Final Flashcards
Variable ratio
Similar to fixed ratio, but the number of responses vary unpredictably around some average
Fixed ratio
A reinforcer occurs after every nth response
Fixed interval
Fixed period of time must elapse between one reinforced response and the next
Variable interval
Time varies unpredictably
What are the two areas that psychology came from in the 19th century
Philosophy and science
Loftis/Palmer
Wording influences what people think about the crash
- hit = lower speed
- smash = higher speed
Principle of association by contiguity
Some concepts are associated because they have occurred together in the persons previous experiences
Modal model of the mind
General framework for thinking and talking about the mind
- memory stores: sensory memory, working memory (short term), and long term memory
Experiment
Test hypotheses about cause and effect relationships, in which the researcher manipulates one variable (independent) in order to assess its effect on another variable (dependent)
Observation
Any data collection procedure in which the researcher directly observes the behavior of interest rather than relying on subjects self descriptions
Self report
People being studied are asked to rate or describe their own behaviors or mental state
Tolerance
(Drug tolerance) the phenomenon by which a drug produces successively smaller physiological and behavioral effects, at any given dose, if it is taken repeatedly
Withdrawal
Effects from not using drugs
Importance of Clever Hanz
Value of skepticism, value of careful observations under controlled conditions, problem of observer expectancy effect
Positive correlation
Increases in one thing tend to be related with another variable increasing
Positive reinforcement
Something added/ given to reinforce behavior
Negative reinforcement
Something taken/ removed to reinforce behavior
Punishment
Punishing to stop behavior
Chunking
Grouping things so they will be remembered easier
Random assignment
Unbiased results
Sensory memory
Vision audio that stays very shortly
Working memory
Where information is processed (short term memory)
Long term memory
Can be recalled but is stored
Sensory memory to working memory
Attention
Working memory to long term memory
Encoding
Long term memory from working memory
Retrieval
Cocktail party phenomenon
Being able to listen to something while there are other noises around
Differences in working, sensory, and long term memory
Working is short, only for processing
Sensory is shortest and is visual/audio
Long term I’d longest but isn’t constantly present
Defense mechanisms
Repression Displacement Sublimation Reaction formation Projection Rationalization
Displacement
Shifts desires, feelings, or impulses from their proper object to a substitute
Projection
Unconsciously transferring ones own undesirable attitudes, feelings, or thoughts to others
Denial
A defense copying mechanism in which a person refuses to admit that a problem exists
Sublimation
Process of redirecting sexual impulses into learning tasks redirecting a forbidden desire into a socially acceptable desire
Rationalization
An individual seeks to explain an often unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve self esteem
Reaction formation
Ego unconsciously replaces an unacceptable feeling or undesirable memory
Repressing
Exclusion from conscious awareness of a painful, unpleasant or undesirable memory
Regression
An individual retreats to an earlier stage of development or pattern of behavior in order to deal with a threatening or stressful situation
According to dualism, what is behavior controlled by
The soul
What is the preservation and protection theory of sleep
Sleep evolved on an evolutionary level to preserve and protect the body when there was not a need for it
Body restoration of sleep
Sleep evolved on an evolutionary level to be a time to restore the body
Non-regulatory drives
Sex, safety, social drive, educative drives
Classical conditioning
Neutral stimulus comes to elicit a reflexive response through it’s being paired with another stimulus that already elicits that reflexive response
Generalization
A stimulus will elicit the conditioned response even though it has never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Spontaneous recovery
The return of a conditioned response that had previously undergone extinction
Habituation
Decline in negative response when a stimulus is repeated
Discrimination
A stimulus that served as a signal that a particular response will produce a particular reinforcer
Stroop effect
The mind determines which stimuli are worth passing into working memory
A priori
Built in the brain
Posteriori
Gained through experience
Pavlov originally studied
Digestion in dogs
Traits
Permanent
States
Temporary
Why are placebos used
For double blind studies and determining a drugs chemical properties
Who founded psychology
Wundt
Psychology
Science and behavior of the mind
Five factors of personality
Neuroticism: vulnerability to emotional upset
Extraversion: tendency to be outgoing
Openness to experience
Agreeableness
Cognition
Mental action or process for acquiring knowledge and understanding trough thought
Priming
Implicit memory process by which a stimulus activates one or more memory
Reliability
Capacity of a measurement to yield similar results
Semantic memory
Explicit memory that is not tied mentally to a particular past experience
Episodic memory
Explicit memory of ones own past experience
Procedural
Motor skills, habits, unconsciously learned rules
Independent variable
Expected to cause some effect on another/ what causes change
Dependent variable
What is to be affected/ measured
Eckmans facial feedback theory
Smiling makes you happier even if you aren’t particularly happy
According to psychodynamic theories what characteristics of the mind cause personality differences?
Subconscious motives
Capsid and mofit said personality differences are clearly revealed in
Stressful/ ambiguous situations
Theory
An idea, or conceptual model, that is designed to explain existing facts and make predictions about new facts that may be discovered
Hypothesis
Any prediction about new facts that is made from a theory
Conditioned counteractive effect
After being conditioned to something repeatedly reaction when being taken away is much more definite
Observer expectancy effect
Observer gives off clues to the answer they want
Effect of context
The environ,metal context that we find ourselves in at any given moment provides retrieval cues that primes out memories for our past experiences in that context. This is usually adaptive, because our past experiences are often relevant to our future
Schema
Ones generalized mental representation, or concept, of any given class of objects, scenes, or events. Bartlett used this term especially in relation to concepts that may vary from culture to culture and that involve spatial or temporal relationships among the individual units of the object
Localization of function
Means that the type of sensation you experience depends on the area of the brain activated
Stroop interference effect
Stroop presented words in colored ink to subjects and asked them to name the ink color ask quickly as possible. Subjects were the slowest at naming to ink colors for words that named a color different from that of the ink
Naturalistic observation
(Instrumental conditioning)?a learning process by which the effect, or consequence, of response affects the future rate of production of that response
Shaping
Successively closer approximations to the desired response are reinforced until the desired response finally occurs and can be reinforced
Over justification effect
The reward presumably provided an unneeded justification for engaging in behavior. The result is that he person comes to regard the task as work rather than play and consequently, stop doing it when they no longer receive am external reward
Amygdala
Increased neural activity in the amygdaloid correlates strongly with increases in fear, anger, or disgust.
Frontal lobes
Is essential for the full concious experience of emotions and the ability to act in deliberate, planned ways based on those feelings. Right-negative, left- positive
Best way to remember new information
Association
Natural selection
The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding
