Chapter 19 & 20 Flashcards
pregnancy
the condition characterized by the presence of a developing embryo within the uterus
Why must a newborn’s first breath be forceful?
to make surface tension release to inflate the lungs
embryonic membrane that forms blood cells and gives rise to cells destined to become sex cells
yoke sac
cleavage
period of development where the contents of a zygote is divided into smaller and smaller cells
surfactant
the substance that functions to decrease surface tension within a newborn’s lungs
embryo when it is clearly recognizable as a human being
fetus
Chorionic villi
slender projections that grow into the uterine wall
chromosomes in a human zygote
46
zygote
the first cell of an offspring
when can external reproductive organs be distinguished on a developing fetus
12 weeks
requirement for development of dizygotic twins
two eggs & two sperm
drugs pass to a fetus through
the placental membrane
this gives a premature infant an increased chance of surviving
enough surfactant in the respiratory system
Teratogens
the factors that cause congenital malformations
the placenta forms from
the mother and the embryo
blastocysts
constitute the inner cell mass of a developing embryo
function of the ductus arteriosus
take blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta
chromosomes normal males have
X & Y
area in fetal circulation that is relatively high in oxygen and nutrients
ductus venosus
how does oxygen and nutrient rich blood reach the fetus from the placenta
the umbilical vein
symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome
facial abnormalities & mental retardation
blood vessels in the umbilical cord
2 arteries & 1 vein
main source of energy for newborn in first few days after birth
fat stores
newborn’s metabolic rate and O2 consumption after birth
they both increase
structure/cells included in the placental membrane
double layer of epithelial cells
duration of the fetal stage during gestation
end of the 8th week until birth
human chorionic gonadotropin comes from
the embryo
function of foramen ovale
through the atrial septum from right atrium to left atrium
True or False - Some factors that stimulate a newborn’s first breath are increasing CO2, low pH, decreasing body temperature and mechanical stimulation.
True
the amount of testosterone produced is regulated by
negative feedback
increase of hormone LH @ approximately day 14 of menstrual cycle causes what
ovulation
Function of oxytosin
let down of milk
FSH stimulates what
the primordial follicle to start the maturation process
secretions of the prostate accomplish?
neutralize the acidic semen
aids the movement of the egg down the uterine tube
peristaltic contractions and ciliary action
tubular portion of the uterus
cervix
what is the concentration of estrogen and progesterone when menstrual flow occurs
they are low
testicular cancer most often originates from
the epithelial cells of the seminiferous tubules
cells that produce sex hormones in the testes
interstitial cells
why women athletes sometimes experience menstrual cycle disturbances
decreased synthesis of estrogen
Pap smear and its function
scrapping of the inside of the cervix to detect the presence of abnormal cells
testosterone responsible for
the development & maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
spermatogenesis and what happens during meiosis
after meiosis you get 4 sperm cells with 23 chromosomes each
female structure corresponds to the male penis
clitoris
estrogen mainly responsible for
the development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics
layers of the uterus
endometrium - the inner most layer
myometrium
ectometrium
spermatogonia
undifferentiated spermatogenic cells
secondary oocyte
a primary oocyte that has undergone meiosis can produce a zygote
epididymis
tightly coiled tube that leads to the vas defrens
androgens
male sex hormones
when does meiosis occur
spermatogenesis & oogenesis
parturition
the birth process
corpus luteum
following ovulation the follicular cells of the ovary will enlarge to form this structure
hormone that stimulates female breast development
estrogen
sperm cells are produced where
the seminiferous tubules
orgasm
culmination of sexual stimulation
oogenesis
the process by which egg cells are formed
mammary glands
secrete milk
cells that produce male sex hormones in the testes
interstitial cells
the vulva
the structures of the female reproductive system that surround the opening to the urethra and vagina
primary sex organs of the male reproductive system
testis
the flagellum
the part of the sperm cell that enables it to swim
