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Final Flashcards

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0
Q

Variable ratio

A

Similar to fixed ratio, but the number of responses vary unpredictably around some average

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1
Q

Fixed ratio

A

A reinforcer occurs after every nth response

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2
Q

Fixed interval

A

Fixed period of time must elapse between one reinforced response and the next

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3
Q

Variable interval

A

Time varies unpredictably

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4
Q

What are the two areas that psychology came from in the 19th century

A

Philosophy and science

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5
Q

Loftis/Palmer

A

Wording influences what people think about the crash

  • hit = lower speed
  • smash = higher speed
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6
Q

Principle of association by contiguity

A

Some concepts are associated because they have occurred together in the persons previous experiences

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7
Q

Modal model of the mind

A

General framework for thinking and talking about the mind

- memory stores: sensory memory, working memory (short term), and long term memory

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8
Q

Experiment

A

Test hypotheses about cause and effect relationships, in which the researcher manipulates one variable (independent) in order to assess its effect on another variable (dependent)

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9
Q

Observation

A

Any data collection procedure in which the researcher directly observes the behavior of interest rather than relying on subjects self descriptions

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10
Q

Self report

A

People being studied are asked to rate or describe their own behaviors or mental state

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11
Q

Tolerance

A

(Drug tolerance) the phenomenon by which a drug produces successively smaller physiological and behavioral effects, at any given dose, if it is taken repeatedly

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12
Q

Withdrawal

A

Effects from not using drugs

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13
Q

Importance of Clever Hanz

A

Value of skepticism, value of careful observations under controlled conditions, problem of observer expectancy effect

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14
Q

Positive correlation

A

Increases in one thing tend to be related with another variable increasing

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15
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Something added/ given to reinforce behavior

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16
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Something taken/ removed to reinforce behavior

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17
Q

Punishment

A

Punishing to stop behavior

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18
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping things so they will be remembered easier

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19
Q

Random assignment

A

Unbiased results

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20
Q

Sensory memory

A

Vision audio that stays very shortly

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21
Q

Working memory

A

Where information is processed (short term memory)

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22
Q

Long term memory

A

Can be recalled but is stored

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23
Q

Sensory memory to working memory

A

Attention

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24
Q

Working memory to long term memory

A

Encoding

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25
Q

Long term memory from working memory

A

Retrieval

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26
Q

Cocktail party phenomenon

A

Being able to listen to something while there are other noises around

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27
Q

Differences in working, sensory, and long term memory

A

Working is short, only for processing
Sensory is shortest and is visual/audio
Long term I’d longest but isn’t constantly present

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28
Q

Defense mechanisms

A 
Repression
Displacement
Sublimation
Reaction formation
Projection
Rationalization
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29
Q

Displacement

A

Shifts desires, feelings, or impulses from their proper object to a substitute

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30
Q

Projection

A

Unconsciously transferring ones own undesirable attitudes, feelings, or thoughts to others

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31
Q

Denial

A

A defense copying mechanism in which a person refuses to admit that a problem exists

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32
Q

Sublimation

A

Process of redirecting sexual impulses into learning tasks redirecting a forbidden desire into a socially acceptable desire

33
Q

Rationalization

A

An individual seeks to explain an often unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve self esteem

34
Q

Reaction formation

A

Ego unconsciously replaces an unacceptable feeling or undesirable memory

35
Q

Repressing

A

Exclusion from conscious awareness of a painful, unpleasant or undesirable memory

36
Q

Regression

A

An individual retreats to an earlier stage of development or pattern of behavior in order to deal with a threatening or stressful situation

37
Q

According to dualism, what is behavior controlled by

A

The soul

38
Q

What is the preservation and protection theory of sleep

A

Sleep evolved on an evolutionary level to preserve and protect the body when there was not a need for it

39
Q

Body restoration of sleep

A

Sleep evolved on an evolutionary level to be a time to restore the body

40
Q

Non-regulatory drives

A

Sex, safety, social drive, educative drives

41
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Neutral stimulus comes to elicit a reflexive response through it’s being paired with another stimulus that already elicits that reflexive response

42
Q

Generalization

A

A stimulus will elicit the conditioned response even though it has never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus

43
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The return of a conditioned response that had previously undergone extinction

44
Q

Habituation

A

Decline in negative response when a stimulus is repeated

45
Q

Discrimination

A

A stimulus that served as a signal that a particular response will produce a particular reinforcer

46
Q

Stroop effect

A

The mind determines which stimuli are worth passing into working memory

47
Q

A priori

A

Built in the brain

48
Q

Posteriori

A

Gained through experience

49
Q

Pavlov originally studied

A

Digestion in dogs

50
Q

Traits

A

Permanent

51
Q

States

A

Temporary

52
Q

Why are placebos used

A

For double blind studies and determining a drugs chemical properties

53
Q

Who founded psychology

A

Wundt

54
Q

Psychology

A

Science and behavior of the mind

55
Q

Five factors of personality

A

Neuroticism: vulnerability to emotional upset
Extraversion: tendency to be outgoing
Openness to experience
Agreeableness

56
Q

Cognition

A

Mental action or process for acquiring knowledge and understanding trough thought

57
Q

Priming

A

Implicit memory process by which a stimulus activates one or more memory

58
Q

Reliability

A

Capacity of a measurement to yield similar results

59
Q

Semantic memory

A

Explicit memory that is not tied mentally to a particular past experience

60
Q

Episodic memory

A

Explicit memory of ones own past experience

61
Q

Procedural

A

Motor skills, habits, unconsciously learned rules

62
Q

Independent variable

A

Expected to cause some effect on another/ what causes change

63
Q

Dependent variable

A

What is to be affected/ measured

64
Q

Eckmans facial feedback theory

A

Smiling makes you happier even if you aren’t particularly happy

65
Q

According to psychodynamic theories what characteristics of the mind cause personality differences?

A

Subconscious motives

66
Q

Capsid and mofit said personality differences are clearly revealed in

A

Stressful/ ambiguous situations

67
Q

Theory

A

An idea, or conceptual model, that is designed to explain existing facts and make predictions about new facts that may be discovered

68
Q

Hypothesis

A

Any prediction about new facts that is made from a theory

69
Q

Conditioned counteractive effect

A

After being conditioned to something repeatedly reaction when being taken away is much more definite

70
Q

Observer expectancy effect

A

Observer gives off clues to the answer they want

71
Q

Effect of context

A

The environ,metal context that we find ourselves in at any given moment provides retrieval cues that primes out memories for our past experiences in that context. This is usually adaptive, because our past experiences are often relevant to our future

72
Q

Schema

A

Ones generalized mental representation, or concept, of any given class of objects, scenes, or events. Bartlett used this term especially in relation to concepts that may vary from culture to culture and that involve spatial or temporal relationships among the individual units of the object

73
Q

Localization of function

A

Means that the type of sensation you experience depends on the area of the brain activated

74
Q

Stroop interference effect

A

Stroop presented words in colored ink to subjects and asked them to name the ink color ask quickly as possible. Subjects were the slowest at naming to ink colors for words that named a color different from that of the ink

75
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

(Instrumental conditioning)?a learning process by which the effect, or consequence, of response affects the future rate of production of that response

76
Q

Shaping

A

Successively closer approximations to the desired response are reinforced until the desired response finally occurs and can be reinforced

77
Q

Over justification effect

A

The reward presumably provided an unneeded justification for engaging in behavior. The result is that he person comes to regard the task as work rather than play and consequently, stop doing it when they no longer receive am external reward

78
Q

Amygdala

A

Increased neural activity in the amygdaloid correlates strongly with increases in fear, anger, or disgust.

79
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Is essential for the full concious experience of emotions and the ability to act in deliberate, planned ways based on those feelings. Right-negative, left- positive

80
Q

Best way to remember new information

A

Association

81
Q

Natural selection

A

The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding

Psychology (11 decks)

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