April 17 Flashcards

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0
Q

Pavlovian conditioning

A

Classical conditioning

Occurs when a neutral stimulus, with a previously meaningful stimulus, eventually take on some meaning itself

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1
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

First described classical conditioning

Reflexes in dogs

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2
Q

Conditioning equals

A

Learning

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3
Q

Unconditioned response equals

A

Unlearned response

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4
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

initially neutral stimuli, in our example, the light

Fish example

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5
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

The initially meaningful stimulus

In our example the food

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6
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Naturally occurring response

Swimming to the top of the tank

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7
Q

Conditioned response

A

Response to the conditioned stimulus after conditioning

Swimming to the top for food because of the light

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8
Q

Forward conditioning

A

In which the conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus

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9
Q

Delay conditioning

A

In which the conditioned stimulus is present until the unconditioned stimulus begins

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10
Q

Trace conditioning

A

This conditioned stimulus is removed sometime before the unconditioned stimulus is presented

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11
Q

The conditioned stimulus or neutral stimulus should

A

Come before the unconditioned stimulus

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12
Q

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner

A

Demonstrated classical conditioning with the child known now as little Albert
Generalization

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13
Q

Discrimination

A

If Albert could distinguish among similar but distinct stimuli

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14
Q

Acquisition

A

Takes place when the pairing of the natural and neutral stimuli (the loud noise and the rat) have occurred with enough frequency that the neutral stimulus alone will elicit the conditional response (cringing and crying)

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15
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The original response disappears on it’s on, but then is elicited again by the previous condition stimulus at a later time
Occurs when the conditioned response reappears quickly but less strongly after the subject has been reexposed to the pairing of the original neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
No retraining

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16
Q

Second order conditioning

A

A previous conditioned stimulus it now used as the unconditioned stimulus
New CS equals town eyes new US equals light

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17
Q

Contiguity approach

A

Watson and Pavlov
Believed that the pairing of the neutral (eventual CS) and the natural (unconditioned stimulus) stimuli
occurred because they are paired in time

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18
Q

Contingency approach

A

Robert Rescorla believe that day conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus get paired because the conditioned stimulus comes to predict the unconditioned stimulus
The fish come to expect food upon seeing the light
Demonstrated this effect through blocking, where natural stimulus was paired with two neutral stimuli and only one neutral stimulus elicited the conditioned response while the other did not, as it did not predict the unconditioned stimulus

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19
Q

Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning

A

Involves an organism’s learning to make a response in order to obtain a reward
The response is an action not typically associated with obtaining a particular reward
First discovered by Edward L Thornedike
BF Skinner pioneered the study

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20
Q

Edward L Thornedike

A

Proposed the law of effect, which states that a behavior is more likely to recur if reinforced

21
Q

BF Skinner

A

Ran many experiments
Often use a specially designed testing apparatus known as an operant chamber, or a skinner box
Lover and food pellets plus rats

22
Q

Shaping

A

First receives a food reward for being near the lever, then for touching the lever and finally for pressing the lever
Also referred to as differential reinforcement of successive approximations

23
Q

Natural reinforcement

A

An example is food which doesn’t need to be learned to be reinforced

24
Q

Primary reinforcement

A

Types of natural reinforcers such as food, water, and sex

25
Q

Secondary reinforcement

A

Provided by learned reinforcers an example is money

26
Q

Omission training

A

Seeks to decrease the frequency of behavior, I would holding the reward until the desired behavior is demonstrated

27
Q

Schedule of reinforcement

A

Refers to how often an organism receives reinforcement for a given type of response

28
Q

Continuous reinforcement schedule

A

Every correct response that is emitted results in a reward

Produces grappled learning, but also results in rapid extinction

29
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

The reward always occurs after fixed number of responses

Produces long learning, but the learning extinguishes relatively quickly

30
Q

Variable ratio

A

The ratio of responses to reinforcement is variable and unpredictable
Slot machine

31
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Reinforcement is presented as a function of fixed periods of time as long as there is at least one response

32
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

Presented at differing time intervals as long as there is at least one response

33
Q

Token economy

A

An artificial economy based on tokens. these tokens act as secondary reinforcers, in that the tokens can be used for purchasing primary reinforcers, such as food

34
Q

Learned helplessness

A

Occurs when a consistent effort fails to bring rewards
If the situation persists, the subject will stop trying
Martin Seligman

35
Q

Donald hebb

A

Proposed that human learning takes place by neurons forming new connections with one another or by strengthening of connections that are you

36
Q

Eric kandel

A

Found that when a strong stimulus, such as a shock, happens repeatedly, special neurons called modulatory neurons release neuromodulators

37
Q

Neuromodulators

A

Strengthen the synapses between the sensory neuron in the motor neurons involved

38
Q

Long term potentiation

A

A narrow basis for learning, namely, a physiological change that correlates with a relatively stable change in behavior as a result of experience

39
Q

Social learning also called observational learning

A

Learning based on observing the behavior of others as well as consequences of that behavior

40
Q

Vicarious learning

A

Learning that takes place by observing others

41
Q

Albert bandura

A

Kids watching adults attacking an inflatable clown

42
Q

Four condition for Albert

A

The learner must pay attention to the behavior in question, There must be retention of the observed behavior meaning that it must be remembered, there must be in motivation for the learner to produce the behavior at a later time and the potential for reproduction must exist

43
Q

Cognitive

A

Style and fashion related meanings

44
Q

Conditioned taste aversion or the Garcia effect

A

Demonstrated that animals that eat a food that results in nausea induced by a driver radiation will not eat that food if they ever encounter it again

45
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Eat a peach, get sick, not want to eat it again

46
Q

Garcias research is profound for two reasons

A

One is that it shows that certain species are built to learn certain association more easily than others
To it shows that classical conditioning might be occurring through the access of some concept

47
Q

Edward Tolman

A

Rats through Maze

48
Q

Cognitive map

A

Mental representation of the maze for the rats

49
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that is not outwardly expressed until the situation calls for it