Final Flashcards
Where older RBCs may be destroyed
spleen
Origin of immunoglobulin
B-cell (NOT the T-cells)
how lymph moves through lymphatic vessels
muscular activity
organs of the upper respiratory tract are located
outside the thorax
where is the glottis located
the space between the vocal cords
size and structure of the lungs
right lung - 3 lobes
left lung - 2 lobes
what secretion neutralizes acidic semen
secretions of the prostate gland
oxytosin
causes “let down” of milk in mammary glands
describe the structure and contents of a mature RBC
biconcave and lack a nuclei
be able to recognize agranulocytes by name
monocytes & lymphocytes
the normal range for WBCs in an adult
5,000 - 10,000
the primary function of lymphocytes
act against foreign substances
what cells among leukocytes are the most phagocytic
neutrophils and monocytes
the plasma electrolytes that are the most abundant
sodium & chloride ions
hypochromic anemia
anemia caused by a lack of dietary iron
Why do patients with leukemia have a tendency to bleed?
deficiency of platelets
two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks
right lymphatic duct & thoracic duct
What causes the formation of lymph in the lymph capillaries to increase?
increase in hydrostatic pressure in the tissue fluid
hilum
the region in a lymph node where blood vessels pass through
An example of specific body defense mechanism
immunity
the most phagocytic cells found in circulating blood
neutrophils & monocytes
hemostasis
describes the stoppage of bleeding by one of several means
biliverdin
the greenish pigment that is formed when hemoglobin decomposes
Where are RBCs primarily produced
red bone marrow
What is needed for DNA formation in the RBC
vitamin B12 & folic acid
leukopenia
low WBC count (below 4,000)
erythropoietin
hormone providing negative feedback - promotes production of RBC
the most common type of leukocyte in blood sample
neutrophils
differential WBC count
the part of the WBC count that gives the percentages of various types of leukocytes in a blood sample
albumin
most abundant of plasma proteins (help maintain osmotic pressure)
blood clot inhibiting substance released by basophils
heparin
thrombocytopenia
deficiency of platelets
pus is composed of
leukocytes, bacteria, & damaged body cells
lymphatic vessels are similar to what other vessels, in structure
veins
T-lymphocytes are responsible for?
cell-mediated immunity
What type of immunity occurs when you have had the disease?
Naturally acquired active immunity
Normal immune response requires
T-cells & B-cells
In an autoimmune disease, what is the immune response directed toward?
self-substances
What may occur if lymphatic tissue is removed from an axillary region?
edema
memory cell
Following a primary immune response, the B-cells & T-cells remain dormant but respond to antigens in the future.
the substance that stimulates a primary immune response without producing the symptoms of a disease
vaccine
pericardium
the loose-fitting sac around the heart
tissue of the SA node
self-exciting tissue
Why do plasma proteins remain in the blood capillaries
to maintain osmotic pressure
angina pectoris
pain caused by an obstruction or narrowing in an artery to the heart
microorganisms trapped in the sticky mucus are most likely destroyed how/where
by digestive action of gastric juices in stomach
capillaries
blood vessels thin enough to allow exchange of gases between blood and tissue fluid
pericardial cavity
potential space between parietal and visceral membranes
artery that supply blood to the myocardium
coronary artery
the heart chamber that receives blood from the vena cava
right atrium
location of iliac arteries
the brim of the pelvis down from the aorta
function of coronary sinus
drains blood from the wall of the heart
circulatory circuit where aorta is located
systemic
longest vein in the body
the great saphenous
the blood vessel that transports blood from the lungs to the left atrium
pulmonary vein
the chamber of the heart that receives blood from the lungs
left atrium
blood vessel that carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
pulmonary artery
what supplies the force for normal expiration
contraction of smooth muscles in the passages
percentage of oxygen in room air
21%
location of vocal cords
larynx
what supplies the force for air to move into the lungs during inspiration
atmospheric pressure
what happens to the respiratory rate if CO2 increases
increased breathing rate
muscles most helpful for forced expiration
abdominal wall
the process when gases exchange places in the lungs
diffusion
Respiratory distress syndrome in newborns is caused by
a deficiency of surfactant
pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity
what happens to CO2 and pH concentration during hyperventilation
CO2 decreases & pH increases
what holds the visceral and parietal membranes together
surface tension
the potential space between the pleural membranes
pleural cavity
the serous membrane that is firmly attached to the surface of a lung
visceral pleura
disease that may originate from epithelial cells of the lung
cancer
partial pressure
the pressure created by each gas within a mixture of gases
receptors of the inflation reflex are most sensitive to what action
stretch
undifferentiated spermatogenic cells
spermatogonia
hormone responsible for development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics
testosterone
term for the tubular portion of the uterus
cervix
female structure corresponds to the male penis
clitoris
the para nasal sinuses
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, & maxillary
cells in testis that produce male sex hormones
interstitial cells
fetal stage of development begins?
end of the 8th week
epididymis
tightly coiled tube leads to the vas defrens
androgens
male sex hormones
where is the endometrium located
the inner most layer of the uterus
where is testicular cancer most likely to originate
epithelial cells of the seminiferous tubules
test to detect the presence of abnormal cells in the cervix
Pap smear
Provides the main source of energy for a newborn during the first few days
fat
where do the tissues originate for the placenta
the mother and the embryo
The cells of a blastocyst that give rise to the body of the developing offspring
inner cell mass
vessel that transports blood rich oxygen and nutrients to the fetus
the umbilical vein
purpose of the ductus arteriosus
take blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta
How do drugs taken by a pregnant woman reach her fetus?
the placental membrane
teratogens
factors that cause congenital malformations
symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome
small head, facial abnormalities, & mental retardation
substance that may increase the chance of survival of a premature fetus
surfactant of the respiratory system
blood vessels in the umbilical cord
2 arteries & 1 vein
what allows fetal blood to bypass the lungs
the foramen ovale through the atrial septum
zygote
the first cell of an offspring
the number of chromosomes in a human zygote
46
parts of the pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
hyperventilation
prolonged and rapid deep breathing
ischemia of the heart
angina pectoris
endocarditis
inflammation of the valves of the heart
atrial diastole
ventricular contraction
fast heart beat
tachycardia
slow heart beat
bradycardia
atrial systole
atrial contraction
pericarditis
inflammation of the membranes surrounding the heart
antigens
the foreign or “non-self” protein marker on cells that trigger immune responses
Purkinje fibers
distribution of electricity to the papillary muscle of ventricles
Heart attack
myocardial infarction
ECG
measures electrical activity of the heart
Foramen ovale
tube in atrial septum through which blood bypasses lungs in fetus
Pons
area of brainstem where respiratory centers are located along with the medulla oblongata
