrane but excludes others

55
Q

Function of the plasma membrane

A

isolation, regulation of exchange

56
Q

Function of the phospholipid bilayer

A

membrane fluidity, allows hydrophobic substances in, hydrophilic out

57
Q

Function of cholesterol

A

acts as a patch to stop certain small molecules

58
Q

Define integral proteins

A

transverse entire plasma membrane

59
Q

Define peripheral proteins

A

project out from the edge of the plasma membrane

60
Q

Function of proteins in the plasma membrane

A

structure: stabilize parts and give cell shape
recognition: binding sites to identify cell to others
communication: receptors, allow contact for signals sent via chemicals
transport: channels for molecules to pass in or out

61
Q

Function of glycocalyx

A

carbohydrate chains act as binding sites for proteins on the plasma membrane

62
Q

What is Cytology?

A

The study of cells

63
Q

Function of desmosomes

A

attach cells by gluing plasma membranes

64
Q

Function of tight junctions

A

waterproofing

65
Q

Function of gap junctions

A

protein channels connecting two cytosols, transferring of hormones, ions, nutrients, electricity

66
Q

Function of plasmodesmata

A

cytoplasmic strands from one cell to another via mutual port holes

67
Q

Define pinocytosis (endocytosis)

A

invagination around small compounds

68
Q

Define phagocytosis (endocytosis)

A

enveloping of larger organisms or organisms

69
Q

Define receptor-mediated (endocytosis)

A

receptors on the plasma membrane bind specific molecules which induces pinocytosis

70
Q

Define endocytosis

A

movement of large molecules/organisms INTO a cell

71
Q

Define exocytosis

A

movement of molecules OUT of the cell

72
Q

Function of the Golgi Apparatus

A

modifying, sorting and packaging of proteins for secretion

73
Q

Define autotrophic

A

to make its own food

74
Q

Define heterotrophic

A

taking in preformed compounds

75
Q

Define photosynthesis

A

synthesize food using light energy

76
Q

Define chemosynthesis

A

synthesize food from chemicals

77
Q

Define metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions within an organism to regulate all of life’s processes

BIO 151 prof. Kraai (5 decks)

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