April 17 Flashcards
Pavlovian conditioning
Classical conditioning
Occurs when a neutral stimulus, with a previously meaningful stimulus, eventually take on some meaning itself
Ivan Pavlov
First described classical conditioning
Reflexes in dogs
Conditioning equals
Learning
Unconditioned response equals
Unlearned response
Conditioned stimulus
initially neutral stimuli, in our example, the light
Fish example
Unconditioned stimulus
The initially meaningful stimulus
In our example the food
Unconditioned response
Naturally occurring response
Swimming to the top of the tank
Conditioned response
Response to the conditioned stimulus after conditioning
Swimming to the top for food because of the light
Forward conditioning
In which the conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus
Delay conditioning
In which the conditioned stimulus is present until the unconditioned stimulus begins
Trace conditioning
This conditioned stimulus is removed sometime before the unconditioned stimulus is presented
The conditioned stimulus or neutral stimulus should
Come before the unconditioned stimulus
John Watson and Rosalie Rayner
Demonstrated classical conditioning with the child known now as little Albert
Generalization
Discrimination
If Albert could distinguish among similar but distinct stimuli
Acquisition
Takes place when the pairing of the natural and neutral stimuli (the loud noise and the rat) have occurred with enough frequency that the neutral stimulus alone will elicit the conditional response (cringing and crying)
Spontaneous recovery
The original response disappears on it’s on, but then is elicited again by the previous condition stimulus at a later time
Occurs when the conditioned response reappears quickly but less strongly after the subject has been reexposed to the pairing of the original neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
No retraining
Second order conditioning
A previous conditioned stimulus it now used as the unconditioned stimulus
New CS equals town eyes new US equals light
Contiguity approach
Watson and Pavlov
Believed that the pairing of the neutral (eventual CS) and the natural (unconditioned stimulus) stimuli
occurred because they are paired in time
Contingency approach
Robert Rescorla believe that day conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus get paired because the conditioned stimulus comes to predict the unconditioned stimulus
The fish come to expect food upon seeing the light
Demonstrated this effect through blocking, where natural stimulus was paired with two neutral stimuli and only one neutral stimulus elicited the conditioned response while the other did not, as it did not predict the unconditioned stimulus
Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning
Involves an organism’s learning to make a response in order to obtain a reward
The response is an action not typically associated with obtaining a particular reward
First discovered by Edward L Thornedike
BF Skinner pioneered the study
Edward L Thornedike
Proposed the law of effect, which states that a behavior is more likely to recur if reinforced
BF Skinner
Ran many experiments
Often use a specially designed testing apparatus known as an operant chamber, or a skinner box
Lover and food pellets plus rats
Shaping
First receives a food reward for being near the lever, then for touching the lever and finally for pressing the lever
Also referred to as differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Natural reinforcement
An example is food which doesn’t need to be learned to be reinforced
Primary reinforcement
Types of natural reinforcers such as food, water, and sex
Secondary reinforcement
Provided by learned reinforcers an example is money
Omission training
Seeks to decrease the frequency of behavior, I would holding the reward until the desired behavior is demonstrated
Schedule of reinforcement
Refers to how often an organism receives reinforcement for a given type of response
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Every correct response that is emitted results in a reward
Produces grappled learning, but also results in rapid extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
The reward always occurs after fixed number of responses
Produces long learning, but the learning extinguishes relatively quickly
Variable ratio
The ratio of responses to reinforcement is variable and unpredictable
Slot machine
Fixed interval schedule
Reinforcement is presented as a function of fixed periods of time as long as there is at least one response
Variable interval schedule
Presented at differing time intervals as long as there is at least one response
Token economy
An artificial economy based on tokens. these tokens act as secondary reinforcers, in that the tokens can be used for purchasing primary reinforcers, such as food
Learned helplessness
Occurs when a consistent effort fails to bring rewards
If the situation persists, the subject will stop trying
Martin Seligman
Donald hebb
Proposed that human learning takes place by neurons forming new connections with one another or by strengthening of connections that are you
Eric kandel
Found that when a strong stimulus, such as a shock, happens repeatedly, special neurons called modulatory neurons release neuromodulators
Neuromodulators
Strengthen the synapses between the sensory neuron in the motor neurons involved
Long term potentiation
A narrow basis for learning, namely, a physiological change that correlates with a relatively stable change in behavior as a result of experience
Social learning also called observational learning
Learning based on observing the behavior of others as well as consequences of that behavior
Vicarious learning
Learning that takes place by observing others
Albert bandura
Kids watching adults attacking an inflatable clown
Four condition for Albert
The learner must pay attention to the behavior in question, There must be retention of the observed behavior meaning that it must be remembered, there must be in motivation for the learner to produce the behavior at a later time and the potential for reproduction must exist
Cognitive
Style and fashion related meanings
Conditioned taste aversion or the Garcia effect
Demonstrated that animals that eat a food that results in nausea induced by a driver radiation will not eat that food if they ever encounter it again
Stimulus generalization
Eat a peach, get sick, not want to eat it again
Garcias research is profound for two reasons
One is that it shows that certain species are built to learn certain association more easily than others
To it shows that classical conditioning might be occurring through the access of some concept
Edward Tolman
Rats through Maze
Cognitive map
Mental representation of the maze for the rats
Latent learning
Learning that is not outwardly expressed until the situation calls for it
